History of Technology and Science PDF

Three Age System -​ a system of classifying ancient ages into groups based on tools developmental ages -​ It was introduced by Christian Thomsen -​ The title of the book where Three Age System was first introduced ( Guide to Scandinavian Antiquity ) -​ Stone age, Bronze Age, Iron A...

Three Age System -​ a system of classifying ancient ages into groups based on tools developmental ages -​ It was introduced by Christian Thomsen -​ The title of the book where Three Age System was first introduced ( Guide to Scandinavian Antiquity ) -​ Stone age, Bronze Age, Iron Age Scientific Revolution -​ period of great scientific intellectual achievements that contributed to essential changes in scientific investigations Industrial Revolution -​ P eriod of complex technological inventions that eventually replaced human and animal forces Information age or digital age -​ the period characterized by the change from traditional industry to an economy that is founded on computerization of information. Stone Age (2.5 mya 3000 BC) -​ As defined by Thomsen, Stone Age is the period of weapons made of stone, wood, bone or some other materials aside from metals. -​ It was further subdivided by John Lubbock into Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods, as presented in his 1865 book ( Prehistoric Times ) STONE AGES 1.​ Palaeolithic Period (Old Stone) 2.​ Mesolithic Period ( Middle Stone) 3.​ Neolithic Period ( New Stone) 1. Palaeolithic Period “Old Stone” -​ Is known to be the longest phase of human history which began approximately two million years ago and ended between 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. ​ Lower Palaeolithic Period -​ This earliest Palaeolithic period marked the age of human evolution and was characterized by the development of simple tools. -​ “Australopithecus” early ancestor to have created the first stone choppers discovered at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. -​ Two main types of stone tools created during the Lower Palaeolithic period “Core and Flakes” ​ Middle Palaeolithic Period -​ encompassed the cultural development involving another early human ancestor, the Neanderthal man, who existed 40,000-100,000 years ago.  -​ Advanced Tools -​ Neanderthan Man cavemen known to use fire ​ Upper Palaeolithic Period -​ This period was known for communal hunting, extensive fishing, supernatural beliefs, cloth sewing, sculpture, painting, and making personal ornaments out of bones, horns and ivory. -​ Specialized Tools -​ Homo sapiens group dominated the Upper Palaeolithic period ( Cro-Magnon Man, Grimaldi Man ) -​ The first manmade dwellings called pit houses were also built during this time. 2. Mesolithic Period “Middle Stone” -​ was proposed by John Allen Brown in 1892. -​ This period the gradual change in the way humans lived that could be attributed to the retreat of glackiers and growth of forests and deserts -​ Small tone tools that were used by human in mesolithic period “ Microliths” 3. Neolithic Period “New Stone” -​ This stage of cultural and technological development was based on primarily on agriculture Bronze Age (3000 BC -1200 BC) -​ started when tools and weapons were already widely made with copper or bronze. -​ This was achieved through metal extraction from ore (a process known as smelting) -​ was discovered by Sumerians of Mesopotamia -​ Bronze made by blending copper and tin. Iron Age ( 1500 BC- 450 AD) -​ as the name implies, included those articles made of iron. - -​ This began when smelting pits made sufficient advancement to produce higher temperatures that could smelt iron ore (Reardon, 2011). -​ Iron made by steel/iron MIDDLES AGES (450-1450 AD) Two smaller ages in Middle Ages -​ Dark ( 450-1000) -​ High Middle (1000-450) COUNTRIES 1.​ China 2.​ Europe 3.​ India 4.​ Pre-Columbian America ​ CHINA ​ Agriculture and Economy -​ Silk -​ Farming -​ Bronze Artifacts ​ Science Physics -​ Weight is Force -​ Convex and Concave Mirror -​ Magnetism ​ Science in Astronomy -​ Calendar -​ Circle -​ Chinese Zodiac Sign ​ Science in Medical Biology -​ Weather -​ Acupuncture -​ Climate/ Weather ​ Science in Technological Advancement -​ Paper -​ Water Power -​ Animal Harness -​ Gun Powder -​ Printing Press ​ Science in Mathematics -​ Decimals -​ Square Roots -​ Sliding Calipers ​ EUROPE ​ Economy -​ Feudal System: a system fully developed in Europe and had defined its economic history ​ Hierarchical Ranks -​ Lord -​ Overlords -​ Peasants -​ Kings -​ Pope ​ Education -​ Paris -​ Oxford -​ Cambridge -​ Prague  -​ Padua -​ Vienna ​ Technology -​ Horse-Collar -​ Clock Watch -​ Paper Printing ​ Medicine -​ Diagnosis -​ Medical Therapy -​ Superstitions ​ INDIA ​ Science -​ Marijuana -​ Cannabis -​ Hindu Calendar -​ Metallurgy ​ Pre-Columbian America ​ Infrastructure -​ Pyramids made of limestone -​ Houses made of poles -​ Large sculpture ​ Economy -​ Cocoa Beans used by monetary units ​ Astronomy -​ Decimal notation -​ Solar Calendar Mit’a System -​ Taxation system that incas used Barter System -​ Type of trading system incas used Industrial Revolution -​ generally covers the complex technological innovations that led to the substitution of machines and inanimate power for human skill. Scientific Revolution -​ period refers to the great scientific intellectual ni achievements that led to radical changes in scientific inquiries. 18th to 19th century -​ During this era, the connection between science and technology was very minimal. This gradually shifted to developmental stage 20th Century  -​ In this time, a number of scientific theories were introduced and had influenced technological works in the country. ​ Nicholas Corpenicus -​ Universal Model ​ Galileo Galili -​ Work of Motion ​ Isaac Newton -​ Law of Motion and Universal Gravitational ​ Johannes Kepler -​ Law of Planetary Motion ​ Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin DIGITAL AGE -WITH THE ADVENT OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES, PRINTING PRESSES ARE NOT THE ONLY TOOLS USED IN SPREADING INFORMATION. COMPUTERS, CELLPHONES ARE NOW READILY AVAILABLE TO PASS INFORMATION. 1.Computers 1822- Charles Babbage 2. Internet 1960- Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn 3. E-mail or Electronic Email 1982- V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai 4. World Wide Web 1990s- Tim Berners-Lee 5.Google 1997- Larry Page and Sergey Brin 6. Facebook 2004- Mark Zuckerberg 7. Youtube 2005- Chad Hurley and Steve Chen 8. Twitter 2006- Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone and Evan Williams 9. Messenger 2008- Mark Zuckerberg 10. Instagram 2010- Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger Scientist/Discover PHYSICS ​ ALBERT EINSTEIN- THEORY OF RELATIVISM ​ ERNEST RUTHERFORD- DISCOVERY OF PROTONS ​ WOLFGANG PAULI- PRINCIPLES ON ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS IN AN ATOMS ​ WERNER HEISENBERG- MATRIX VERSION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS BIOLOGY ​ ERWIN SCHRODINGER- WAVE VERSION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS ​ PAUL DIRAC- RELATIVISM QUANTUM MECHANICS OF ELECTRONS ​ JAMES CHADWICK- DISCOVERY OF NEUTRON ​ OTTO HAHN- DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR FISSION ​ JOHN BARDEEN- THEORY TO EXPLAIN SUPERCONDUCTIVITY ​ MURRAY GELL-MANN- HEAVY SUBATOMIC PARTICLE CLASSIFICATION QUARK CONCEPT  ​ KARL ALEXANDER MULLER & JOHANNES GEORG BEANDRZ- DISCOVERY OF HIGH TEMPERATURE CONDUCTOR ASTRONOMY ​ EDWIN HUBBLE- PRESENTATION OF GALAXIES ​ CLYDE TOMBAUGH- DISCOVERY OF PLUTO ​ KARL GUTHE JANSKY- RADIO WAVE DISCOVERY FROM SPACE ​ GEORGE LEMAITRE- ORIGINAL BIG BANG THEORY ​ GEORGE GAMOW, RALPH ALPHER & ROBERT HERMAN- NEW BUG BANG THEORY ​ JOCELYN BELL-BURNELL- DISCOVERY OF PULSAR ​ NEIL ARMSTRONG & BUZZ ALDRIN- FIRST WALK ON MOON ​ ALAN GUTH- INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE THEORY ​ FRITZ ZWICKY- DETECTION OF POSSIBLE DARK MATTER EVIDENCE CHEMISTRY ​ MIKHAIL TSVET- PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY ​ JAROSLAV HEYROVSKY- POLAROGRAPHY ​ PHOEBUS LEVENE- DISCOVERY OF DEOXYRIBOSE SUGARS OF DNA ​ HUGO DE VRIES- IDEA OF OCCURRENCE OF MUTATION ​ NEIL BARTLETT- IDEA THAT NOBLE GASES CAN MAKE COMPOUNDS ​ JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK- DNA STRUCTURE ​ STANLEY COHEN & HERBERT BOYER- BEGINNING OF GENETIC ENGINEERING BIOLOGY ​ MARTINE CLINE- TRANSFERRING OF FUNCTIONAL GENE BETWEEN MICE ​ ALLAN WILSON & RUSSEL HIGUCHI- PRODUCTION OF THE FIRST GENE CLONED FROM AN EXTINCT SPECIES ​ IAN WILMUT- SHEEP CLONING ​ HUGO DE VRIES, CARL CORRENS & ERICH VON TSCHERMAK- REDISCOVERY OF LAW OF GENETICS ​ DIMITRY IVANOVSKY & MARTINUS BEIJERINCK- DISCOVERY OF VIRUSES ​ RUDOLF JAENISCH- INTRODUCTION OF DNA INTO A MOUSE EMBRYO EARTH SCIENCE ​ LEON PHILIPPE TEISSERENC DE BORT- DISCOVERY OF STRATOSPHERE ​ ANDRIJA MOHOROVICIC- EARTH CRUST AND MANTLE BOUNDARY ​ ALFRED WEGENER- CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY ​ MOTONORI MATAYUMA- PREVENTION OF THE RESERVAL OF EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD EVERY 100 MILLION YEARS ​ CHARLES FRANCIS RITCHER- EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY SCALE ​ HARRY HESS- THEORY OF SEAFLOOR SPREADING ​ WALTER ALVAREZ- IDEA OF DINOSAUR EXTINCTION WAS CAUSED BY THE STRIKING OF LARGE COMET ON EARTH