Khilafat Movement PDF

Contents Sr. # Events Page# Introduction 2 Background 2 Historical Perspective 2 Ottoman Empire 2,3...

Contents Sr. # Events Page# Introduction 2 Background 2 Historical Perspective 2 Ottoman Empire 2,3 Khilafat in South Asia 3 > Collapse of Khilafat Movement 3,4 Objective of Khilafat Movement 4 Turk Nationalist Movement 5 vi. Congress Corporation in Khilafat 5,6 Movement vii Chaura Chauri Incident 6 viii. Result of Khilafat Movement 6,7 ix StrategicAnalysis 7,8 X. Conclusion 8  I. INTRODUCTION: The movement was started by Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, both Khilafat brothers, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Hasrat Mohani and Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari. It was started in 1919 to support the Ottoman Caliphate and was short lived, ending in 1924 by the overthrow of the Caliph by Kemal Ataturk in Turkey. It was briefly supported by Gandhi as an allianceof sorts was formed to gain Indian independence which was then Part of the British Raj. Khilafat movement was launched by Muslims of South Asia to force British government to protect the Ottoman Empire afterWorld War1. I. BACKGROUND: After the First World War in 1918, British and its allied powers decided to divide Turkey among themselves. Turkey supported Germany in the First World War. Germany lost the war and Turkey had to face the music. British and its allies also resolved to dissolve the designation of Khilafat. The designation of Khilafat always remained holy and sacred in the Muslim history. Khalifa is considered the vicegerent of Allah on the Earth. Therefore, the Muslims became infuriated on this unholy act of the British government. Moulana Mohammad Ali Johar and Maulana Shaukat Ali Johor along with other Muslim leaders starteda movement called the Khilafat movement. II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: > Ottoman Empire: The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was a pan-lslamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British and to protect government the Ottoman Empire during the aftermath of World War I. The movement gained force after the Treaty of Severs(August 1920) which imposed the partitioning of Ottoman Empire and gave Greece a powerful position in Anatolia, to the distressof the Turks. They called for help and the movementwas the result. The movement collapsed by late 1922 when Turkey gained. The cause of the Ottoman monarch evoked religious passion and sympathy amongst Indian Muslims. Being a Caliph, the Ottoman emperor was nominally the supreme religious and political leader of all Musiims across the world. > Khilafat in South Asia: After World Warthe Ottoman Empire faced dismemberment. Under the leadership I, of the Ali Brothers, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali, the Muslims of  South Asia launched the historic Khilafat Movement to try and save it. Mohand. Karam Chand Gandhi linked the issue of Swaraj with the Khilafat issue to associate Hindus with the movement. The ensuing movenment was the first countrywidepopular movement. Collapse of Khilafat Movement: In wake of these disturbances, the Ali brothers began distancing themselves from Gandhi and the Congress. The Ali brothers criticized Gandhi's extreme commitment to non-violence and severed their ties with them after he suspended all non cooperation movement after the killing of 23 policemen at Chaura Chauri in 1922. Although holding talks with the British and continuing their activities, the Khilafat struggle weakened as Muslims were divided between working for the Congress, the Khilafat cause and the Muslim League. Another reason was that members of the movement were concerned with the fate of khalifa than were the western powers and the people of Turkey. The final blow came with the victoryof Mustafa Kemal's forces, who overthrew the Ottoman rule to establish a pro-Western,secular republic in independent Turkey. He abolished the Calipha role and soughtno helpfrom Indians. The Khilafat leadership fragmented on different political lines. Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari created Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam with the support of Chaudhry Afzal Haq Leaders such as Dr. Ansari, Maulana Azad and Hakim Ajmal Khan remained strong supporters Gandhi and the Congress. The Ali brothers joined Muslim League. of They would play a major role in the growth of the League's popular appeal and the subsequent Pakistan movement. There was, however, a Caliphate Conference in Jerusalem in 1931 following Turkey's abolition of the Khilafat, to determinewhat should be done about the caliphate. Peoplefrom villages such as Aujla Khurd were the main contributors to the cause. OBJECTIVE OF KHILAFAT MOVEMENT: Objective of Khilafat movement areas; Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact. To preserved the Territorialsolidarity. Control of holy the places should not be givento non-Muslims. TURK NATIONALIST MOVEMENT: The Turkish National Movement encompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries which resulted in the creation and shaping of the Republic of Turkey, as a consequence of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I.  