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Introduction: EL Sensing & Actuation PT Dr. Sudip Misra Professor N Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Email: [email protected]...

Introduction: EL Sensing & Actuation PT Dr. Sudip Misra Professor N Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Email: [email protected] Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/ Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/ Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  Transducer Transducer Transducer EL Input Signal Output Signal Sensor Processor Actuator PT Transducer’s input Transducer’s output N Source: “Sensor” Online: https://ielm.ust.hk/dfaculty/ajay/courses/alp/ieem110/lecs/sensors/sensors.html 2 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Transducer (Contd.)  Transducer:  Converts a signal from one physical form to another physical form  Physical form: thermal, electric, mechanical, magnetic, chemical, and EL optical  Energy converter PT  Example:  Microphone : Converts sound to electrical signal N  Speaker : Converts electrical signal to sound  Antenna : Converts electromagnetic energy into electricity and vice versa  Strain gauge : Converts strain to electrical 3 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Definition of Sensor  The characteristic of any device or material to detect the presence of a particular physical quantity EL  The output of sensor is signal, which is converted to human readable form PT N 4 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Sensor  Performs some function of input by sensing or feeling the physical changes in the characteristic of a system in response to stimuli EL  Input: Physical parameter or stimuli PT  Example: Temperature, light, gas, pressure, and sound N  Output: Response to stimuli 5 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Sensor (Contd.) EL Temperature and Humidity Gas (LPG, CH4, and CO) detector Ultrasonic sensor - HC-SR04 CMOS Camera sensor – DH22 sensor - MQ-5 PT PIR sensor N Rain detector sensor Fire detector sensor 6 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Sensor Characteristics  Static characteristics  After steady state condition, how the output of a sensor change in response to an input change EL  Dynamic characteristics PT  The properties of the system’s transient response to an input N 7 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Static characteristics  Accuracy  Represents the correctness of the output compared to a superior system EL  The different between the standard and the measured value PT  Range N  Gives the highest and the lowest value of the physical quantity within which the sensor can actually sense  Beyond this value there is no sensing or no kind of response 8 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Static Characteristics (Contd.)  Resolution  Provides the smallest change in the input that a sensor is capable of sensing EL  Resolution is an important specification towards selection of sensors. PT  Higher the resolution better the precision  Errors N  The difference between the standard value and the value produced by sensor 9 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Static Characteristics (Contd.)  Sensitivity  Sensitivity indicates ratio of incremental change in the response of the system with respect to incremental change in input parameter. EL  It can be found from slope of output characteristic curve of a sensor PT  Linearity N  The deviation of sensor value curve from a particular straight line 10 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  Sensor Characteristics (Contd.)  Drift  The difference in the measurements of sensor from a specific reading when kept at that value for a long period of time EL  Repeatability PT  The deviation between measurements in a sequence under same conditions N Source : “Sensor”, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, online: https://ielm.ust.hk/dfaculty/ajay/courses/alp/ieem110/lecs/sensors/sensors.html Source: “Repeatability”, MIT, Online: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-693-principles-of-oceanographic-instrument-systems-sensors-and- measurements-13-998-spring-2004/ 11 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Dynamic Characteristics How well a sensor responds to changes in its input  Zero order system EL  Output shows a response to the input signal with no delay  Does not include energy-storing elements PT  Example: Potentiometer measures linear and rotary displacements N 12 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Dynamic Characteristics (Contd.)  First order system  When the output approaches its final value gradually EL  Consists of an energy storage and dissipation element  Second order system PT  Complex output response N  The output response of sensor oscillates before steady state 13 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Sensor Classification Sensor Passive and active EL PT Analog and digital N Scalar and vector 14 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Passive Sensor  Cannot independently sense the input  Example: Accelerometer, soil moisture, water-level, and EL temperature sensors PT N 15 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Active Sensor  Independently sense the input  Example: Radar, sounder, and laser altimeter sensors EL PT N 16 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Analog Sensor  The response or output of the sensor is some continuous function of its input parameter EL  Example: Temperature sensor, LDR, analog pressure sensor, and Analog Hall effect/Magnetic Sensor PT  A LDR shows continuous variation in its resistance as a function of intensity of light falling on it N 17 