KAS 1 - AY '24-'25 University of the Philippines Past Paper PDF

KAS 1 University of the Philippines–Diliman | Academic Year 2024 - 2025 What is History? ○ From the Greek “historia”, meaning knowledge or information obtained from inquiry or investigation ○ The term was borrowed by other languages, eventually becoming related to the past...

KAS 1 University of the Philippines–Diliman | Academic Year 2024 - 2025 What is History? ○ From the Greek “historia”, meaning knowledge or information obtained from inquiry or investigation ○ The term was borrowed by other languages, eventually becoming related to the past ‣ Ibn Khaldun (Al Muqaddimah, 1377) - story of societal development ‣ Edward Gibbon (The Decline and Fall of the Roman c. Formation of novel interpretations Empire, 1776) - register of all crimes, fallics, and misfortunes of ‣ “History is written in every generation (Agoncillo mankind quoted in Ocampo, 2011) ‣ Jose Rizal (19th Century) - should highlight achievements of people ○ History is an academic discipline about the past ‣ It is scientific, objective, and empirical due to its Two Academic Definitions emphasis on historical sources (social science) ‣ highly subjective, which leads to numerous and ○ History is a narrative about the past varying interpretations (arts and humanities) ‣ it doesn’t cover the entire past a. Selection of topics and sources b. Defining the periodization, length, and overall quality of the narrative c. Perspective or ideology, knowledge, experience, and bias of the historian. (According to Agoncillo, historians need to be impartial, looking at each and every angle before giving their interpretation) ‣ continues to grow and evolve - Before 20th century, history writing is traditional historiography a. Politics, economy, and diplomacy b. Influenced by Leopold von Ranke's historical positivism - There is no substitute for ‣ Features the most relevant; ang kasaysayan ay documents; no document, no isang sanaysay na may saysay history ‣ has three elements: time, place, and people c. Described as elite-centric ‣ provides interpretations and arguments - “The history of the world is but the ‣ is never final and can be revised biography of great men” - Great Men Theory, Thomas Carlyle Historical Revisionism - In 1920’s, history was expanded by Annales School of a. Continuity of time France which introduced nouvelle histoire (new b. Emergence of new sources of information history) ‣ An example would be the recent discovery, in 2014, a. New fields like social, cultural, rural, and of a recorded document called “Casaysayan” from a Spanish women’s history, and histoire de mentalites Military Base that debunked the known date of creation of b. Used other kinds of sources Katipunan. c. Borrowed methods and ideas from other social sciences such as psychology, linguistics, geography, and anthropology d. Aimed to produce “history from below” - Other fields later emerged, such as demographic (1950s), feminist (1960s), environmental (1970s), world (1990s), and big (1990s) history ERTenorio | 1  Historical Sources - Does corroboration with other materials - To establish veracity of the source ○ Historians always rely on historical sources (batis ○ In essence, historical criticism ascertains the reliability of pangkasaysayan) for information that can be used to historical sources reconstruct events in the past ‣ Categories according to form: Historical Criticism a. Written - books, artiles, newspapers, and other printed sources (example is laguna “Relation of the Worship of the Tagalogs, Their Gods, and copperplate inscription) Their Burials and Superstitions” by Fray Juan De Plasencia b. Non-written - archaeological sources, (author of Doctrina Christiana) audio-visual materials, oral and folkloric sources (example is Manunggul jar) ‣ Who is the author? ‣ Categories according to value or importance: ‣ What is the background of the author? a. Primary sources - directly connected to the ‣ What is the context of the source (ex. Period, event being studied, and usually provides audience)? raw information (eye-witness accounts, ‣ Is it a primary or secondary source? official documents, materials present, and ‣ What does the source talk about? contemporaneous sources) (example is ‣ What insights can you draw from the source? Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl, and ‣ Can you detect any bias? La Revolucion Filipina) ‣ Do you think the source is reliable? b. Secondary sources - borrow information ‣ What other sources can be used for corroboration? from the primary ones, and provide interpretation Historical Models Archives and Archival Materials ○ Diagrams that illustrate the flow and development of historical events. Historians use them to summarize the past. ○ The most important and useful sources are found in archives ‣ Three main kinds (propose different philosophies or (sinupan). Here, government reports and documents, maps, characterizations about history): photos, newspapers, artworks, and artifacts are stored, - Linear - historical events has a definite start organized, preserved, and digitized. and a definite end ;modern historians ‣ Some of the major archives include: disagree to this as history is never final - Archives of University of Santo Tomas (has - Cyclical - “history repeats itself”; historians the oldest living baybayin written) are careful in saying that history repeats as - American Historical Collection (Ateneo) (has that means predicting the future; history blueprints, and photos showing Chinese does not repeat (time is continuous) barbers and ear cleaners) - Spiral - there is continuity; points of - Philippine Radical Papers (UP Diliman) intersection in the spiral depicts the (records of organizations under martial law) repeating events - National Archives of the Philippines ‣ Others subscribe to the chaotic view of history ‣ Given the long colonial history of the Philippines, many of our historical documents were produced and Importance of Geography maintained by our previous colonizers (includes biases and might not consider the lives of Filipinos) ○ Knowledge in geography is highly appreciated in historical scholarship Historical Criticism a. Place is an important element of history b. Geographical determinism - believes that geography ○ Historical sources are thoroughly evaluated by historians in a has a strong influence on people and their history; process called historical criticism main proponent of this was Charles Louis ‣ First level is external or surface criticism Montesquieu (18th century) - Identifies the provenance and purpose ‣ Example is separation of India and China - Check its physical attributes and originality despite the shared border (Himalayan - To establish the authenticity of the source mountains act as barrier) ‣ Second level is internal or higher criticism ‣ Modern historians doesn’t use the term - Extracts information and understands them geographic determinism due to the idea of in their original context (example is “malibog” racism which means luxurious in old context) - Identifies possible bias or prejudice 2  - In 19th century, racism is included - All languages in Philippines, except Spanish in science, “science of classifying and English, are all Austronesians people according to skin color” - Includes countries, mostly from Southeast - Johann Freidrich Blumenbach - Asia, including Taiwan, Philippines, active in the science of racism Indonesia, Malaysia, Rapa Nui (Easter - White Islands), Madagascar, and portions of New - Brown Zealand and Chile - Red - Uses linguistic similarities, such as shared - Yellow vocabulary and patterns of repetition, as - Black proof - He tools skulls from - Also supported by cultural evidences such different races or as: continents. According to a. Common staple food like rice and his conclusion “the skull of coconuts, the same set of the white person is the domesticated animals; and most beautiful” b. Similar traditions