In the aftermath,Turkish revolutionaries rebelled against the partitioning of th. Ottoman Empire by the Allies under the terms of the Armistice of Mudras, which ended the Empire's participation in World War l; they also rebelled against the Treaty of Sevres in 1920, similarly signed by the Ottoman government, and partitioned portions of Anatolia itself. The establishment of an alliance of Turkish revolutionaries during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the declaration of the Republic of Turkey and abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate. The movement declared that the only source of governance for the Turkish peoplewould be theGrand National Assembly. IV. CONGRESSINONCORPORATION: The Nagpur Session of the Congress (Dec. 1920) approved non-cooperationwith Government but Jinnah opposed and left the Congresson 13th April 1923, because he was against the use of extra-constitutional means of protests. The country was passing through a critical period and both the Congressand the Muslim League fully felt the necessity of mutual co-operation to the Khilafat Movement. The leaders of the two movements met at Amritsar and resolved to launch a country-wide agitation under the leadership of Mr. Gandhi. So the two movements, one led by Molana Muhammad Ali and the other by Mr. Gandhi merged into one and it was directed against the British Government. The policy of 'progressive, non-violent, non Cooperation'was to be given effect to in the following manner: Renunciation of all Government titles. > Boycott of courts and educational institutions. Resign from jobs. Later resign from police and military jobs. Boycott of foreign goods. Refusal to pay taxes. V. CHAURA CHAURIINCIDENT: ChauriChaura is a town near Gorakhpur,Uttar Pradesh, known most for an event in 5 February1922 during the British Raj when a police station)was set on fire by a mob of angrycitizens, kiling 23 policemen inside. Due to this incident mahatma Gandhi called a halt to the non-cooperation movement. VI. RESULT OF KHILAFAT MOVEMENT: Despite its failure, the Khilafat Movement left a far-reaching impact on the Indian politics.Following are the most significant influences which the Khilafat Movement left on the Indian Politics:  The Khilafat Movement was a great Muslim struggle which provided dynamic leadersh., to the Muslims and established foundations to launch further Muslim Freedom movement on stable and firm basis. It confirmed to the Muslims that the Hindu mind can never be sincere tothe Muslims. The Khilafat Movement developed a sense of concern amongst the Muslims about their national mattersand inculcated amongthem the awareness about their future. The Khilafat Movement immensely strengthened the Two-Nation Theory which became the basis ofestablishmentof Pakistan. The Khilafat Movement added much to the economic miseries of the Muslims who resigned their jobs, VII. STRATEGIC ANALYSIS: The Khilafat Movement failed to achieve its objectives of restoration of caliphate. Muslims of india were very discouraged and disappointed on its failure. Yet the Khilafat Movement had somefavorable effects on Muslims of India in the long run. The movement gave a general awareness and created self-confidence among the Muslims awakened their sense of political understanding. t They started taking parts in nation politics and also learnt methods of protesting, arranging and holding mass meetings and fighting for their rights. > Educated Muslims, students and Ulemas started taking interest in politics. The Khilafat Movement gave a boost to Muslim journalism and many important Urdu magazines and newspapers cameout voicing the demands of Muslims. The members of the Khilafat Movement were more concerned with the fate of the Khalifathan the western powers and people of Turkey. The Hindus and the Muslims had different aims. The Hindus wanted independence from the British while the Muslims had the aim of gaining power back to the caliph. The movement also created a strong anti-British feeling. This made Gandhi call of the campaign before Kemal Ataturk abolished the movement. The outcomes of Khilafat Movement were huge. It left both good and bad effects It results in protest and rallies on street of subcontinent there was an increase in violence day by day. It results in collapse of Hindu Muslims Alliance. > A huge number of people were involved in this movement, ma b this was also a reason of civil disobedience. Because of some violent incidence in the country which resulted in the deaths of many Hindus,Muslims and British people,Mahatma Gandhi G called off his Non Cooperation Movement. This was a major jolt to the Khilafat Movement. Vill. CONCLUSION: Every movement against the British rule left its good as well as bad effects on ti. people.After Khilafat Movement Muslims of the Sub-continent become united,strong and conscious about their separate identity which led them towards final destination. This was the real credit which Muslims derived.