Kidney Anatomy PDF

KIDNEY >natural waste product of your nucleic acid metabolism at the cellular level. +MAJOR FUNCTION ~keep the body clean. 3. CREATININE.is a waste product also. 1. disposal of waste p...

KIDNEY >natural waste product of your nucleic acid metabolism at the cellular level. +MAJOR FUNCTION ~keep the body clean. 3. CREATININE.is a waste product also. 1. disposal of waste products from the Either from the intake of protein, metabolism body. of protein, or from the metabolism of -So through your kidneys, we would muscles. be able to: excrete nitrogenous wastes out of > we build up proteins. the body >as proteins are metabolized, excrete toxins either from those that >produced as a waste product. we eat or toxins that we get from medications. ~sensitive and most reliable test for your ~any and all medication has a nephrotoxic kidney function is determining the levels effect of creatinine ~medications are chemicals. > 0.6 to 1.2 milligrams per DL. ~who comes in contact with these toxins all >effects,if the kidneys fail to dispose of this the time? kidneys nitrogenous waste? ~they have to pass through the kidneys. 1. Regal encephalopathy or uremic encephalopathy. >most common nitrogenous wastes 2. pruritus. (taas ug urea) 1. UREA is a waste product which 3. Uremic frost (uric acid in blood/ comes after the metabolism of iceberg in skin) protein. 4. UREMIC BREATH. (uremic frost odors) (ex: baboy, eatlog, gatas) It has protein. And for these proteins to be usable to the body, they have 2. REGULATING BLOOD PRESSURE to be metabolized. - It is effective in regulating your blood pressure through the abilities of the ~And one of the waste product is urea. juxtamedullary cells of the kidneys >must be excreted out of the body. to secrete the so called renin. >Accumulation of urea or elevation in the levels of urea in the body >renin is usually secreted whenever there >UREA develop of is a decrease in your blood pressure, renal encephalopathy/uremic whenever there is dehydration or cases of encephalopathy. fluid volume deficit. >Kindof a brain disorder which is attributable to the accumulation of urea or > Liver secret angiotensinogen. waste product urea in the blood. > Angiotensinogen, it cannot do anything for > protein metabolize urea. the body yet. -They are normally produced by the liver diet regimen and being, sent into the bloodstream. 1. slow down the intake of protein. - box size of protein >when renin and the angiotensinogen meets, converted into angiotensin 1. 2. URIC ACID is a waste product of cellular metabolism. >But renin will only be secreted by the kidneys if either the BP is low or the patient is in a state of dehydration. ⬆️PHOSPHORUS calcium and phosphorus are inversely >But the moment that angiotensin 1 is proportional. converted by the angiotensin converting enzyme from the lungs, then your >effect on the person who has poor angiotensin 1 will have to be converted to calcium? bones weaken. We call it as become angiotensin 2. osteopenia and, eventually, osteoporosis or cases called renal hypodistrophe. Effects of the release of angiotensin 2. (dabok sa bukog) 1. it has an effect on your hypothalamus. It causes your 5. ACID BASE BALANCE. hypothalamus to stimulate thirst in the person. >How can the kidneys maintain acid base balance? 2. Anterior pituitary glands. will now have to secrete the vasopressin or 1. Responsible excrete waste which antidiuretic hormone. are naturally acidic in nature. For -patient is in a state of dehydration. example, urea, uric acid. 3. release of aldosterone. will cause 2. reabsorption of the bicarbonates. the reabsorption of sodium. -will promote sodium and water 3. reabsorption of your hydrogen retention. ions. > depending on the body's state of 4. potent vasoconstrictor. musaka acidity or alkalinity. ang BP -BP constriction because of the increase in systemic vascular resistance. ANATOMY > what kind of blood supply supplies the 3. ERYTHROIETIN kidney? ~ This is required for the formation of red - It begins with abdominal aorta and blood cells at the levels of the bone marrow. is sent to the renal arteries and, > chronic kidney failure inject eventually, to the kidneys. subcutaneously. > administered once a week. >What shape kidney? The kidneys are shaped like beans. 