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Digital Sensor  Responses in binary nature  Designs to overcome the disadvantages of analog sensors EL  Along with the analog sensor it also comprises of extra PT electronics for bit conversion  Example: Passive infrared (PIR) sensor and digital N temperature sensor (DS1620) 18 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Scalar Sensor  Detects the input parameter only based on its magnitude  The response of the sensor is a function of magnitude of the EL input parameter PT  Not affected by the direction of the input parameter  Example: Temperature, gas, strain, color, and smoke sensors N 19 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  Vector Sensor  The response of the sensor depends on the magnitude of the direction and orientation of input parameter EL  Example : Accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetic field, and motion detector sensors PT N 20 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Actuator Energy Actuator Signal EL Motion / Force PT  An actuator is part of the system that deals with the control N action required (mechanical action)  Mechanical or electro-mechanical devices 21 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things Actuator (Contd.)  A control signal is input to an actuator and an energy source is necessary for its operation EL  Available in both micro and macro scales DC Motor  Example: Electric motor, solenoid, hard drive PT stepper motor, comb drive, hydraulic cylinder, N piezoelectric actuator, and pneumatic actuator Relay 22 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  Classification of Actuators Electric Linear Electric Rotary Fluid Power Linear EL Fluid Power Rotary PT Linear Chain Actuators N Manual Linear Manual Rotary Source : “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators 23 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  Electric Linear Actuator  Powered by electrical signal  Mechanical device containing linear guides, motors, and drive mechanisms EL  Converts electrical energy into linear displacement PT  Used in automation applications including N electrical bell, opening and closing dampers, locking doors, and braking machine motions Source: “Electric bell”, ЮК/ Wikimedia Commons/, Published date: 18 February 2008, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_Bell_animation.gif Source: “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators 24 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  Electric Rotary Actuator  Powered by electrical signal  Converts electrical energy into rotational EL motion  Applications including quarter-turn valves, PT windows, and robotics N Source: “Electric motor”, Abnormaal / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Unported/ GFDL. Published date: 21 May 2008, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_motor.gif Source: “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators 25 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  Fluid Power Linear Actuator  Powered by hydraulic fluid, gas, or differential air pressure  Mechanical devices have cylinder and piston mechanisms EL  Produces linear displacement Primarily used in automation applications including clamping PT  and welding N Source : “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators 26 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  Fluid Power Rotary Actuator  Powered by fluid, gas, or differential air pressure  Consisting of gearing, and cylinder and piston EL mechanisms  Converts hydraulic fluid, gas, or differential air PT pressure into rotational motion N  Primarily applications of this actuator are opening and closing dampers, doors, and clamping Source: “Axial piston pump”, MichaelFrey / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-4.0 International/. Published date: 11 August 2017, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axialkolbenpumpe_-_einfache_Animation.gif Source: “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators 27 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  Linear Chain Actuator  Mechanical devices containing sprockets and sections of chain EL  Provides linear motion by the free ends of the specially designed chains PT  Primarily used in motion control N applications Source: “Rigid chain actuator”, Catsquisher/ Wikimedia Commons/, Published date: 11 January 2011, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rigid_Chain_Actuator.gif Source: “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators 28 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  Manual Linear Actuator  Provides linear displacement through the translation of manually rotated screws or gears EL  Consists of gearboxes, and hand operated knobs or wheels  Primarily used for manipulating tools and workpieces PT N Source: “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators 29 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  Manual Rotary Actuator  Provides rotary output through the translation of manually rotated screws, levers, or gears EL  Consists of hand operated knobs, levers, handwheels, and gearboxes PT  Primarily used for the operation of valves N Source: “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators 30 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  References 1. Sensor. Online: https://ielm.ust.hk/dfaculty/ajay/courses/alp/ieem110/lecs/sensors/sensors.html 2. Repeatability of Sensor. Online: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-693-principles-of- oceanographic-instrument-systems-sensors-and-measurements-13-998-spring-2004/ 3. Classification of actuators. Online URL: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types- EL of-actuators 4. “Electric bell”, ЮК/ Wikimedia