قراءات مالية باللغة الإنجليزية 1 PDF

‫ﻗراءات ﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Bashaier Aladwany‬‬ ‫‪Chapter 1‬‬ ‫‪Learning objectives‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ أھم اﻟﻣﺻطﻠﺣﺎت ااﻟﻘﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ وﻣﻌﺎﻧﯾﮭﺎ وﻧطﻘﮭﺎ واﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر ﻧﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫‪%30‬‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺎت ﺷﻔﮭﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬واﺟﺑﺎت ‪ ،‬ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف ‪ ،‬ﻋروض‬ ‫‪%20‬‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬...

‫ﻗراءات ﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Bashaier Aladwany‬‬ ‫‪Chapter 1‬‬ ‫‪Learning objectives‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ أھم اﻟﻣﺻطﻠﺣﺎت ااﻟﻘﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ وﻣﻌﺎﻧﯾﮭﺎ وﻧطﻘﮭﺎ واﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر ﻧﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫‪%30‬‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺎت ﺷﻔﮭﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬واﺟﺑﺎت ‪ ،‬ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف ‪ ،‬ﻋروض‬ ‫‪%20‬‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪%50‬‬ Economic Problem, Definitions of Economics, Positive and Normative Approaches The Economic Problem ‫اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ The economic problem is the fundamental challenge facing all societies, which is how to satisfy unlimited wants and needs with limited resources. ‫ وھو ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬،‫إن اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺗﺣدي اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻟذي ﯾواﺟﮫ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎت‬.‫إﺷﺑﺎع اﻟرﻏﺑﺎت واﻟﺣﺎﺟﺎت ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺣدودة ﺑﻣوارد ﻣﺣدودة‬ The Economic Problem ‫اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ Scarcity means the goods available are too few to satisfy individuals desires ‫اﻟﻧدرة ﺗﻌﻧﻲ أن اﻟﺳﻠﻊ اﻟﻣﺗوﻓرة ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ ﺟدًا ﺑﺣﯾث ﻻ ﺗﻠﺑﻲ رﻏﺑﺎت اﻷﻓراد‬ opportunity cost the value of what must be forgone to undertake an activity ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻔرﺻﺔ اﻟﺑدﯾﻠﺔ ھﻲ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺟب اﻟﺗﺧﻠﻲ ﻋﻧﮫ ﻟﻠﻘﯾﺎم ﺑﻧﺷﺎط ﻣﺎ‬ Trade-off The idea that because of scarcity producing more of one good or service means producing less of another good or service ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎﯾﺿﺔ ﻓﻛرة أﻧﮫ ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﻧدرة ﻓﺈن إﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﻣزﯾد ﻣن ﺳﻠﻌﺔ أو ﺧدﻣﺔ واﺣدة ﯾﻌﻧﻲ إﻧﺗﺎج أﻗل ﻣن ﺳﻠﻌﺔ أو ﺧدﻣﺔ أﺧرى‬ Three Basic Economic Questions ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce? The Economic Problem: How to produce? ‫ ﻛﯾف ﻧﻧﺗﺞ؟‬:‫اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ Once the decision on what to produce is made, societies must determine the most efficient and effective methods of production. This involves deciding on the combination of resources to use, such as labor, capital, and technology, to produce the desired goods and services. ‫ وﯾﺗﺿﻣن‬.‫ ﯾﺟب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎت ﺗﺣدﯾد طرق اﻹﻧﺗﺎج اﻷﻛﺛر ﻛﻔﺎءة وﻓﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬،‫ﺑﻣﺟرد اﺗﺧﺎذ اﻟﻘرار ﺑﺷﺄن ﻣﺎ ﺳﯾﺗم إﻧﺗﺎﺟﮫ‬ ‫ ﻹﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﺳﻠﻊ‬،‫ ﻣﺛل اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ ورأس اﻟﻣﺎل واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‬،‫ذﻟك اﺗﺧﺎذ ﻗرار ﺑﺷﺄن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻣوارد اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ‬.‫واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﻣرﻏوﺑﺔ‬ The Economic Problem: What to produce? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻧﻧﺗﺞ؟‬:‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬ Since resources are limited, societies must decide what goods and services to produce and in what quantities. This involves making choices about which products or services are most needed or desired by the population..‫ ﯾﺟب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎت أن ﺗﻘرر ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﺳﻠﻊ واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺟب إﻧﺗﺎﺟﮭﺎ وﺑﺄي ﻛﻣﯾﺎت‬،‫وﺑﻣﺎ أن اﻟﻣوارد ﻣﺣدودة‬.‫ﯾﺗﺿﻣن ذﻟك اﺗﺧﺎذ ﺧﯾﺎرات ﺑﺷﺄن اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت أو اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻷﻛﺛر اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟً ﺎ أو رﻏﺑﺔ ﻟدى اﻟﺳﻛﺎن‬ The Economic Problem: For whom to produce? ‫ ﻟﻣن ﻧﻧﺗﺞ؟‬:‫اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ After determining what and how to produce, societies need to allocate the produced goods and services to different individuals and groups. This raises questions about the distribution of resources and the equitable allocation of goods and services among the population. ‫ ﺗﺣﺗﺎج اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺗﺧﺻﯾص اﻟﺳﻠﻊ واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠف اﻷﻓراد‬،‫ﺑﻌد ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣﺎذا وﻛﯾف ﯾﺗم إﻧﺗﺎﺟﮫ‬.‫ وھذا ﯾﺛﯾر ﺗﺳﺎؤﻻت ﺣول ﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻟﻣوارد واﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﺎدل ﻟﻠﺳﻠﻊ واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻟﺳﻛﺎن‬.‫واﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت‬ What is Economice ‫ﻣﺎھو اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ Economics is the study of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity and of the results of those choices for society. ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد ھو دراﺳﺔ ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻗﯾﺎم اﻟﻧﺎس ﺑﺎﺧﺗﯾﺎراﺗﮭم ﻓﻲ ظل ظروف اﻟﻧدرة وﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻠك‬.‫اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎرات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬ ECONOMICS: MICRO AND MACRO microeconomics the study of individual choice under scarcity and its implications for the behavior of prices and quantities in individual markets ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﺟزﺋﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻔردي ﻓﻲ ظل اﻟﻧدرة وآﺛﺎره ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠوك اﻷﺳﻌﺎر واﻟﻛﻣﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳواق اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ‬ macroeconomics the study of the performance of national economies and the policies that governments use to try to improve that performance ‫دراﺳﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﻛﻠﻲ ﻣن اﻷداء اﻟوطﻧﻲ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدات واﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺎت ﻟﻣﺣﺎوﻟﺔ ذﻟك ﺗﺣﺳﯾن ھذا‬ ‫اﻷداء‬ Core Principles of economics ‫اﻟﻣﺑﺎدئ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ 1-The Scarcity Principle Although we have boundless needs and wants, the resources available to us are limited. So having more of one good thing usually means having less of another ‫ ﻟذا ﻓﺈن اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣزﯾد ﻣن اﻷﺷﯾﺎء اﻟﺟﯾدة‬.