like tattooing, - “Father of Modern Racism” building of stilt houses, usage of jade, planting on rice terraces, and a strong maritime orientation - Two hypotheses under the AMT attempt to The Barangay locate the homeland of the proto-Austronesians ○ A note on sources: - Peter Bellwood’s Out of Taiwan - The study of precolonial Philippines is more difficult Hypothesis claims that they came compared to that of other historical periods due to the from Southern China and sailed lack of written sources southwards due to overpopulation - Historians are compelled to rely on materials such as - Wilhelm Solheim’s Island Origin diaries, dictionaries, and illustrations produced by the Hypothesis says that they were Spanish in the early 16th century. from Mindanao and Indonesia, and - They also use sources from archaeology, folklore, and that the group is spread due to oral traditions such as epic, stories, and mythology to trading understand precolonial society and culture. *Until now, these two hypotheses are not conclusive due to lack of evidences* ○ The Peopling of the Philippines ‣ The Waves of Migration Theory of Henry Otley Beyer (1947) utilized artifacts and argued that: *BOXER CODEX* - Distinct waves of migrants (Negritos, ○ From the term “balangay”, which was the generic Indones, and Malay) led to the cultural and Austronesian word for any kind of sea vessel physical differences among Filipinos ○ A sociopolitical organization that existed in precolonial Philippines, particularly in Luzon and Visayas. It was known as kampong in Mindanao. ‣ Independent entities in terms of territory, resources, and set of laws called battasan. ‣ Typically has thirty to a hundred families ‣ Engaged in wars, such as pangangayaw (slave - Very problematic due to assuming the raiding), and alliance building through political marriages and appearance blood compacts (called kasi-kasi) - Women are preserved in the intention of ‣ Felipe Landa Jocano’s Core Population Theory being married to the other barangay’s datu (1960s) recognized the scarcity of pertinent sources, namely of (the Binukots) fossils, and proposed that: - According to Magella, they use blood from a - A “core population” developed under three wound made in the chest phases (formative, incipient, and emergent) ○ Social classes and personalities: before external forces entered ‣ Population of the barangay was stratified according ‣ Austronesian Migration Theory (AMT) proposes that to people’s economic standing all present-day Austronesian speakers came from a single Nobles: maginoo (Luzon) or kadatoan ancestor called the proto-Austronesians (Visayas) 3  ‣ Wealthiest and most powerful, and held by a rope and having had the datu (chieftain) – most logs on the bottom. They likely to also be the oldest cut the rope and the ‣ Enjoyed honorific titles such as human sacrifice is ran over ginoo and poon by the boat before it hit the ‣ Had princesses called the binukot water) (secluded maiden) – culturally Slaves: alipin (Luzon) or oripun (Visayas) powerful as they holds the cultures, ‣ Had debt or financial obligations epics, and songs they could not fulfill and thus could Commoners: maharlika (Luzon) or timawa be inherited; for being a prisoner of (Visayas) war or as a form of criminal ‣ Had considerable wealth and punishment debtless ‣ Witnessed by the datu ‣ Paid taxes to the datu called ‣ Not permanent and was guided by buwis, and had the liberty to move contracts; can be best described as into a different barangay bondage instead of slavery ‣ Included the bagani (soldiers) and panday (craftsman) *Note: According to scholars, there is power sharing in the - Panday-kahoy makes community. Datu is in charge of politics and economics; bahay; panday-ginto Panday is responsible for technology and weaponry; Babaylan makes jewelries; (priestess) is responsible for religion and medicine* panday-bakal makes weapons *Anachronistic - the use of concepts of a period to another - Panday PIRA - the only period of time* recorded panday; used cannons, most likely from ‣ social stratification allowed social mobility Chinese trades, which ‣ Foreign populations were also present in the made it hard for Spanish barangay (mostly Chinese and Japanese, due to trading) colonizers ‣ Also among the commoners was ○ Spanish observations on Philippine culture and tradition the babaylan (priestess) – ‣ some aspects of the culture and religion of the responsible for religion and barangay were recorded in the 16th century medicine - Practiced tattooing called pagbabatuk - Held by women, but was (politically important; shows the baganis’ also fulfilled by men achievements) (bayugin are male - Changed the appearance of their teeth - has babaylans - they act the belief that only animals have white teeth feminine (hair, clothes, a. Pagpupusad (gold fillings) actions); they marry other b. Chewing of nganga (betel chews) - men more than physical appearance; - Performed pag-aanito, a can be given to visitors (according ritual to appease the to epics), expression of love, or precolonial deities called rituals by babaylan; this process is anito or diwata hallucinogenic - The babaylans were the - Used the tugbuk (pin) and sakra (lock) mediators between the among men (male children have these in physical world and the their pp :> to improve sexual pleasure for spiritual realm (Abrera, women) 2009) ‣ Religion in the barangay is described as - They offer animals and unorganized due to varying practices and beliefs of the people plants, and even human ‣ A common theme is belief in powerful higher beings sacrifice - one example is (polytheistic) who resided within communities in Mindanao called ‣ Deities who were considered as usually benevolent bacalag which the aim is were called anito and diwata to strengthen a new - Connected to nature and anthropomorphic warship. (they put these (human-like) in terms of appearance and new boats and warships behavior on a sloped shore, being 4  - Luzon’s Bathala, Aman Sinaya (waters), and Amihan (air), and Visayas’ Makaptan, In Islam, they forbid giving Muhammad a face, as he is only a Magwayen (water), and Saragnayan prophet and not the god, Allah (underworld). Minor deities include Lakambakod and Dalikmata (for eyesight). ○ It is believed the Jibril revealed to Muhammad the verbatim - Could be wrathful if not given proper words of god called Allah, that were codified in a book known attention and respect, and included the as the Qur’an people’s ancestors ○ The teachings of Muhammad were also written and compiled ‣ the other group of higher beings is inherently into a book called the Halith. Islamic law or Sharia is based on malevolent and was known as the aswang these two sacred texts. *Diwata - devata; Aswang - asura – not technically Qur’an is verbatim words of Allah, while Halith is the Autronesian; from Indonesia/India?* compilations of Muhammad’s teachings - Appeared as normal people during the day, *Sharia is said to be obsolete and inhumane* but transformed into their true forms at night - Constantly inflicted pain and sickness on ○ An organized religion for it has a systematic and codified people, and fed on human liver, corpses, and system like other Abrahamic faiths dirt *Filipinos have the belief that human soul can be found in the ○ The fundamental practices of Muslims are called the liver* arkan-al-Islam (“Five Pillars of Islam”) - Some examples were the tiktik, patianac, 1. Shahada (“testimony”) - reciting the two most and tigbalang (huge aswang, small feet, important beliefs of the religion target men) There is only one god which is Allah, and Muhammad is the - Associated with the aswang was the messenger of god. mangkukulam (bruja) or the village witch. 