4. VITAMIN D ~ retroperitoneally. T12 - L3 >any food that has small bukog >vitamins > right kidney is lower than the left right It cannot give you the benefit kidney > expose sunlight activate vitamin d. aid -because it is made lower by the presence of the kidneys as well activate into active of the liver which is found at the right. form vitamin d. >organ that is sitting above the kidney is ⬇️ NO VIT D = CALCIUM called adrenal glands. >Externally kidney has 2 distinct - PODOCYTES structures. responsible for Filtration 1. renal capsule. (GLOSSY Process APPEARANCE that covers the - responsible kidney) for straining - fibrous layer blood - Transparent - sufficient 2. renal hilum. (BEAN SHAPED pressure to appearance) push blood to - And take note that it is in the the hilum where the different glomerulus blood vessels and the from the different nerves are inserted glomerulus to and where the ureter is the Bowman's inserted. capsule. Bowman's > kidney > ureter > bladder >urethra. capsule Glomerular Capsule The kidney call as the renal parenchyma. / BOWMAN’S CAPSULE 1. Cortex = GLOMERULUS (filtration - C shape function) - incapsulate 2. Medulla glomerulus a. Pyramid (initial filtrates) - filtrate b. Column (space between the b. TUBULES. pyramid) ~responsible for receiving the filtrate from the 3. Pelvis. glomerular capsule. Glomerulus >Pyramid > Calyces > Pelvis Proximal > Renal Tubules Convoluted Tubule Loop of Henle Distal Convoluted +BASIC FUNCTIONAL UNIT of the kidney? Tubule 1. NEPHRONS. responsibly urine. Glomerulus > Bowman’s Capsule > Tubules a. CORPUSCLE. Glomerulus - capillaries The formation of urine comes in 3 different have stages podocytes - capillaries are 1. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION. food - 125mL/min (GFR) processes or - must proceed to shaped like BOWMAN’S CAPSULE feet (called as FILTRATE)  -blood carrying molecules, big - keto diet (only eat and small, is sent to the meats) glomerulus to be filtered. - only the gagmay ang mulusot 3. PROTEIN sa CORPUSCLE (filtrate) - kidney problems while the dagko is sent back - Pregnancy Induced to the blood Hypertension 2. TUBULAR REABSORPTION - symptoms: - 100% filtrate tubules Proteinuria, (99%peritubular capillaries), Hypetension, only 1% remains and Edema become urine - +seizure - 30ml/hr of urine (tonic/clonic) = 3. TUBULAR SECRETION ECLAMPSIA - ihatud sa dugo paingon sa tubo extra hydrogen ion , 4. BACTERIA extra potassium , and - only if in contact creatinine with skin - collect urine, it must GLOMERULAR FILTRATION > TUBULAR be midstream clean REABSORPTION > TUBULAR catch. SECRETION > CAPILLARIES > RENAL - if too much bacteria TUBULES > COLLECTING DUCTS > = UTI URETER > BLADDER > URETHRA > URETHRAL MEATUS 5. BLOOD = HEMATURIA - stones in kidney, trauma, or UTI LABORATORY TEST 6. BILE PIGMENTS 1. URINALYSIS - indicates liver - straw / amber yellow (light disease yellow) - aromatic odor 2. BLOOD STUDIES - pH (slightly acidic) 4.5 to 8 + BUN - SG 1.015 - 1.030 - 5 - 25mg - Dark Yellow = - elevated BUN level DEHYDRATED indicates poor kidney functions. 1. GLUCOSE = + ALBUMIN GLYCOSURIA - 3.5 - 5.5mg/DL - 90 -120 normal sugar + CREATININE 130 (normal) - 0.6 - 1.2 - waste product of 2. KETONES = KETONURIA protein and muscle - ketones in the urine = metabolism Diabetic Ketoacidosis - most sensitive (complication for type 1 DM) 3. KUB ULTRASOUND (kidney,  ureter, bladder) - painless procedure - bowel prep - fill bladder - (drink 2 glasses of water and withhold until the procedure is done) 4. RENAL ARTERIOGRAM - xray visualization on the renal circulation - contrast medium to be injected on the renal arteries - (ask pt if allergic in seafood or iodine) - EPIPEN READY at bedside - PREPARATIONS: a. Laxatives b. Shave (femoral /lumbar) c. mark Distal pulses - AFTER PROCEDURE a. V/S b. cold compress puncture site c. Sand bag over puncture site to prevent bleeding d. monitor Peripheral Circulation e. advise your patient to be on bed rest for 24 hours and to avoid sitting.