KIN - Week 5 (Respiratory) PDF

LECTURE 5 The Cardiovascular system Blood Heart Vessels The Respiratory System Function Upper respiratory tract Lower respiratory tract Muscles of Respiration  Respiratory System Functions 1. area for gas exchange between the air and the blood 2. Protects...

LECTURE 5 The Cardiovascular system Blood Heart Vessels The Respiratory System Function Upper respiratory tract Lower respiratory tract Muscles of Respiration  Respiratory System Functions 1. area for gas exchange between the air and the blood 2. Protects the respiratory surfaces from dehydration 3. Protects against invading pathogens lined w/ mucus - 4. Produces sound involved in verbal communication 5. Assists in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and body fluid pH  An Overview of the Respiratory System and Respiratory Tract The Upper Respiratory System – Consists of: Loading… Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx The Lower Respiratory System – Consists of: Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli  Structures of the Respiratory System Nasal cavity Frontal sinus Nasal conchae Sphenoidal sinus Nose Internal nares e me Nasopharynx Tongue UPPER RESPIRATORY Hyoid bone SYSTEM Larynx Figure 24.1  Structures of the Respiratory System Nasal cavity Frontal sinus Nasal conchae Sphenoidal sinus Nos Internal nares e Nasopharynx Tongue UPPER RESPIRATORY Hyoid bone SYSTEM Larynx LOWER Esophagus Trachea RESPIRATORY Loading… SYSTEM Bronchus Clavicle Bronchioles RIGHT LEFT LUNG LUNG Ribs Diaphragm Figure 24.1  Respiratory Epithelium j Movement of mucus Ciliated columnar to pharynx epithelial cell Mucous cell Stem cell Mucous layer Lamina propria Figure 24.2a  Respiratory Epithelium Cilia Nucleus of columnar epithelial cell Lamina propria Mucous cell Basal lamina Stem cell Cilia Lamina * propria Nucleus of columnar epithelial cell Stem cell Mucous cell Basal lamina LM ´´´ 932 Figure 24.2b Respiratory epithelium of trachea  Upper Respiratory Structures Nasal conchae Nasal cavity Superior Internal nares ⑧ Middle Entrance to auditory tube ⑧ Inferio Pharyngeal tonsil r Nasal vestibule j & Pharynx External nares Nasopharynx Soft palate Oropharynx Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Epiglotis * NO FOOD Thyroid cartilage IN E Cricoid cartilage TRACHEA! s Trachea o ↳ Esognagous p h Nasal Septum – separates left and right a g Figure 24.4a  Cranial cavity Ethmoidal air cell Frontal sinus Medial rectus muscle Right eye Lens Lateral rectus muscle Superior nasal concha Superior meatus Middle nasal Nasal septum concha Perpendicular Middle meatus plate of ethmoid Maxillary sinus Vomer Inferior nasal Hard palate concha Inferior meatus Tongue Mandible b Frontal section © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Lower Respiratory System – Air leaves the pharynx by passing through a narrow opening, the glottis egiglottis flop - this over The Larynx – A cylinder whose cartilaginous walls are stabilized by ligaments and/or skeletal muscles – Begins vertebra C3 or C4, ends at vertebra C7 – Singing and talking, etc  The Lower Respiratory System Unpaired Cartilages of the Larynx 1. Thyroid cartilage 2. Cricoid cartilage 3. Epiglottis Loading… Closes over the glottis during swallowing of food A Epiglottis Epiglottis Hyoid bone Laryngeal La · prominence Thyroid ry cartilage nx Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid Cricoid cartilage cartilage Trachea Tracheal cartilages ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Figure 24.6  The Lower Respiratory System Paired Cartilages of the Larynx Epiglottis – Laryngeal cartilages – Consists of: ⑧ Cuneiform cartilages – elastic cartillage ⑧ Corniculate cartilages – Hyaline cartilage ⑳ Arytenoid cartilages – Hyaline cartilage – Opening and closing of glottis Thyroid cartilage – Producing sound Cricoid cartilage  The Lower Respiratory System Vocal Cords – Air passing between the vocal folds creates sound Pitch depends on the diameter, length, & tension in the