2. Salat (“prayer”) - praying five times a day. Must be Specific kinds include the mambabarang and done while facing the city of Mecca where the Kaaba matatanggal (“the cube” or “the house of god”) is found ( According to them, Kaaba was built by Abraham himself Why did the Spaniards preserve the idea of aswang but not 3. Zakat (“charity”) - donating 2.5% of one’s resources. Bathala? This serves as an important mechanism to distribute - Reinforces the belief of people to Catholicism due to wealth, for Islam also strives to achieve economic fear equality within the ummah - Due to the small manpower of Spaniards, they used Due to the mentality of removing the social pyramid, people aswang for social control capitalizing on Filipinos’ fear easily accepted Islam as their religion 4. Saum (“fasting”) - fasting during the month of ‣ It is notable that Filipinos retained their belief on the Ramadan. Muslims avoid food and pleasure while the aswang and mangkukulam, despite the disappearance of anito sun is still up. The end of Saum is celebrated in a and diwata festival called Eid al-Fitr 9th month of Islamic calendar (their calendar are lunar, thus their calendar is shorter than normal) 5. Hajj (“pilgrimage”) - pilgrimaging to Mecca at least once to visit the Kaaba and other important religious Islamization of the Philippines cities in the city (around 1-2 weeks) Origins and Basic Tenets of Islam Believed to be the most important pillar, but is very hard to accomplish. People with “Haji” in front of their names denotes ○ A world religion (second biggest, next to Christianity) with that they have finished Hajj around 2 billion adherents who are collectively called ummah The Spread of the Religion ○ Translates to “peace” or “submission to one god” which reflects monotheism ○ After the death of Muhammad in 632 AD, Islam spread to s - l - m → means or directed to peace various parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe through conquest (Europe), diplomacy (China, India), and trading (Philippines, ○ Began in Mecca in 610 AD, when prophet Muhammad was Southeast Asia). visited by angel Jibril (Mecca is now lie inside Saudi Arabia in the modern era) ○ It came to Southeast Asia in the 13th century and was accepted by several kingdoms with very minimal resistance. 5 They later changed their form of government to sultanates. (sultanates = Islamic) ○ The three also received recognition and support from the - Pasai (Aceh), Demak (Java), and Gowa (Makassar British, Portuguese, and Dutch (colonizers of Indonesia, - Malacca and Johor Singapore) - Brunei *Spanish is the underdog (doesn’t have alliances) as Muslims The Philippine Sultanates have connections with Chinese, Portuguese, British, and Dutch* ○ Islam arrived in Jolo (Sulu) in 1280 through the merchant Tuan Mashaika. He married a member of the local nobility ○ Declined in the 19th century, when the Spanish acquired named Idda Indira Suga. faster and sturdier steam-powered ships which greatly minimized their activities. ○ Active preaching and conversion started in 1380 when the missionary Karim ul-Makhdum constructed the first mosque in ○ While Luzon and Visayas did not have sultanates, Islamic Simunul (Tawi-Tawi) influences had been spreading in these areas too as shown in Spanish primary sources ○ In 1405, Sayyid Abu Bakr arrived in Sulu and married a local noblewoman named Paramisuli. He later established the Sulu ○ The Islamization of the Philippines was eventually interrupted Sultanate and took the name Sharif ul-Hashim by the coming of the Spanish in the 16th century, thereby - The capital was a Maimbung where the royal palace starting a new process called Hispanization. called Daru Jambangan was found - During its peak, the sultanate included portions of Palawan and northern Sabah *For one to become sultan, they need to present a document Start of the Spanish Period called tarsila. This is a proof that they are a descendant of The Age of Discovery and Exploration Mohammad* ○ Panahon ng Pagtuklas at Paggagalugad ○ In 1500, Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuwan arrived in Mindanao and married a noblewoman Bai Anginbatu. He then ○ The arrival of Spanish in the Philippines is a part of the Age established the Sultanate of Maguindanao. of Discovery and Exploration which lasted from the 15th to the - Encompassed the southern portions of mainland 17th century. Mindanao; the capital was Kota Wato (Cotabato) ○ The period was characterized by the extensive maritime ○ In the 1520’s, Kabungsuwan endeavored to spread Islam in explorations and the drive to explore terra incognita (uncharted the Lanao region by sending missionaries parts of the world) - The sultanate in Lanao was uniquely decentralized ‣ Old World - Europe, Northern Africa, Anatolia and has a total of fifteen (to seventeen) sultans. Thus, (modern day region of Turkey) the name Confederacy of Lanao Sultanates ‣ New World - America ○ Throughout the Spanish period, the colonizers found it ○ The age lead to the unpredictable rise in geographic extremely difficult to subjugate the sultanates knowledge and to an increased connection among different populations (Europe, Asia, and Africa) ○ Had strong armies led by skillful leaders such as Sultan Kudarat and which were instructed to perform jihad (“to ○ Despite the positive views regarding the period, it is struggle”) important to emphasize that it also resulted in the colonization of many parts of the world. ○ Maintained huge fleets of different warships called paraw *The world history is more like European history as they were which were useful in controlling the Sulu and Celebes sea in the ones who discover and colonize* doing pangangayaw. *Age of Imperialisms - historian accepted term for this age* *90% of the indigenous people of America was wiped out due *They found a loophole wherein they say that equality of Islam to the sickness brought by the Europeans* only works for Muslim people, so they get non-Muslims as slaves* ○ Motivations to Explore: ‣ The dominant economic theory of the period was ○ Had special relations with the dynasties of China, which mercantilism, which dictated that gold and silver were supplied weapons and gunpowder, in exchange of pearls, sea cucumber (trepang), and bird’s nest 6  the most important measures of a country’s wealth. - Rise of banking families (Medici, Bardi, and (1400s) Peruzzi of Florence, and Fugger and Welser *Silver and gold are finite sources; their traditional mines are in of Augsburg) which gave capital to explorers Ireland and Germany, and observed that the number of gold and silver in mines are depleting* ○ Early Expeditions *The Spanish/Europeans want to take their gold and silver Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) back from China and Asia* ‣ Spain and Portugal’s geographic and historical contexts allowed them to spearhead the earlies ‣ Europeans were looking for spices which they expeditions believed were coming from Moluccas in present-day - Both face the Atlantic ocean Indonesia - Had a long colonial experience under the *Spices can be a form of currency* Muslims from Africa (711-1492) *Due to their cold climate, they cannot produce *Strait of Gibraltar (south of spices; they used spices o heat their bodies* Portugal and north of Africa) *to spice up foods (pampalasa); their foods were bland* ‣ Bartolomeu Diaz reached the Cape of Good Hope *Spices are used as preservatives* (South Africa) in 1488. A decade later, Vasco de Gama landed in Calicut (India) which established a ‣ Kingdoms (Spain and Portugal) maintained special complete sea route from Europe to Asia called the relations with the Vatican. This was guided by a Carreira da India (The Race to India) special agreement patronato real (royal patronage) ‣ The patronato real was strengthened in the 16th ‣ Alfonso de Albuquerque eventually colonized Goa century as a response to the Reformation. Under the (India) and Malacca (Malaysia) in 1510 and 1511, patronato: respectively a. Monarchs could tap the resources of the Roman Catholic Church and were allowed to *Enrique de Malacca - slave purchased by Ferdinand Magellan pick the missionaries to be assigned in their from