‫ إﻻ أن اﻟﻣوارد اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻧﺎ ﻣﺣدودة‬،‫ﻣﺑدأ اﻟﻧدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﻏم ﻣن أن ﻟدﯾﻧﺎ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت ورﻏﺑﺎت ﻻ ﺣدود ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻋﺎد ًة اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻠﯾل ﻣن اﻷﺷﯾﺎء اﻷﺧرى‬ 2-The Cost-Benefit Principle: An individual (or a firm or a society) should take an action if, and only if, the extra benefits from taking the action are at least as great as the extra costs. ‫ ﯾﺟب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔرد )أو اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ أو اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ( أن ﯾﺗﺧذ إﺟرا ًء إذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻔواﺋد اﻹﺿﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻣن اﺗﺧﺎذ اﻹﺟراء ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗل ﻣﺛل اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬:‫ﻣﺑدأ اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﺋد‬ ‫اﻹﺿﺎﻓﯾﺔ‬. 3-The Incentive Principle A person (or a firm or a society) is more likely to take an action if its benefit rises, and less likely to take it if its cost rises. In short, incentives matter. ‫ وﯾﻘل اﺣﺗﻣﺎل‬،‫ ﻣن اﻷرﺟﺢ أن ﯾﻘوم ﺷﺧص )أو ﺷرﻛﺔ أو ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ( ﺑذﻟك اﺗﺧﺎذ إﺟراء إذا ارﺗﻔﻌت ﻓﺎﺋدﺗﮫ‬:‫ﻣﺑدأ اﻟﺣﺎﻓز‬.‫ اﻟﺣواﻓز ﻣﮭﻣﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﺧﺗﺻﺎر‬.‫اﺗﺧﺎذه إذا ارﺗﻔﻌت ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺗﮫ‬ 4The Principle of Comparative Advantage Everyone does best when each person (or each country) concentrates on the activities for which his or her opportunity cost is lowest ‫ﻣﺑدأ اﻟﻣﯾزة اﻟﻧﺳﺑﯾﺔ ﯾﺣﻘق ﻛل ﻓرد أدا ًء أﻓﺿل ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾرﻛز ﻛل ﺷﺧص )أو ﻛل دوﻟﺔ( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔرﺻﺔ اﻟﺑدﯾﻠﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ھﻲ اﻷﻗل‬ 5-The Principle of Increasing Opportunity Cost In expanding the production of any good, first employ those resources with the lowest opportunity cost, and only afterward turn to resources with higher opportunity costs. ‫ ﻗم أوﻻً ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺗﻠك اﻟﻣوارد ﺑﺄﻗل ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻔرﺻﺔ‬،‫ﻣﺑدأ زﯾﺎدة ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻔرﺻﺔ اﻟﺑدﯾﻠﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺗﺎج أي ﺳﻠﻌﺔ‬.‫ ﺛم اﻧﺗﻘل ﺑﻌد ذﻟك ﻓﻘط إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣوارد ذات ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف اﻟﻔرﺻﺔ اﻟﺑدﯾﻠﺔ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫اﻟﺑدﯾﻠﺔ‬ 6-The Efficiency Principle Efficiency is an important social goal because when the economic pie grows larger,everyone can have a larger slice. ‫ﻣﺑدأ اﻟﻛﻔﺎءة ﺗﻌد اﻟﻛﻔﺎءة ھدﻓًﺎ اﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾًﺎ ﻣﮭﻣًﺎ ﻷﻧﮫ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻧﻣو اﻟﻛﻌﻛﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل أﻛﺑر ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻠﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷرﯾﺣﺔ أﻛﺑر‬ 7-The Equilibrium Principle A market in equilibrium leaves no unexploited opportunities for individuals but may not exploit all gains achievable through collective action. ‫ وﻟﻛﻧﮫ ﻗد ﻻ ﯾﺳﺗﻐل ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﻛﺎﺳب اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن‬،‫ ﻻ ﯾﺗرك اﻟﺳوق ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗوازن ﻓرﺻًﺎ ﻏﯾر ﻣﺳﺗﻐﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻓراد‬:‫ﻣﺑدأ اﻟﺗوازن‬.‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻘﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬ Positive and Normative Approaches ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ اﻹﯾﺟﺎﺑﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎرﯾﺔ‬ normative economic principle one that says how people should behave ‫اﻟﻣﺑدأ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎري ھو اﻟذي ﯾﻘول ﻛﯾف ﯾﺟب أن ﯾﺗﺻرف اﻟﻧﺎس‬ positive economic principle one that predicts how people will behave ‫ﻣﺑدأ اﻗﺗﺻﺎدي إﯾﺟﺎﺑﻲ ﯾﺗﻧﺑﺄ ﺑﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﺻرف اﻟﻧﺎس‬ Worksheet Any Question