vocal cords Amplification of sound occurs in the pharynx, oral cavities, nasal cavity & sinus cavities Production of definite sounds depends on movement of the lips, tongue, and cheeks Top View  The Vocal Cords POSTERIOR Corniculate cartilage Corniculate cartilage Glottis (closed) Cuneiform cartilage Glottis (open) Aryepiglottic Vestibular fold fold Vocal fold Vocal fold Epiglottis Vestibular fold Root of tongue Epiglottis ANTERIOR a Glottis in the b Glottis in the open position. closed position. Figure 24.7ab  The Trachea Characteristics of the Trachea – Size 11 cm long and 2.5 cm diameter – oBifurcates at the carina into the right and left splits in bronchi at T5 two – Contains 15–20 tracheal cartilages Each cartilage ring is actually C-shaped, not a complete ring Connecting one cartilage ring to another are annular ligaments The Lower Respiratory System Trachea and Primary Bronchi Fig. 24- 9  Esophagus Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle) Lumen of trachea Thyroid gland Respiratory epithelium Tracheal cartilage The trachea L b Histological cross-sectional view of the trachea showing its relationship to surrounding structures Figure 24.9b  The Primary Bronchi The trachea branches at the carina – The branching forms the left and right primary bronchi – The primary bronchi enter into each lung – The right primary bronchus is steeper and larger in diameter than the left Hence, a person can aspirate foreign objects into the right lung easier than the left lung  Hyoid bone Larynx RIGHT LEFT primary bronchi primary bronchi ↳ more angled Trachea Tracheal cartilages Location of carina (internal ridge) Root of right lung Root of left lung Superior lobar bronchus Lung tissue Primar Superior lobar bronchus y Middle lobar bronchi bronchus Secondary bronchi RIGHT LUNG Inferior lobar bronchi LEFT LUNG  The Lungs Structure of the Lungs (cone shape) – The apex points superiorly and the base inferiorly – The right lung has three lobes Superior, middle, and inferior lobes Consists of a horizontal fissure and an oblique fissure – The left lung has two lobes Superior and inferior lobes Contains the oblique fissure Left lung has a cardiac notch  Lungs are enveloped PLEURA in a “SACK” Pleural Membranes [FIST IN BALLOON] Right & left pleural cavities are separated by the mediastinum · PARIETAL PLEURA VISCERAL PLEURA Pleural fluid: reduces friction LUNG when the lungs move upon inhalation and exhalation PLEURAL CAVITY with PLEURAL FLUID  Lateral Surface Anatomy of the Lungs Lateral Surfaces Shorter& wider a Ape X Ape as liver sits below Superior x ⑭ as x lobe Superior lobe Horizontal fissure Middle lobe Cardia Inferior A c lobe Obliqu notch Inferior min Obliqu e · e lobe fissure Base Base fissure RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG Fig. 24- 10  MEDIAL SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS Medial Surfaces ApeX x W Superior lobar bronchus Superioe Pulmonary arteries Superio rlobe rlobe lobe t lobe naumu Pulmonary Middle lobar bronchus Groove veins for aorta Superior lobar bronchus Pulmonary Horizontal Inferior lobar bronchus veins Cardiac fissure Middle Hilum impression lobe Inferior Inferior Obliqu2 Oblique fissur e lobe lobe afissure e fissure ↳ num fissure Groove for Diaphragmatic e Base esophagus surface RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG Fig. 24- 10  The Lungs Branches of the Secondary Bronchi – The secondary bronchi divides to form tertiary bronchi f · The right lung has 10 tertiary bronchi and therefore 10 bronchopulmonary segments ⑭ · The left lung has 9 tertiary bronchi and therefore 9 bronchopulmonary segments * BRONCHIAL TREE DON’T PANIC! 10 9 1 1 2 2 3 Fig. 24- 12  BRONCHI & BRONCHIOLES CONDUCTION -from nasal cavity to smallest bronchioles RESPIRATION - Respiratory bronchioles and Fig. 24- 11 alveoli  THE ROAD TO RESPIRATION BRONCHUS BRONCHIOLE ALVEOLUS Figure 24- 13 Loading… RESPIRATION IS HERE!  