Southeast Asia* territories b. They were given the title real patron (royal *Spanish rely on Italians (who has experience in patron) - form of legitimacy Mediterranean Sea)* c. In exchange, they had to make sure that their newly acquired colonies would become ‣ The first Spanish attempt at exploration was led by Catholic the Genoese explorer Christopher Colombus. In 1492, he *Around 1500s, there is the Age of Reformation in Europe, sailed west and reached mundus novus (new world) where in some personalities are arguing with the beliefs of the Catholic Church, the religion was split into two: Roman *He called the native Americans, Indians, as he thought he Catholic and Protestant* already arrived Asia, but he only got to Caribbean* *They created protestantism, a new religion* ‣ To avoid territorial conflicts with the Portuguese, the ‣ In 1453, Sultan Mehmed of the Ottoman Empire Spanish requested the intervention of Pope Alexander attacked the Byzantine Empire which led to the fall of VI who tried to divide the world into two halves Constantinople (present-day Istanbul). The siege of through the bull Inter Caetera (1493) the city resulted in the “closing” the Silk Road *The muslims collected fees from merchants traveling in the ‣ In June 1494, a bilateral agreement between Spain Silk Road* and Portugal called Treaty of Tordesillas formerly *These fees are high, except for Venetians who don't need to created a demarcation at 370 leagues, west of Azores pay the fees. This lead to Venetian monopoly* *Brazil is the only Portuguese country in South America* ‣ Other indirect factors also facilitated in the emergence of the Age of Discovery and Exploration. ‣ In 1517, Ferdinand Magellan made a proposal These are: before King Manuel I of Portugal to establish a route - The invention of more accurate navigational to Asia via the Atlantic. This was denied by the tools such as compass, sextant, telescopes, Portuguese monarch. etc. (Renaissance Period) a. Very impractical (expensive, and there is - Development of the European version of the already Carreira da India) printing press which improved cartography b. Illegal (they would go to Spanish territory) (map-making) - Johannes Gutenberg c. If Magellan was correct, the Spanish can reclaim Asia 7  fight the people of Mactan on behalf of Rajah ‣ Magellan then presented his plan to King Charles V Humabon. of Spain who agreed to fund the expedition. If Magellan succeeds, Spain could renew its claims over ‣ This led to the Battle of Mactan of April 27, 1521. Moluccas and Asia without violating the Treaty of According to Pigafetta, the Spanish faced 1 500 Tordesillas Mactan soldiers in a class which led to Magellan’s demise. ‣ In 1519, Magellan was given the fleet Armada de Molucca composed of five ships, with Trinidad as the *49 Spanish soldiers vs. 1 500 Mactan soldiers* flagship *They went back to Cebu, and went back to Spain due to doubt on Cebuanos. They abandoned one of the ships due to being ‣ The expedition had a crew of 250, including Antonio outnumbered* Pigafetta (chronicler), Pedro de Valderrama (priest), and Enrique de Malacca, a slave purchased by ‣ Sebastian Elcano replaced Magellan and led less Magellan in 1511. than 20 crew members back to Spain in September 1522, which completed the first circumnavigation of August 10, 1519 - left spain the world Oct 21, 1520 - discovered strait of Magellan April 27, 1521 - Magellan is killed by islanders ‣ This expedition proved that (1) the world is spherical September 6, 1522 - single ship returns with 18 survivors and not flat, (2) there is a westward route to Asia, and (3) Spain could still claim Asian territories legally. ‣ It began in Aug 1519 in Seville and crossed the Atlantic to South America. Here, they discovered a ‣ Spain sent several other expeditions to Asia, with narrow passageway leading to an ocean - the Mar the goal of establishing a colony in the Philippines: Pacifico - 1525 - Garcia Jofre de Loaisa (with Andres de Urdaneta) - captured by portuguese *Crossing the Pacific, he only had 3 ships remaining (one was - 1527 - Alvaro Saavedra Ceron (launched lost, and the other went back to Spain). They crossed the from Mexico) - captured by portuguese ocean for 4 months* - In 1529, the Treaty of Zaragoza created a demarcation at 297.5 leagues, east of ‣ With three ships remaining, the expedition traversed Moluccas, which completed the division of the Pacific Ocean for four months before reaching the world into two parts. Guam in March 1521 - Portuguese did not colonize the Philippines: - No manpower to colonize the *Guam - Islas de los LADRONES (isla ng mga magnanakaw)* Philippines - Philippines was not as productive ‣ On March 17 (16 in the diary of Pigafetta), they as the Moluccas (more of a liability arrived in Suluan (Eastern Samar) and named the than an asset) area tha Las Islas de San Lazaro. On March 31, a - 1542 - Ruy Lopez de Villalobos gave the mass was celebrated in the island of Limasawa. name Las Islas Filipinas to the archipelago (Prince Phillip II) - captured by portuguese ‣ In April, they reached the biggest and wealthiest barangay in Visayas called Sugbo (Cebu) which was ‣ In February 1565, the Miguel Lopez de Legazpi ruled by Rajah Humabon expedition reached the Philippines with the assistance of Urdaneta ‣ A kasi-kasi was performed between Magellan and Humabon. He, together with around 800 natives, ‣ After a kasi-kasi with Bohol’s Rajah Sikatuna, agreed to be baptized as Catholics. Legazpi proceeded to Cebu, which was a direct instruction from King Phillip II. Here, they defeated *Magellan gave the Sto. Nino in 1521* Rajah Tupas who was forced to sign the Treaty of Cebu on June 4th. ‣ In exchange, Humabon was designated as the official representative of the King of Spain in the ‣ In Cebu, Legazpi found the statue of infant Jesus archipelago. As such, Magellan encouraged him to given by Magellan to Humabon in 1521. He took it as collect taxes from other barangays in the Visayas a sign from heaven and named the place Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus (City of Holiest Name of ‣ The datu of the neighboring Maktan (Mactan) named Jesus) Lapu-Lapu refused to comply. Magellan offered to 8  ‣ After the successful conquest of the area, Legazpi - University of Santo Tomas was officially named the Governador y Capitan - University of San Juan de Letran General ‣ Important government buildings were also located in the city, such as the governor’s palace (Palacio del ‣ Despite the initial success in Cebu, Legazpi still had Governador), and the city hall (Ayuntamiento) to find a way to go back to Mexico. This was an important concern since the Eastern seaboard of the The Arrabales of Manila Philippines regularly experiences strong opposite winds ○ For a good part of the colonial period, only the Spanish had been allowed to reside in the Intramuros. Other groups were ‣ Urdaneta was assigned to look for the best return placed in Manila’s suburbs or arrabales. route or tornaviaje to Mexico. He decided to go north ‣ Tondo was the fishermen’s village (pueblo de los near Japan, where Kuroshio current flows eastward. pescadores) and has a native population called indios ‣ Sampaloc, which had several waterways (esteros), ‣ This route, more popularly known as the Urdaneta was the laundrymen’s village (pueblo de los lavanderos) Passage, connected the Philippines and Mexico and ‣ Paco had Japanese migrants who escaped the was used by the Galleon Trade until 1815. Tokugawa Shogunate. It was called the pueblo dilao (yellow ‣ It also allowed the Spanish Empire to regularly send village) military reinforcements to the Philippines to assist ‣ The baptized Chinese were found in Binondo which Legazpi in colonizing more parts of the archipelago. had been the commercial center of the region ‣ The non-Christian Chinese (chinos inflieles) were forced by authorities to reside in an area called the Parian *Parian if very mobile