Key Concepts of Tourism - PDF

**Key Concept of tourism - lessons** - 27 September course You can classify tourism inn 5 categories: - Accommodation - Food and beverage services - Recreation and Entertainment - Transportation - Travel Services Definition by UNWTO: Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phe...

**Key Concept of tourism - lessons** - 27 September course You can classify tourism inn 5 categories: - Accommodation - Food and beverage services - Recreation and Entertainment - Transportation - Travel Services Definition by UNWTO: Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for a minimum period of 24 hours to a maximum of 6 months, for personal or professional purposes. In 2023, the top destination was France with 100 million of tourists, followed by Spain, the US, Italy and Turkey. Also, in terms of gross domestic product (PIB: qui mesure l'activité du pays) tourism represented a total of 10% of the world's GPD in 2023. There is 2 mainly categories of tourism: leisure and business. - History of tourism Tourism really began in the ancient era: the cultures and nations moved their armed forces around in order to conquer other areas and to control trade routes and various resources + to see what was beyond their own borders. - Empire era: roman empire + an extended road network that stretched from northern England to southern Egypt. - Middle Age: at that time, travel was nonexistent because it was too dangerous after the fall of the roman empire. Although, the middle age saw the development f the pilgrimage of Santiago de Compostela (religious travel to beg pardon, recover health, reach paradise...) - Main figures: Marco Polo and the silk road in the 13^th^ century Christopher Columbus who discovered America inn 1492 Vasco de Gama who reached India in 1498 Ferdinand Magellan who completed the 1^st^ round the world tour, 16^th^. - The Grand Tour era: The Grand Tour era (late 17th to early 19th century) was a period when young European aristocrats, especially from Britain, traveled across Europe as part of their education. The journey aimed to refine their cultural knowledge, manners, and social status, focusing on art, history, and classical antiquity. Italy, particularly cities like Rome, Florence, and Venice, was the primary destination, with France and other European countries also on the route. The tour helped spread neoclassicism, influenced European art, and created the foundation for modern tourism. It typically lasted several months to a few years, serving as a rite of passage for the elite. - The Mobility era: The Mobility Era of the 19th century was marked by rapid advancements in transportation, particularly with the rise of railroads, steamships, and later, the automobile. These innovations made travel faster, cheaper, and more accessible, reshaping society, boosting trade, and promoting urbanization. The era also saw improved communication with inventions like the telegraph, connecting distant parts of the world more efficiently. Thomas Cook was a British entrepreneur, is considered a pioneer of modern tourism. In 1841, he organized the first-ever commercial package tour, arranging train travel for a group from Leicester to a temperance meeting in Loughborough. This success led him to create more organized trips, including domestic and international tours. By the 1850s, Cook offered tours to Europe, and by the 1870s, he expanded to destinations like Egypt and the Holy Land. His innovations, such as pre-paid tickets and inclusive package holidays, revolutionized travel, making leisure tourism accessible to the middle class and shaping the modern tourism industry. After that, there was a big necessity to build what the tourists needed : hotels, facilities, casinos, sports... \+ cars production \+ seaside, thermal and mountain resorts\... - The Modern era: began in the mid-20th century, driven by affordable air travel, package holidays, and technological advances like online booking. Mass tourism became common, making global travel accessible to more people. Popular destinations expanded worldwide, while trends like sustainable and niche tourism grew in response to environmental and cultural concerns. \+ 1920: aircrafts made to travel \+ paid leaves since 1936 in France, that gave the working classes the time and the money to fulfill their travel dreams as the travel demand grew. \+ Introduction of the credit card - The postmodern era: is marked by personalized, flexible travel, driven by technology, such as online booking and social media. Travelers seek unique, authentic experiences, with a growing focus on sustainable and responsible tourism. - 4^th^ of October lessons A. [Forms of tourism] There are 3 basic forms of tourism: domestic, international (inbound / outbound) - Domestic tourism: comprises the activities of residents of a given country travelling to and staying in places inside their residential country, but outside their usual environment for leisure, business or other purposes\... If the country promotes domestic tourism within its own regions, then more people would come to visit various places in France, which are less popular, and it would boost the local economy by providing employment opportunities to the people.  - International tourism: when people visit a foreign country it is referred to as international tourism. Incoming Tourism definition (UNWTO)**: **​the act of travelling to another country for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, or other purposes​. - **Inbound tourism** is mainly influenced by seasons, holidays and school. Also, tourism brings a lot of wealth, increases employment and allows new constructions​. Disadvantages of inbound tourism​:   - Over dependence of inbound tourism = a risky business​ - Heavily disrupted in case of pandemic - Tourism slows down inn case of natural disaster, political unrest or economic instability - ​To ensure sustainable tourism, destinations need to [diversify] their product to appeal to both tourism:​ - domestic tourism market ​ - inbound tourism market - Outbound tourism: "The act of **leaving** your home country internationally for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes."    - Why do people travel? **The main forms of tourism** - Travel is one of the most listed interests of people, and it comes **in all forms**. ​ -  when they need to **visit relatives or friends**​ -  others travel on **business**​ - and some travel as a sort of **spiritual discipline**, to discover new things about the world and its **cultures **and to learn more about themselves. ​ - For others travel is about **fun **and **excitement, **about **rest **and **relaxation**, and about whatever they want it to be about. The most popular type of tourism are beach vacations, city breaks, cultural and historical tourism and nature tourism. There is also the new trend of tourism with new technologies and social medias + creative tourism that is interactive etc. Virtual tourism also exists: - For people who cannot travel much​ - To try before buying (travel agencies): observe what the destination has to offer​ - The agencies increase the level of trust​ - Easier for the client to make a choice Accessible tourism: - According to World Health Organization (WHO), 15% of the world\'s population (1 billion people) lives with some forms of disability.​ - Accessibility for all to tourism facilities, products and services should be a central part of any responsible and sustainable tourism policy​ - Accessibility is not only about human rights​ - It is a business opportunity for destinations and companies to embrace all visitors and enhance their revenues​ Religious tourism: refers to the act of travelling for the purposes of religious pilgrimage, missionary, or interest. It\'s one of the earliest tourism forms. The main motivation for travel is **to meet the spiritual, and religious needs of people involved in this kind of tourist travel**. But the motivation for travel may be exploring the culture of other nations, or other religions, exploring sacred objects, etc. Example: Vatican, Lourdes, Mecca... Business tourism: this is a form of travel which involves undertaking business activities that are based away from home. Business tourism activities include attending meetings, congresses, exhibitions, incentive travel and corporate hospitality. MICE Tourism: Tourism provision planned and designed for large groups of people for purposes. It is defined as a type of tourism where groups of participants are gathered to achieve certain purposes. It includes 4 different areas such as: - Meetings: - Gather professionals to address a key challenge or set goals for the organization.​ Any types of travel for the purpose of meetings, in order to facilitate communication with and between the employees, customers, shareholders​.\ ​New trends: webinars (seminar conducted on internet). - Incentive travel: incentive travel refers to travel that intends to motivate​\  or reward company stakeholders and enhance the productivity.  - Conferences: Designed for a large corporate group to share knowledge.​ - Exhibitions: Events for buyers and sellers in specific trade sectors (*trade fairs, trade shows and consumer shows). Ex :* le Bourget ​provide an opportunity for businesses to showcase their products or services.​ Include stalls, breakout rooms, presentations and opportunities for networking.​ large events involving large amounts of people.​ Last 3 or 4 days. How important is the MICE industry? The MICE industry contributes significantly to the wider business tourism sector. It is becoming increasingly recognised as a prominent part of the industry and is beginning to receive growing attention amongst the academic community. \+ Individual business travel \+ Bleisure travel (business + leisure) Industrial tourism/ know-how tourism: Unusual type of tourism​ that involves visiting a site of past or present industrial action​, visits to operational companies and industrial heritage.​ Provides an experience regarding specific products​. Allows visitors to learn about and experience the production process​. Teaches tourists about the history and background of that industry. To sum up: - Tourism can be classified into 7 distinct categories according to the purpose of travel: ​ ​ - Leisure or Recreational:  takes a person away from the routine of everyday life. ​ ​ - Cultural:   satisfies cultural and intellectual curiosity and involves visits to ancient monuments, places of historical or religious importance, etc.​ ​ -  Health: people travel for medical treatment or visit places where there are curative possibilities, for example, hot springs, spa, yoga, etc.​ ​ - New trend: insta, creative, virtual tourism, sustainable tourism, accessible tourism​ ​ - Religious tourism: Religious and spiritual tourism refers to travel for religious or spiritual purposes, such as undertaking a pilgrimage and visiting sacred sites.