The Lungs Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli – Each lung has about 150 million alveoli – Extensive network of capillaries surrounds each alveolus forgas exchange - Capillaries drop off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen – Elastic tissue surrounds each alveolus Maintains the shape and position of each alveolus during inhalation and exhalation  ALVEOLAR ORGANIZATION PULMONARY ARTERY PULMONARY - Coming from the heart VEIN - deoxy - Going to the heart oxy - NOTE! THE BRONCHIAL ARTERIES / VEINS FROM THE THORACIC VESSELS SUPPLY THE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE LUNGS Fig. 24- 13 Figure 24.14a  From the heart Respiratory epithelium Branch of pulmonary Bronchiole artery Bronchial artery (red), vein (blue), and nerve (yellow) Smooth muscle around terminal bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Elastic fibers Capillar Arteriole Branch of Lymphatic y pulmonary vessel beds Alveolar vein duct To the heart Alveol i Alveolar sac Interlobular septum Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Figure 24.13a  ALVEOLAR STRUCTURE Pneumocyte type II cell O Pneumocyte type I cell -make surfactant ② Alveolar macrophage * I O Red blood cell Elastic fibers Capillary lumen Nucleus of Endothelium endothelial cell 0.5 µm ↑ Alveolar ↑ macrophage Capillary Fused basal Alveolar Surfactant laminae epithelium Endothelial cell Alveolar air space of capillary c Diagrammatic sectional view of alveolar structure and the respiratory membrane. The respiratory membrane.  Alveolus and Respiratory Membrane Gas exchange at the alveoli Pulmonary arteries transport carbon dioxide to the alveolar capillaries Carbon dioxide leaves the capillaries and enters the alveolar sacs Oxygen leaves the alveolar sacs and enters the capillaries Oxygen enters the pulmonary veins and returns to the heart to be pumped to all parts of the body  Pulmonary Ventilation & Respiratory Muscles Inspiration Create NEGATIVE intrathoracic pressure Increase anterior-posterior, lateral, & vertical diameters and volume Using DIAPHRAGM, INTERCOSTALS (other accessory muscles) Expiration Decrease intrathoracic volume Relax muscles, increase abdominal pressure, bronchial elastic recoil  Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation Diaphragm – Contracts (lowers) to cause inhalation – Relaxes (raises) to cause exhalation External intercostals – Elevate the ribs to aid in inhalation Internal intercostals – Depress the ribs to aid in exhalation  1 The Respiratory Muscles Accessory Primary Respiratory Muscles Respiratory Muscles (Inhalation) (Inhalation) Sternocleidomastoid External intercostal muscle muscles Scalene muscles Accessory Pectoralis minor Respiratory Muscles muscle (Exhalation) Serratus anterior Internal intercostal muscle muscles Transversus thoracis muscle Primary Respiratory Muscles External oblique (Inhalation) muscle Diaphragm Rectus abdominis Internal oblique muscle Figure 24.16 2 The Mechanics of Breathing Ribs and sternum elevate Diaphragm contracts 3 Respiratory Movements KEY = Movement of rib cage = Movement of diaphragm = Muscle contraction Inhalation Inhalation is an active Accessory Respiratory process. It primarily Muscles (Inhalation) involves the diaphragm and Sternocleidomastold the external muscle intercostal Scalene muscles muscles, with assistance Pectoralis minor muscle from the accessory Serratus anterior muscle respiratory muscles as needed. Primary Respiratory Muscles (Inhalation) External intercostal muscles Diaphragm © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Respiratory Movements KEY = Movement of rib cage = Movement of diaphragm = Muscle contraction Exhalation During forced exhalation, the tranversus thoracis and internal intercostal muscles actively depress the Accessory Respiratory ribs, and the Muscles (Exhalation) abdominal Transversus thoracis muscles muscle compress the abdomen and push the diaphragm up. Internal intercostal muscles Rectus abdominis and other abdominal muscles (not shown) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. The end