due to it being burned; their location is Spanish Colonial Policies always beside Binondo* Manila as the New Capital *Divisoria - a street that divide the settlement of Catholic and non-Catholic Chinese* ○ In 1570 the Spanish, led by Martin de Goiti, arrived in Manila *The location of Parian is where the Intramuros cannons are and defeated the combined forces of Rajah Sulayman, Rajah pointed at* Matanda, and Lakandula in the Battles for Manila Outside the Capital ○ The city was declared a Spanish colony on June 24, 1571 and was later renamed as the Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad ○ Other huge barangays were also developed as Spanish de Manila (Distinguished and Ever Loyal City of Manila) cities. These were Vigan (Villa Fernandina, 1572), Naga (Ciudad de Nueva Caceres, 1575), Iloilo (Villa Rica de Arevalo, ○ Manila was chosen as the new capital of the Philippines in 1581), and Zamboanga (Rual Fuerza de San Jose, 1635) the late 16th century because of its wealth, population, density, and favorable geographical characteristics ○ For being well-populated and organized like the capital, a. Proximity to China these barangays were easily transformed to Spanish cities b. Greater distance from enemies in the south c. Having the Pasig River and Manila Bay ○ The opposite was observed by the Spanish outside the major cities where barangays had fewer people scattered in huge ○ During the Spanish Period, Manila only referred to the areas. They also did not have clear boundaries and were too settlement within the walls or the Intramuros. The settlements far away from one another. outside constituted separate pueblos (towns). These towns were collectively known as Manila’s arrabales (suburbs) ○ Philip II issued a 1573 royal decree which said that Spanish colonial towns should have three distinct characteristics: ○ Manila was developed following the design and features of 1. Near the coast or river and have a port many 16th century European cities and capitals 2. Have access to forests ‣ It was a fortified settlement with walls (muros), 3. Follow a grid pattern citadels (baluartes), gates (puertas), and moats (fosos) which collectively formed the defense system of the city Reduccion System ‣ To accommodate horse-drawn carriages and to make travel faster, the streets were paved with cobblestones ○ The reduccion system was proposed in 1582 by the ‣ Institutions typically found in European cities, such Franciscan friar Juan de Plasencia in a gathering of priests and as churches and schools, were built inside the city friars called the Synod of Manila - San Agustin Church 9 ○ Thereduccion was a reconcentration scheme which aimed to ○ The insulares were also full-blooded Spanish, but were born move the native population from their original barangays to the outside Spain, particularly in the colonies. In the Philippines, Spanish built towns or pueblos they were originally known as Filipinos ○ By doing this, the Spanish would be able to: ○ Next were the principalia which included the former nobles of 1. Collect taxes in a more efficient way the barangay. This group is described as the “native 2. Convert non-Spanish to Catholicism faster aristocracy” for they maintained political power. 3. Access the native manpower 4. Police the movement of people *gobernadorcillos and cabeza de barangay* ○ This scheme was initially rejected by the natives who refused ○ The indios were the indigenous who did not belong to the to leave their lands due to their buried ancestors precolonial nobility. They, nevertheless, accepted colonialism *They believed that dead ancestors becomes anito or diwata* and Catholicism as well. ○ Later, Spanish authorities noticed that more people were ○ At the bottom of the social pyramid were the infieles or those voluntarily moving into the pueblos. They were enticed by the who entered the colonial order but refused to be baptized as centerpieces of the towns called the plaza. Catholics. Most of them were Chinese. ○ The plaza contained many essential buildings such as A New Political Order government offices, church, schools, marketplace, commercial establishments, and the hospital. ○ From decentralized set-up, the Philippines became a part of the Spanish Empire, which has a well-defined structure and ○ A huge open space was found in the middle of the area bureaucracy. where community gatherings such as fiestas were held. The houses of the wealthiest residents surrounded the plaza ○ Many natives relocated to the pueblos due to the convenience that plaza provided. Due to its effectivity, the reduccion and the building of plazas became the template in developing colonial towns across the archipelago ○ Some examples of plazas are the Plaza Roma (Manila), Plaza Argao (Argao, Cebu), and Plaza Binondo (Binondo) ○ The system also allowed the Spanish to create a clear delineation between obedient natives and those who continued to reject the colonial order ○ Residents of the pueblos were deemed as the law-abiding taga-loob (insiders). They were also described as bajo el son de la campana (under the sound of the bell) ○ Those who remained in their original settlements were the taga-labas (outsiders) who were dismissed by the Spanish as malhechores (criminals), vagamundos (vagabonds), tulisanes (armed rebels), and remontados (mountain dwellers) ○ In exchange of the convenience and comfort that Spanish pueblos provided, ○ At the top was the El Rey who was mainly concerned with Social Classes under the Spanish political and religious appointments *new standards: ethnicity, origin, religion* ○ Spain’s colonies were managed by the Consejo de Indias, an office established in 1524 by King Charles V whose main task ○ At the top were the peninsulares or the full-blooded Spanish was the writing of colonial laws who were born in Spain of the Iberian Peninsula 10 ○ The Philippines was under the Virreinato de Nueva Espana or the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico). Thus, all Philippine Collection of Taxes affairs had to pass through Mexico. ○ According to colonial laws, taxation in Spain’s colonial ○ Mexico gained its independence in 1821 which dissolved the possessions was meant to raise funds that would be used to: Viceroyalty of New Spain and made the Philippines a a. Maintain and develop colonies stand-alone colonial possession of Spain b. Assemble military campaigns c. Assist the Roman Catholic Church, and ○ The highest position in the Philippines was the d. Replenish the royal treasury Governador-General, which was appointed by the King himself. The only requirement was to be a peninsular. ○ It was implemented through the encomienda system (from - Was the chief justice of the Real Audiencia (Supreme the verb encomendar, meaning to entrust) which permitted Court), the captain of the colonial army, the manager individuals (peninsulares) called encomenderos to collect taxes of the Galleon Trade and government monopolies, from colonial subjects on behalf of the government. and the vice-real patron - Has the power to veto the legislations given by the ○ Encomenderos had to (1) protect the people living inside the Consejo de Indias caled cumplase. He received encomienda from outsiders and invasions, (2) maintain peace 40,000 to 50,000 Mexican pesos per year. and order, and (3) assist the friars in Christianizing the - Due to rampant corruption, the King established non-Spanish residencia, a committee which reviewed the actions and accumulated wealth of the Governor-General. *Camarines is an ALCALDIA, but in taxation system, it is also The residencia was later supplemented by the visita an ENCOMIENDA* which performed unannounced checking. *encomienda is based on the population* ○ Provinces were headed by the alcalde mayor or corregidor. ○ In exchange, the encomendero was entitled to a quarter of They were appointed by the King and had to be peninsulares the collected taxes which made the position very profitable and