Commons/, Published date: 18 February 2008, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_Bell_animation.gif PT 5. “Electric motor”, Abnormaal / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Unported/ GFDL/, Published date: 21 May 2008, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_motor.gif N 6. “Axial piston pump”, MichaelFrey / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-4.0 International/, Published date: 11 August 2017, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axialkolbenpumpe_-_einfache_Animation.gif 7. “Rigid chain actuator”, Catsquisher/ Wikimedia Commons/, Published date: 11 January 2011, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rigid_Chain_Actuator.gif 31 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  EL PT N 32 Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things  Introduction: EL IoT Connectivity – Part I PT Dr. Sudip Misra Professor N Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Email: [email protected] Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/ Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/ Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1 Communication Protocols  The following communication protocols are important for IoT:  IEEE 802.15.4  ISA 100  Zigbee Bluetooth EL   6LoWPAN  NFC PT  Wireless HART  RFID N  Z-Wave Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2 IEEE 802.15.4 EL PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3  Introduction to IEEE 802.15.4  This standard provides a framework meant for lower layers (MAC and PHY) for a wireless personal area network (WPAN).  PHY defines frequency band, transmission power, and modulation scheme of the link. EL  MAC defines issues such as medium access and flow control PT (frames).  This standard is used for low power, low cost (manufacturing and devices (< ~75m). N operation), and low speed communication between neighboring Source: What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless? Fenzel, L. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 4  Features of IEEE 802.15.4  This standard utilizes DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum) coding scheme to transmit information.  DSSS uses phase shift keying modulation to encode information. EL  BPSK - 868/915 MHz, data transmission rate 20/40 kbps respectively.  OQPSK - 2.4 GHz, data transmission rate 250 kbps. PT  DSSS scheme makes the standard highly tolerant to noise and N interference and thereby improving link reliability. Source: What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless? Fenzel, L. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5  Features of IEEE 802.15.4 (contd.)  The preferable nature of transmission is line of sight (LOS).  The standard range of transmission - 10 to 75m.  The transmission of data uses CSMA-CA (carrier sense EL multiple access with collision avoidance) scheme. PT  Transmissions occur in infrequent short packets for duty cycle ( ~106 bytes).  The fragmentation header allows 2048 bytes packet size with EL fragmentation. PT  Using fragmentation and reassembly, 128-byte IPv6 frames are transmitted over IEEE 802.15.4 radio channel into several N smaller segments.  Every fragment includes a header. Source: Sulthana, M. R. A Novel Location Based Routing Protocol For 6LoWPAN. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 19 Features of 6LoWPAN (contd.)  Header compression reduces the transmission overhead and allows efficient transmission of payload.  IPv6 addresses are compressed in 6LoWPAN: EL  8-byte UDP header  40-byte IPv6 header PT  Stateless auto configuration allows any device to create the IPv6 N address automatically devoid of external dealing using a DHCP server. Source: Sulthana, M. R. A Novel Location Based Routing Protocol For 6LoWPAN. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 20 Features of 6LoWPAN (contd.)  Data link layer routing is classified into two schemes:  mesh-under - utilizes link layer address to forward data packets.  route-over - utilizes network layer IP address. EL  Provides link layer security (AES-128) from IEEE 802.15.4 such as authentication of link and encryption. PT N Source: Sulthana, M. R. A Novel Location Based Routing Protocol For 6LoWPAN. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 21 Wireless HART EL PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 22  Introduction to Wireless HART  WirelessHART is based on HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer).  It is the first international industrial wireless standard (IEC 62591), based upon the standard IEEE 802.15.4. EL  Functions in the 2.4GHz ISM band using data rate of up to 250 PT kb/s.  11 to 26 channels are supported, with a gap of 5MHz between two adjacent channels. N  The same channel can’t be used consecutively. Source: Feng, A. WirelessHART- Made Easy. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 23  Features of Wireless HART  Exploits IEEE 802.15.4 accustomed DSSS coding scheme.  A WirelessHART node follows channel hopping every time it sends a packet. EL  Modulation technique used is offset quadrature phase shift PT keying (OQPSK).  Transmission Power is around 10dBm (adjustable in discrete N steps). Source: Feng, A. WirelessHART- Made Easy. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 24 Features of Wireless HART (contd.)  Maximum payload allowed is 127 bytes.  It employs TDMA (time division multiple access) that allots distinct time slot of 10ms for each transmission. EL  TDMA technology is used to provide collision free and PT deterministic communications.  A sequence of 100 consecutive time slots per second is grouped N into a super frame.  Slot sizes and the super frame length are fixed. Source: Salman, T. and Jain, R. (2017). A Survey of Protocols and Standards for Internet of Things. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 25 Features of Wireless HART (contd.)  The devices support multiple super frames with differing numbers of timeslots.  At least one super frame is always enabled while additional EL super frames are enabled and disabled according to the demand of bandwidth. PT  For any message, communication occurs in the alloted timeslot N and frequency channel.  Supports both star and mesh topologies. Source: Salman, T. and Jain, R. (2017). A Survey of Protocols and Standards for Internet of Things. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 26  References 1. Fenzel, L. (2013). What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless? Online. URL: https://www.electronicdesign.com/what-s-difference-between/what-s-difference-between-ieee-802154-and-zigbee- wireless. 2. Poole, I. IEEE 802.15.4 Technology & Standard. Online. URL: https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/ieee-802- 15-4/wireless-standard-technology.php 3. Agarwal, T. ZigBee Wireless Technology Architecture and Applications. Online. URL: https://www.elprocus.com/what- EL is-zigbee-technology-architecture-and-its-applications. 4. Acosta, G. (2018). The ZigBee Protocol. Online. URL: https://www.netguru.co/codestories/the-zigbee-protocol PT 5. Olsson, J. (2014). 6LoWPAN demystified. Texas Instruments, 13. 6. Sulthana, M. R. (2015). A Novel Location Based Routing Protocol For 6LoWPAN. 7. Feng, A. (2011). WirelessHART- Made Easy. Online. URL: https://www.awiatech.com/category/wirelesshart-blog/ N 8. Salman, T. and Jain, R. (2017). A Survey of Protocols and Standards for Internet of Things. Advanced Computing and Communications, 1(1). 9. Ishaq, I., Carels, D., Teklemariam, G. K., Hoebeke, J., Abeele, F. V. D., Poorter, E. D.,... & Demeester, P. (2013). IETF standardization in the field of the internet of things (IoT): a survey. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 2(2), 235- 287. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 27  EL PT N Introduction to Internet of Things 28  Introduction: EL IoT Connectivity – Part 2 PT Dr. Sudip Misra Professor N Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Email: [email protected] Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/ Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/ Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1 Z-Wave EL PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2 Introduction to Z-Wave  Z-wave is a low power radio communication technology primarily used for home automation and security systems.  It was designed as a simpler and cheaper alternative to Zigbee for small to medium range connectivity. EL  It operates on the unlicensed part of the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band: 908.42 MHz in the US & 868.42 MHz in Europe, avoiding any PT interference with the 2.4Ghz band(Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and others).  Z-wave uses a Mesh Network Topology to communicate among the N devices, supporting up to 232 nodes in a network. Source: Paul Lamkin. April 26, 2018. Z-Wave explained: What is Z-Wave and why is it important for your smart home Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3 Features of Z-Wave  A Z-wave network has 2 device categories: Controller and Slave  The Controller is a central entity which sets up the Z-wave network and manages other slave devices in the network.  Each logical Z-wave network has 1 Home (Network) ID and multiple EL unique Node IDs for the devices in the network. PT  The Network ID is of length 4 Bytes and Node ID is of length 1 Byte.  The nodes can communicate only within their home network N  It offers a data rate of up to 100kbps and an average communication range of 30 meters. Source: Paul Lamkin. April 26, 2018. Z-Wave explained: What is Z-Wave and why is it important for your smart home Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 4  Features of Z-Wave (contd.)  It uses source routed network mesh topology using 1 primary controller.  Z-wave considers only static devices in the network due to its source routed network topology. EL  The devices communicate with one another only when they are in range. PT  Messages are routed through different nodes in case of any N obstruction due to interior layout and other household appliances.  These obstructions are called radio dead-spots and can be bypassed using a process called Healing. Source: Paul Lamkin. April 26, 2018. Z-Wave explained: What is Z-Wave and why is it important for your smart home Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5 Application  Primarily used in Home/Office Automation  Systems for Smart Energy Management EL  System for Smart Security and Surveillance PT  Voice control enabled applications N  Appliances automation and control Source: Applications of Z-wave technology, (March 2018) Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6 ISA 100.11a EL PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7 Introduction to ISA 100.11a  ISA 100.11a is a Standard for wireless network technology developed by the International Society of Automation(ISA).  The primary focus of the technology is the implementation of EL automation in the industrial environment. PT  The protocol stack of ISA 100.11a is in compliance with IoT.  It is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol along with other N wireless networks. Source: ISA100 Wireless tutorial | What is ISA100 Wireless Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8 Features of ISA 100.11a  It supports multiple devices working on different protocols to interact in a single network, simultaneously.  