​ ​ - Business tourism: visitors travel for a specific professional or business purpose with the aim of attending a meeting, an activity or an event. ​ ​ - Industrial tourism:  is tourism in which the desired destination includes industrial sites in a particular location. ​ Other forms of tourism: - ​**Atomic tourism**: The Trinity Site in New Mexico (USA) where the 1st atomic bomb was tested, The Titan Missile Museum, The National Museum of Nuclear Science & History, in New Mexico too, Hiroshima in Japan.​ - **Disaster tourism**: Hurricane Katrina. Pompeii. Chernobyl in Ukraine. Ground Zero, New York City, The site of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Fukushima, Japan, the 2011 nuclear disaster.​ - **Extreme tourism:** or shock tourism: traveling to dangerous places such as mountains, jungles, deserts, caves, canyons etc. ​ - **Romance tours **are organized by tour operators where men go to countries to meet women for either romance or marriage. ​ - **Set jetting **is the latest trend that involves traveling to destinations that are seen in movies. Like touring London in high-speed boats like James Bond. Top set-jetting destinations in the world are Breaking Bad (New Mexico), Harry Potter (England). there is also one more type of tourism called Tolkien tourism where fans of the Lord of the Rings universe travel to the sites of the film, especially in New Zealand. ​ [B. Actors of Tourism] - Why does tourism matters? - The tourist industry is leading in the service activities sector: according to the UNWTO World Tourism Barometer (2019)​ - 334 million jobs worldwide in 2019​ = employs 1 in 10 people worldwide​ - 10 % of the world's GDP (gross domestic product) in 2019 and 5.5% in 2020 (Covid19)​ - 30% of service exports ​ - Tourism is one of the world\'s fastest growing industries for many countries, it\'s one of the most remarkable economic and social phenomena. - Annual tourism growth over the last 30 years Tourism has never stopped growing since the 90\'s. There is a 71% decrease in the total number of tourists in the world between 2019 and 2020 because of the COVID 19 pandemic. The international tourism is lower in 2020 than in 1990.​ In 2022, world tourism has doubled compared to 2021, increasing by 215%​ global tourism scores nevertheless remain 34% below pre-pandemic 2019 levels.  Europe reported the highest volume of inbound travelers, with around 594.5 million arrivals in 2022. Although this figure denoted a significant annual increase, the number of international arrivals in that region remained below pre-pandemic levels. - Why has tourism never stopped growing for 30 years?  \+ Internet make travel booking easier​ \+ Emergence of the low-cost airlines​ \+ More free time​ \+ People from emerging countries travel more - World tourism flows International tourists come mainly from the three richest regions of the world, and more recently from emerging countries. ​ Tourists travel to the large tourist basins of the Mediterranean Sea, the Caribbean Sea and the China Sea. ​ The main countries receiving tourists are France, the United States, China, Spain and Italy.​ - The actors of tourism at various levels I. Transportation The air transportation industry: airlines, airlines supporting industries (catering), airports\...​ Cruise lines and support services​ Motor coach operators:  companies operating buses, city sightseeing companies.​ Car rental​. Rail travel. II. Hospitality​ ​ \- Accommodation: Hotels, Motels, cabin, cottages, inns... Lodging companies. ​ ​  - Food and beverage: Eating and drinking places such as restaurants, cafés...​ ​  - Travel services:  Travel Agencies, Tour operators.​ ​  -** **Attractions: what visitors go to see, or any activities they will do during their trip. What is a tour operator? - A **Tour operator** is a person or an organization who creates the package = **Wholesaler**.​ - He takes the individual elements of a holiday (transfer, hotel, transport\...) and **packages** these together.​ - He works with suppliers and other service providers to put together holiday ingredients in a package tour.​ - He works with all travel elements: Airlines, Accommodation, transport and tourist services (guide, visits\...).​ - He markets it in brochures. He is often specialized in one region or one type of tourism. ​ - He sells the packages that he creates directly to consumers or to travel agencies.​ - He takes responsibility for the package, based on a license or some form of insurance. ​ Examples: FRAM, Expedia, Booking, Club Med... What is a travel agent? - The Travel agent sells the packages created by the Tour operator to the consumer.​ - A travel agent doesn't create the elements of travel services. ​ - make the booking of travel services easier for consumers.​ - Travel agents may specialize in leisure, business or other niche travel markets. They may be generalists or specialists.​ - The agents typically receive a 10 to 15% commission from accommodations, transportation companies and attractions for coordinating the booking of travel. - Tourism public actors I. The International Air Transport Association - ATA is a trade association of the world\'s airlines founded in 1945.​ - 293 airlines representing 117 countries​ - Headquartered in Montreal (Canada) with executive offices in Geneva (Switzerland)​ - Founded in 1945 in La Havana (Cuba)​ - Director general: Willie Walsh Missions: ​ - Coordination of the standards and the international regulations​ - Safety of the passengers and the air freight​ - Modernisation of the services​ - Optimisation of the costs​ -  Identification of airports & airline companies of the whole world by unique codes  II. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) ​ - Formation : 1943 in Chicago,USA​ - Headquarters : Montreal, Canada​ - 7 regional offices : Bangkok, Cairo, Dakar, Lima, Mexico City, Nairobi, Paris.​ - Membership: 192 member states and industry groups​ - Secretary General: Juan Carlos Salazar (Colombia)​ - Is a specialized agency of the United Nations - Missions : ​      - The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices and policies in support of a safe, efficient and economically sustainable civil aviation sector.​ ​      - ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation that are followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. III. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)  - Formation: 1975​ - Headquarters: Madrid, Spain​ - Membership: 160 Member states, 6 associate members, 2 observers and 500 affiliate members representing the private sector, educationnal institutions and local tourism authorities.​ - Secretary General: Zurab Pololikashvili, Georgia The United Nations recognizes the World Tourism Organization as the appropriate organization to: - Collect - Analyze - Publish = The statistics of Tourism - Standardize - Improve \+ promote the integration of these statistics within the sphere of the United Nations system. IV. The European Travel Commission (ETC) ​ - Formation: 1948 in Norway​ - Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium​ - Membership: 32 national tourism organizations (NTOs)​ - CEO: Eduardo Santander ​ - The ETC is a unique association in the travel sector, representing the national Tourism Organizations of the countries of Europe. Mission: to strengthen the sustainable development of Europe as a tourist destination. \+ Destination Marketing Organizations (DMO) - **What are DMOs ?**​ A DMO is an organization that promotes and facilitates travel to a town, a city, a region or a country in order to increase the number of visitors.​ It promotes the economic development and marketing of a destination focusing on convention sales, tourism marketing and services. ​ It develops destination programs such as events and festivals. ​It plays an important role in promoting tourism and sustaining a positive experience for visitors. ​ They use every medium to reach the travelling public: brochures, travel magazines, TV commercials. ​ They organize familiarization trips (famtrips), conferences, training for tour operators and travel agents (ex: meet up in France every year in March) V. Atout France  France\'s National Tourism development Agency:​ - Formation: 2009​ - Membership: 1300 members, both from private and public tourism professionals​ - CEO: Caroline Leboucher​ - Affiliation: placed under the supervision of the Minister of tourism, Government of France.​ - Headquarters: Paris​ - Present on all 5 continents with 32 offices, in 29 countries Missions: ​ ​ - Promoting France and its destinations​ - Supporting the development of the regions​ - Contributing to the hotel classification, registration of travel operators\...​ - Developing a business intelligence platform​ - Observation and tourism watch VI. Local tourism authorities  Regional Tourism Board that you can find inn main cities of every region. Departmental Tourist Committees. Tourism Offices. - 24 September course Tourism Production and Distribution - What is a tourism product? Definition: A tourism product is more than a destination; it's a combination of experiences, services, and physical goods designed to satisfy tourists' needs. Key Components (The 5 A\'s): \- Attraction: Points of interest like monuments, nature spots, or cultural activities. \- Accessibility: How tourists reach these attractions, including transportation. \- Accommodation: Places where tourists stay, from hotels to Airbnb. \- Amenities: Necessary services like food, water, and sanitation. \- Activities: Experiences that tourists can engage in, such as sightseeing, hiking, or dining experiences. - The characteristics of tourism products Overview: Tourism products are unique. They differ from other products in several ways: 1\. Intangibility: \- Unlike manufactured goods, tourism products are experiences, making them difficult to evaluate before purchase. \- Example: A tour package's quality can't be fully assessed until after the trip. 2\. Perishability: \- Tourism products cannot be stored. A missed booking or tour represents a lost opportunity. \- Example: If a flight seat is empty, that potential revenue is lost. 3\. Variability: \- Experiences vary from person to person, even for the same product, due to individual perceptions and service variability. \- Example: Two tourists may have different experiences at the same resort. 4\. Inseparability: \- The production and consumption of tourism products happen simultaneously. \- Example: A tour guide's interaction with tourists is part of the service itself. - Role of Travel Producers and Intermediaries Explanation: \- Producers (e.g., hotels, airlines) and intermediaries (e.g., travel agencies) work together to create and distribute tourism products. \- Types of Products: \- Package Holiday: Pre-arranged bundles combining various travel components. \- Dynamic Packaging: Customizable options that allow tourists to create their own bundles.