lawyers - They commanded the local police and served as the ○ Payment was done annually and per household (defined as head judge of the provincial courts called tribunal. a father, mother, and their minor children). A single person They also oversaw the collection of taxes called from age 20 was considered a separate household. tributo. - They received 2,000 Mexican pesos per year and ○ Few groups such as the principalia and soldiers were were allowed to participate in local trading. This exempted. Those with illnesses also received certain privilege was called the indulto de comercio (license considerations pertinent to the payment of taxes. to trade) ○ Due to the scarcity of silver coins in the Philippines, it was ○ Cities were usually occupied by the Spanish themselves. possible for taxpayers to pay in cash or in kind. Accepted Here, they elected the alcalde ordinario who was assisted by products included rice, overstock, other food items, and the cabildo (city council). Towns, meanwhile, were headed by tobacco. the gobernadorcillo who was native. ○ Colonial subjects had to pay a basic tax called the tributo (15 ○ The smallest political unit of the Spanish period, the barrio or reales in the 19th century) and religious, military, agricultural, village, was ruled by a cabeza de barangay, who were also and community taxes (around 5 reales), for a total of 2.50 native pesos Natives in the Political Order *1 peso = 8 reales* *1 real = 1 cavan of rice = 50 kilos of rice* ○ The gobernadorcillo and the cabeza de barangay were appointed by the colonial government. They were required to ○ In the late 19th century, the encomienda was abolished and be literate in the Spanish language. was replaced by a more efficient system called the cedula personal which was paid by everyone aged 18 years old and ○ They were given two specific duties - the drafting of laborers above. for polo y servicio and the collection of taxes from colonial subjects *Spanish gave a catalog for families who doesn’t have a surname–Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos* ○ For their compensation, the received two Mexican pesos per year and were exempted from the payment of taxes and forced Forced Sale of Goods labor 11 ○ Other policies are considered as indirect forms of taxation for encomenderos, and friars to render domestic work in Spanish they were basically income-generating and cost-cutting households. initiatives. These included tha bandala and the polo y servicios a. Bandala system was the annual forced sale of goods The Galleon Trade from the taxpayers to the government - Should have been beneficial for the ○ The most important economic activity of the Spanish in the non-Spanish since it guaranteed the sale of Philippines was the Galleon Trade. This trade system between their products the Philippines and Mexico started in 1565, after the discovery - It was abused after the encomenderos of the Urdaneta Passage dictated the kind of product to be sold and ○ In 1593, Philip II issued a royal decree that detailed the rules their price which governed the trade. - Several instances of non-payment were also a. Only two galleons per year were allowed to trade. The recorded. Instead, the encomenderos only two galleons could only visit two port cities, namely gave the natives promissory notes which Acapulco (Mexico), and Manila (Philippines) were never fulfilled. b. Galleons from Acapulco could bring 500,000 pesos worth of products while those from Manila could Forced Labor contain only 250,000 pesos c. Manila-bound galleons had to deliver to the b. The polo y servicios was the system of community governador-general the situado - Mexico’s annual forced labor wherein colonial subjcts had to work for subsidy for the colonial govenment of the Philippines the government for a total of 40 days per year. amounting 300,000 pesos - The individuals who participated in the d. The gobernador-general controlled the Galleon Trade system were called the polistas, who were in Manila by allocating tickets called boletas. He was identified by the gobernadorcillos and assisred by a committee called the Junta de cabezas de barangay Repartimiento (allocation board) - According to the law, all non-Spanish males aged 16 to 60 years old were required to ○ The boletas were usually handed to the peninsulares and work. Exempted were the members of the insulares, including the Bishop of Manila. On the other hand, principalia, soldiers, students, the sick or the natives never received these tickets. crippled, and those who paid an additional tax called falla (1.50 reales) ○ Galleons from Manila delivered silk, porcelein, jade, - The polistas worked on the government gunpowder, spices, mangoes, coconut, and rice. Majority of projects such as buildings, roads and these products were from China. Thus, the galleons from bridges, and churches. The most notable, Manila were more famously known as the Nao de China however, was the construction of the (nao=ship) galleons at the shipyards in Cavite and Mindoro. ○ From Mexico, Manila received avocado, corn, papaya, pineapple, chocolate potato, tobacco, and animals such as ○ This should have been helpful for the natives since it horses and sheep. Religious items such as the Black guaranteed paid employment for at least a month (~1.50 reals Nazarene, Our Lady - per day, although it was never fulfilled) ○ Several Nuhati words such as palenque, tianggui, ○ It was abused by authorities who only provided polistas with champurrado, chili, nanay, tatay, are now familiar words in promissory notes as compensation different Philippine languages like Tagalog ○ The polistas were also sent to other parts of the Spanish ○ Natives from the Philippines introduced sabong and tuba. In East Indies to work on government projects. Service often Western Mexico, several families have the surname Maganda. lasted for more than 40 days. A district called Parian is also present in Mexico City. ○ To minimize abuses, the duration of service was shortened to ○ Historians emphasize the importace of Galleon Trade in 15 days in 1884. Nonetheless, the system still led to sickness world histoy for it presented one of the earliest traces of and fatigue and to the occasional famines in some parts of the globalization by connecting three continents. Philippines. ○ Nonetheless, the trade system was considered very ○ Some historians believe that the polo y servicios also applied dangerous. Galleons from Manila were often overloaded and to women, although informally and to a lesser degree. Some had to cross the Pacific ocean for six to nine months. women were picked by Spanish government officials, 12 ○ It was also very typical for crew members to die during the Responses to Spanish Colonialism voyage due to sickness, starvation, and wreckage. Galleons Acceptance of Colonial Order were also targeted by British and Dutch pirates. ○ Aside from the usage of force and coercion, the acceptance Early Years of Christianization of colonial order by many natives in Luzon and Visayas can also be explained through other factors ○ The history of Christianity in the Philippines predates that of Spanish colonialism. Roman Catholicism arrived in 1521 in the ○ Many decided to settle inside the Spanish pueblos due to the Visayas through the Magellan expedition. convenience that they provided. These had institutions and establishments such as schools, hospitals, marketplace, ○ The first mass in the Philippines was celebrated in Mazaua government buildings, and church (Limasawa, Southern Leyte), on March 31, 1521. Around 800 inhabitants of Cebu were baptized as Catholics in April. ○ Others were incentivized by the Spanish such as the principalia, who maintained political power and were exempted [○ However, process of Christianization was halted as the from the payment of tributo and from joining polo y servicios. A expedition left] similar group was the soldiers. ○ Several churches were built in major