It is an open standard which enables interoperability and communication between different devices.  It uses the IPv6 based technology and adds the associated benefits such as EL increased address space and security.  128 bits AES encryption security. PT  Hence, it offers essential scalability and reliability for industrial network. N  It supports 2 network topologies for operation: 1)Star and 2)Mesh.  Uses TDMA/CSMA schemes for resource sharing, collision avoidance. Source: ISA100 Wireless tutorial | What is ISA100 Wireless? Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9 Application  It is primarily used for automation in large scale complex industries.  Wireless monitoring of the industrial network and devices. EL  Process monitoring and control automation in the industrial PT environment with large and complex setups. N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10 Bluetooth EL PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11 Introduction to Bluetooth  A short range wireless communication technology.  Its is aimed at replacing the cables with wireless medium to communicate between portable devices. EL  It is based on Ad-hoc technology, also known as Ad-hoc Piconets. PT  Network can be established between 2 to 8 Bluetooth devices. Source: Bluetooth Basics (March 31, 2018) N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 12 Features of Bluetooth  It is a low cost wireless communication technology.  Low power consumption.  Bluetooth technology uses the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHZ. EL  Supports 1Mbps and 3Mbps data rate for version 1.2 and 2.0, PT respectively.  The operating range: 1 meter for Class 3 radios, 10 meters for N Class 2 radios, and 100 meters for Class 1 radios. Source: Bluetooth Basics (March 31, 2018) Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13 Application  Bluetooth is suitable for a network of devices with smaller radius.  Connectivity with desktop and laptop peripherals  Wireless connectivity between mobile phones and other portable EL devices. PT  Multimedia transfer between devices  Automobiles use Bluetooth for connecting with multimedia and N navigation devices.  GPS devices are connected with the end user. Source: Tarun Agarwal. April 11, 2016. How does Bluetooth work? Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14 RFID EL PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15 Introduction to RFID  RFID stands for “radio-frequency identification”.  An RFID system consists of RFID tag, RFID reader and RFID software. EL  RFID tag stores digitally encoded data, which is read by a RFID PT reader.  RFID tag data can be read outside the line-of-sight, as compared N to traditional barcodes and QR codes. Source: RFID Radio Frequency Identification Technology Tutorial Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 16 Features of RFID  RFID tag consists of an integrated circuit and an antenna, covered with a protective material.  Tags can be classified as passive or active. EL  Active tags use their own power supply for operation and data transfer. PT  Passive tags have to be powered by a reader inductively in order to transmit data. N Source: RFID Radio Frequency Identification Technology Tutorial Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 17 Application  Store product tracking.  Asset and baggage tracking. EL  Supply chain management. Livestock tracking and management. PT   Automobile tracking.  N Authentication and access control Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 18 NFC EL PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 19 Introduction to NFC  Near field communication, or NFC, has been derived from radio-frequency identification (RFID).  NFC works within close proximity without any physical contact between the EL devices unlike RFID which has a longer range of communication. PT  A NFC device can be any of the two types: 1) Active and 2) Passive.  An Active type of device can both read and transmit data. N  A Passive device can only transmit data but cannot read from other NFC devices. Source: NFC Near Field Communication Tutorial | NFC Tutorial (2016) Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 20 Features of NFC  NFC operates at 13.56 MHz frequency.  The communication range of NFC devices is less then 10 centimeters. EL  Data rate supported are 106, 212 or 424 Kbps (kilobits per PT second).  Two communication modes are supported between two N devices: Active-Active or Active-Passive mode. Source: NFC Near Field Communication Tutorial | NFC Tutorial (2016) Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 21 Application  Banking and payments using NFC enabled smartphones, transaction cards.  Tracking goods. EL  Data Communication between smart phones. PT  Security and authentication using NFC enabled ID cards.  Low-power home automation systems. N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 22 References 1. ISA 100, Wireless Systems for Automation. Online. URL: https://www.isa.org/isa100/. 2. Renee Bassett. May 23, 2013. Understanding ISA100 Wireless Technology. Online. URL: https://www.automationworld.com/article/technologies/networking-connectivity/wireless/understanding-isa100- wireless-technology. EL 3. ISA100 Wireless tutorial | What is ISA100 Wireless?. Online. URL: http://www.rfwireless- world.com/Tutorials/ISA100-wireless-tutorial.html. 4. Melanie Pinola. March 31, 2018. Bluetooth Basics. Online. URL: https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-bluetooth- PT 2377412. 5. Tarun Agarwal. April 11, 2016. How does Bluetooth work?. Online. URL: https://www.elprocus.com/how-does- bluetooth-work/#comments. 6. Tarun Agarwal. March 22, 2017. Tutorial on Different Types of Bluetooth Technology, Working and Its Applications. N Online. URL: https://www.efxkits.us/different-types-bluetooth-technology-working-applications/. 