Spanish settlements ○ The annexation of the Philippines was also described as a such as Basilica Minor del Santo Nino in Cebu, Maniila form of civilizing mission guided by Christianity and was, cathedral, and san agustin church in manila therefore, an act of benevolence. ○ The conversion of people to catholicism was spearheaded by Resistance in Mindanao the regular clergy or those friars, monks, and priests who belonged to religious orders. Under normal circumstances, this ○ In Mindanao, the Spanish aimed to convert the natives from task is assigned to the secular clergy or diocesans. Islam to Christianity and to control the maritime trading routes Regular Clergy (always peninsular): in Sulu and Celebes Sea - Augustinians (Order of Saint Augustine) - Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor) ○ They faced strong resistance from the three historical - Jesuits (Society of Jesus) sultanates which were welathy, supported by the Europeans - Dominicans (Order of Preachers) and Chinese, abd practice pangangayaw. - Recollects (Order of Augustinian Recollects) ○ Most importantly, Islam teaches the concept of jihad (to ○ Missionaries went to barangays to preach Catholicism. They struggle) which allowed sultans to organize armies which were accompanied by soldiers provided by the government. particularly targeted the Catholic Spanish and natives. This setup called the entrada often led to violence due to resistance of the natives ○ In the late 19th century, the sulatanates experiences decline and was forced to enter peacer agreements with the Spanish. ○ After the natives had settled in pueblos, the process of The effectively prohibited the practice of jihad. christianization become easier for the missionaries who were able to use other strategies of conversion ○ Jihad, nonetheless, was replaced by juramentado which a. The clergy specifically targeted the members of the were surprise attacks launched by Muslims against the nobility such as the former datus of the barangay Spanish using a specific kind of blade called the kris b. Other friars aimed to convert first the children of the nobility who were forced to attend Spanish schools *kris - a long, wavy sword used to attack Spanish* c. Religious instruction was carried out using books and *Juramentado was said to be a suicide mission as they kill pamphlets such as the Doctrina Christiana themselves to evade the crime they committed (the sources d. The clergy studied native languages to hasten the are not consistent)* conversion of people. This led to creation of earliest dictionaries called vocabularios Resistance in Cordilleras e. Friars vilified the babaylan, but retained some aspects of the precolonial belief system that were beneficial ○ Another region that was never fully Hispanized was the for Catholicism, such as the concepts of anito and Cordilleras which was populated by the Ygolotes. The Spanish aswang wanted to conquer the area because of its gold. ○ The introduction of Catholicism changed many aspects of ○ The colonizers used a specific strategy called misiones society. In the pueblos, where the friar was usually the only vivas. These were assembled in Ilocos and aimed to establish Spanish person, became central in the lives of people. Spanish settlements at the foot of the mountains. 13  Spanish out of Vigan, Silang was proclaimed as the new alcalde-mayor. He began to tax the members of ○ The attemps to colonize the region failed due to: the principalia; In the end, Diega was betrayed by a. Its complex and unfamiliar mountanous topography; Miguel Vicos and Pedro Becbec. His wife Gabriela b. The Ygolotes’ tendency to relocate; and continued to lead the revolt but was later captured in c. The practice of headhunting in the Cordilleras Abra. *they sent Ilicano soldiers to do campaigns* ○ The sending of Ilocano soldiers to the region was also ineffective, for they simply traded with the Ygolotes who produced tobacco. Sporadic revolts in Luzon and Visayas ○ Natives who accepted the colonial order also expressed dissent through sporadic revolts. These were different compared to the resistance in Mindanao for they were: a. Poorly coordinated and confined to small areas; b. Intermittent and usually very brief; and c. Only directed against specific policies ○ some were political and were launched by the former nobility who wanted to regain their power and influence - Tagalog revolt (Manila, 1574) - led by Sulaan and Lakandula; defeated by GovGen Guido de Lavezaris who brough reinforcements from Mexico - Tondo Conspiracy (Manila, 1587) - plan to overthrow the Spanish led by Lakandula’s son Magat Salamat; secured assistance from Bulacan, Pampanga, Batangas, Palawan, Bruneian empire, and some groups in Japan. This was revealed to authorities by Antonio Surabao. ○ others were religious and usually superheaded by the former babaylan and bayugin who lost followers due to Christianity - Tamblot revolt (Bohol, 1621) - bayugin Tamblot gathered 2000 people, mostly peasants, in town of Baclayon - Pagali Revolt (Leyte, 1621) - bayugin Pagali; defeated by Cebu’s alcalde-mayor Juan de Alcarazo who sent Cebuano soldiers - Apolinario dela Cruz Revolt (Tayabas, 1841) - Dela Cruz wanted to be a priest and a member of religious order – the Dominicans. He was rejected, and formed the Cofradia de San Jose and revolted against the Spanish. They were defeated by the Manileño soldiers. ○ Many revolts were motivated by economic reasons, particularly the harsh policies of taxation and forced labor. - Diego and Gabriela Silang Revolt (Ilocos, 1762) - led bt Diego Silang, a member of principalia who wanted to abolish the encomienda system; coincided with the brief British occupation of the Philippines, 1762 to 1764; Silang agreed to collaborate with the British GovGen Dawsonne Drake, who promised to give Ilicano independence in exchange; After driving the 14  19th Century Philippines and the Rise of *less resources are needed since it only go through one ocean (Indian) allowing less time to navigate through* Nationalism The Bourbon Reforms ○ The company allowed the non-Spanish residents to use the new trade route, becoming a direct competition of Galleon ○ In 1700, King Charles II of Spain, a member of the Hapsburg Trade. The peninsulares and the Church later called for the dynasty, passed away without an offspring and heir. This led to abolition of the Real Compania which occurred in 1814. the War of the Spanish Succession. *El Hechizado (bewitched) - title of King Charles II* ○ In 1815, the Galleon Trade had to be shut down due to the *In-breeding is famous in dynasties to preserve wealth and Mexican War of Independence. This led to a lack of a clear and power* legal way to export and import products from and to the Philippines. The colony also lost the much-needed situado. ○ It was fought between the supporters of Philippe, the Duke of Anjou, and Leopold I, the Holy Roman Emperor, who both had ○ This forced the Spanish colonial government to partially open legitimate claims on the vacated Spanish throne. the port of Manila to a number of foreign merchants, namely *If Philippe became the ruler, the balance of power in Europe the Americans and the British, in the late 1810s would be disrupted* *Philippe was a French man, the grandson of Louis XIV (King The Philippines Opens to World Trade of France)* *Due to this, there is a prospect of unification between Spain ○ Manila was fully opened to world trade in 1834. The and France, allowing them to conquer the neighboring provincial ports of Iloilo, Zamboanga, Sual, Cebu, Legazpi, and countries* Tacloban also later accommodate foreign traders. ○ The war ended in 1715 through the Treaties of Utrecht, ○ The integration of the Philippines to international trade after which installed Philippe of the Bourbon dynasty as the new centuries of isolation led to several unprecedented changes in Spanish king. He later took the name Philip V of Spain. the colony such as the: 1. Commercialization of agriculture, particularly of cash ○ He brought with him the ideas and practices of the French crops like sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, and abaca; Enlightenment, which emphasized reason, science, economic 2. Influx of foreigners and establishment of consulates development, and the separation of church and state. such as those of the United States (1817), France (1829), Russia (1817), and Japan (1888) ○ The widespread political and economic changes initiated by 3. Entrance of foreign companies such as Russel Philip V across the Spanish Empire are known collectively as Sturgis & Co. (importer of silk and tea), Peele, the Bourbon Reforms Hubbell, & Co. (exporter of sugar), and Jardine, Matheson, & Co. (importer of opium) Economic Reforms in the Philippines ○ To maximize the profits from world trade, the Spanish had to ○ The reforms reached the Philippines in the late 18th century, implement projects and changes in the Philippines with the appointment of Jose Basco as the governor-general, 4. Unprecedented improvements in infrastructure and who was described as deeply economic-minded communication. Some notable projects include: a. Rehabilitation of streets and bridges in major ○ In 1780, he formed the Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos trading cities such as Manila and Iloilo del Pais (Royal Economic Society of the Friends of the b. Ferrocaril de Manila-Dagupan (1892), Country), tasked with assessing the economy. According to its Tranvia de Manila (1888), and the Puente report, the Galleon Trade: Colgante (1852) 1. Only allowed a small merchant class to exist; and c. Telegram was first used in the colony in 2. Failed to develop local products and industries due to 1872, and the telephone in the early 1890s the preference for Chinese products d. Hotels which accommodated foreigners were also built around Manila such as Binondo’s ○ It encouraged the government to invest in local agricultural Hotel de Oriente (1889), and Fonda de Lala products for export, to invite the Chinese to emigrate into the (1810) *these are five-star hotels of the 19th colony, and to create a bigger merchant class. century (offers ice to relieve heat) * 5. Spanish economic policies had to be recalibrated to ○ In 1785, Basco formed the Real Compania de Filipinas respond to the demands of world trade. (Royal Philippine Company), which organized a direct trade a. The encomienda system was abolished and route to Spain through the Indian Ocean. It also encouraged was replaced by the cedula personal, while the development of local products such as sugar, coffee, and the polo y servicios was shortened to only 15 textiles for export. days per year 15  b. The Spanish introduced monocropping, ○ With this development, calls to start the secularization which assigned one kind of crop to be grown process intensified. This referred to the transfer of control over in one area the parishes from the regulars to the seculars. c. Profitable products like tobacco, coffee, and opium were placed under government ○ This movement was initially headed by Fr. Pedro Pelaez, a monopoly. Spanish mestizo priest. In 1863, Pelaez died in an earthquake d. The importance of land was highlighted in which destroyed parts of Manila including the cathedral the acquisition of haciendas by wealthy residents, particularly the peninsulares and ○ Afterwards, the leadership of the movement was taken by Fr. insulares Jose Burgos, Fr. Mariano Gomez, and Fr. Jacinto Zamora who *hacienda referred to a friar estate before the 19th century* were all mestizos. Collectively, the three priests were known as *in 19th century started to buy these friar estates from religious the Gomburza. orders, becoming agricultural estates* *hacendero is the owner of the land, which are Spanish* ○ Despite the growing number of seculars, the regulars refused to give up control over Philippine churches. By 1870, the e. These haciendas were managed through the seculars managed 181 churches, which was a far cry from the inquilino system 611 handled by the regulars *these owners hire inquilinos which are the managers (one principalia family)* ○ At the height of the secularization issue. The Cavite Mutiny *drafting of casamahanes which are farmers numbering to broke out on January 20, 1872. This was triggered by hundreds or thousands (indios and infieles)* Governor-General Rafael Izqierdo’s revocation of privileges given to native soldiers in the colonial army. *50% of profit goes to the hacendero, 25% to one principalia *ALGARADA Cavitena* family (inquilinos), and 25% to hundreds or thousands of *Soldiers from Fort San Felipe (Cavite City) and Fort Santiago casamahones* (Intramuros, Manila)* *The plan is to attack first the Spanish in Fort San Felipe, and the soldiers from Fort Santiago serve as reinforcements* 6. The period witnessed the mixing of ethnicities or miscegenation, which produced the mestizos ○ After a miscommunication between Manila and Cvite soldiers *mongrelization* who planned to attack the Spanish at Fort San Felipe, the revolt was easily quelled by authorities Kinds of mestizos in the Philippines: 1. Spanish mestizo - Spanish + anything else *Assault was started without preparedness of their allies due to 2. Chinese mestizo - Chinese + anything else except miscommunication; the firework was lighted by a feast and not Spanish by the reinforcements* - The mestizos and the principalia later formed ○ Participants were executed, exiled, and faced life a distinct social class known as the clase imprisonment. media Spanish mestizos > Principalia > Chinese mestizos The Execution of the Gomburza - Although below the Spanish, the clase media had comparable wealth, which earned them ○ Less than a month after the revolt, the Gomburza were the description bestias cargadas de oro officially charged with treason and sedition, which were (beasts carrying gold) punishable by death under colonial laws - The clase media also took advantage of the educational reforms initiated by Queen ○ The priests were publicly executed on February 17 in Isabella II across the Spanish Empire Bagumbayan, an event witnessed by more than 30,000 - The non-Spanish were allowed to enroll in spectators. Their death was followed by decades of peace. institutions of higher learning, most notably *Francisco SALDUA’s statement and a letter on Zamora’s at the Universidad de Santo Tomas things containing ‘come without fail, our friends will be provided with “balas y polvoras”’* The Secularization Issue ○ Historians, including the foremost nationalist historian ○ At the UST, the clase media students enrolled in three Teodoro Agoncillo, argue that the execution intensified the programs – medicine, law, and priesthood (philosophy). This sense of nationalism among many non-Spanish led to the rise of non-Spanish priests in the Philippines, categorized as secular clergy. 16 ○ An important lesson from the execution of Gomburza was first went to Graciano Lopez y Jaena from Iloilo, then to that campaigning for reforms from within the Philippines could Marcelo H. del Pilar of Bulacan. have dangerous consequences ○ To avoid retribution, many contributors to the Sol used pen Propaganda Movement names such as Kalipulako (Mariano Ponce), Laong Laan and Dimasalang (Rizal), Plaridel (del Pilar), and Jomapa (Jose ○ The clase media sent their sons to European universities. Maria Panganiban) They were known as the ilustrados, and enjoyed the liberal and progressive atmosphere of the continent. ○ Rizal’s departure in 1892 due to a conflict with del Pilar led to the decline of the Sol. On top of this, the claims of the ○ In the 1880’s they began to make coordinated efforts to ilustrados were vehemently denied by the Spanish in the introduce reforms in the Philippines. Collectively, these efforts Philippines through the La Politica de Espana el Filipinas are known as the Propaganda movement. ○ The last is