7. Feb 23, 2016. NFC Near Field Communication Tutorial | NFC Tutorial. Online. URL: http://www.rfwireless- world.com/Tutorials/NFC-Near-Field-Communication-tutorial.html. 8. Ian Poole. RFID Radio Frequency Identification Technology Tutorial. Online. URL: https://www.radio- electronics.com/info/wireless/radio-frequency-identification-rfid/technology-tutorial-basics.php. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 23  EL PT N Introduction to Internet of Things 24  Introduction: EL IoT Networking- Part I PT Dr. Sudip Misra Professor N Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Email: [email protected] Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/ Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/ Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1 Introduction  Characteristics of IoT devices  Low processing power  Small in size  Energy constraints EL  Networks of IoT devices PT  Low throughput  High packet loss N  Tiny (useful) payload size  Frequent topology change  Classical Internet is not meant for constrained IoT devices. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2 Introduction EL PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3  Introduction  Analogy  Roots - Communication Protocol and device technologies  Trunk- Architectural Reference Model (ARM) EL  Leaves – IoT Applications  Goal PT  To select a minimal set of roots and propose a potential trunk that enables the creation of a N maximal set of the leaves. Source: FhG, I. M. L., et al. "Internet of things-architecture iot-a deliverable d1. 3–updated reference model for iot v1. 5." Introduction to Internet of Things 4  Enabling Classical Internet for IoT Devices  Proprietary non-IP based solution  Vendor specific gateways  Vendor specific APIs EL  Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) IP based solution PT  Three work groups  IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) N  Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks (ROLL)  Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Source: I. Ishaq, et al. , "IETF standardization in the field of the internet of things (IoT): a survey", J. of Sens. and Act. Netw. 2, vol. 2 (2013): 235-287. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5  Proprietary non-IP based solution  Drawbacks  Limited flexibility to end users: vendor specific APIs EL  Interoperability: vendor specific sensors and gateways PT  Limited last-mile connectivity N Source: I. Ishaq, et al. , "IETF standardization in the field of the internet of things (IoT): a survey", J. of Sens. and Act. Netw. 2, vol. 2 (2013): 235-287. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6 IETF IP based solution  Three work groups  IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN)  By header compression and encapsulation it allows IPv6 packets to transmit EL and receive over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks.  Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks (ROLL) PT  New routing protocol optimized for saving storage and energy.  Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) N  Extend the Integration of the IoT devices from network to service level. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7  EL Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8 CoRE  Provides a platform for applications meant for constrained IoT devices.  This framework views sensor and actuator resources as EL web resources. PT  The framework is limited to applications which  Monitor basic sensors  Supervise actuators N  CoAP includes a mechanism for service discovery. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9 CoRE: Service Discovery  IoT devices (act as mini web servers) register their resources to Resource Directory (RD) using Registration Interface (RI).  RD, a logical network node, stores the information about a EL specific set of IoT devices. PT  RI supports Representational State Transfer (REST) based protocol such as HTTP (and CoAP- optimized for IoT). N  IoT client uses Lookup interface for discovery of IoT devices. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10  EL IoT Network QoS PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11  IoT Network QoS  Quality-of-service (QoS) of IoT network is the ability to guarantee intended service to IoT applications through controlling the heterogeneous traffic generated by IoT devices. EL  QoS policies for IoT Network includes  Resource utilization PT  Data timeliness N  Data availability  Data delivery Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 12  Resource utilization  Requires control on the storage and bandwidth for data reception and transmission.  QoS policies for resource utilization: EL  Resource limit policy  Controls the amount of message buffering PT  Useful for memory constrained IoT devices  Time filter policy N  Controls the data sampling rate (interarrival time) to avoid buffer overflow  Controls network bandwidth, memory, and processing power Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13  Data timeliness  Measure of the freshness of particular information at the receiver end  Important in case of healthcare, industrial and military applications  Data timeliness policies for IoT network include  Deadline policy EL  Provides maximum interarrival time of data  Drops the stale data; notify the missed deadline to the application end PT  Latency budget policy  Latency budget is the maximum time difference between the data transmission N and reception from source end to the receiver end.  Provides priority to applications having higher urgency Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14  Data availability  Measure of the amount of valid data provided by the sender/producer to receiver/consumer  QoS policies for data availability in IoT network include  Durability policy EL  Controls the degree of data persistence transmitted by the sender  Data persistence ensures the availability of the data to the receiver even PT after sender is unavailable  Lifespan policy N  Controls the duration for which transmitted data is valid  History policy  Controls the number of previous data instances available for the receiver. Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15  Data delivery  Measure of successful reception of reliable data from sender to receiver  QoS policies for data delivery include EL  Reliability policy PT  Controls the reliability level associated with the data distribution  Transport priority N  Allows transmission of data according to its priority level Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 16  EL PT N Introduction to Internet of Things 17  Introduction: EL IoT Networking - Part 2 PT Dr. Sudip Misra Professor N Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Email: [email protected] Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/ Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/ Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1 Requirements of IoT Network  Coverage  High throughput EL  Low latency Ultra reliability PT   High power efficiency N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2  EL MQTT PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3 MQTT  Message Queue Telemetry Transport  Introduced by IBM and standardized by Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) in EL 2013 PT  Works on Publish/Subscribe framework on top of TCP/IP architecture  Advantages N  Reliable, Lightweight, and cost-effective protocol Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 4  MQTT Publish/Subscribe Framework EL PT N Source: Hanes, D, et al. (2017), "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things", Cisco Press. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5  MQTT QoS  QoS of MQTT protocol is maintained for two transactions  First transaction: Publishing client  MQTT Server  Second transaction: MQTT Server  Subscribing Client EL PT  Client on each transaction sets the QoS level  For the first transaction, publishing client sets the QoS level N  For second transaction, client subscriber sets the QoS level Source: Hanes, D, et al. (2017), "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things", Cisco Press. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6  MQTT QoS Levels  Supports 3-level of QoS  QoS 0:  Also known as “at most once” delivery EL  Best effort and unacknowledged data service PT  Publisher transmits the message one time to server and server transmits it once to subscriber N  No retry is performed Source: Hanes, D, et al. (2017), "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things", Cisco Press. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7 MQTT QoS Levels  QoS 1:  Also known as “at least once” delivery  Message delivery between the publisher, server and then between server and subscribers occurs at least once. EL  Retry is performed until acknowledgement of message is recieved  QoS 2: PT  Also known as “exactly once” delivery N  This QoS level is used when neither packet loss or duplication of message is allowed  Retry is performed until the message is delivered exactly once Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8  EL CoAP PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9  CoAP  Constrained Application Protocol  CoAP was designed by IETF Constrained RESTful Environment (CoRE) working group to enable application with lightweight EL RESTful (HTTP) interface PT  Works on Request/Response framework based on the UDP architecture, including Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) secure transport protocol N Source: Hanes, D, et al. (2017), "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things", Cisco Press. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10  CoAP  CoAP defines four types of messages  CON: Conformable  NON: Non-conformable EL  RST: Reset  ACK: Acknowledgement PT  For conformable type message, the recipient must explicitly either acknowledge or reject the message. N  In case of non-conformable type message, the recipient sends reset message if it can’t process the message. Source: Hanes, D, et al. (2017), "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things", Cisco Press. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11  CoAP  Utilizes GET, PUT, OBSERVE, PUSH, and DELETE messages requests to retrieve, create, initiate, update, and delete subscription respectively. EL  Supports caching capabilities to improve the response time and reduce bandwidth consumption. PT  Uses IP multicast to support data requests sent to a group of N devices.  Specialized for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. Source: Hanes, D, et al. (2017), "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things", Cisco Press. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 12  EL XMPP PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13  XMPP  Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol  Supports Publish/Subscribe messaging framework on top of TCP protocol EL  The communication protocol is based on Extensive Markup PT Language (XML). N  Uses Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) secure transport protocol Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14  XMPP  XMPP model is decentralized, no central server is required.  Advantages of XMPP  Interoperability: Supports interoperability between heterogeneous EL networks  Extensibility: Supports privacy lists, multi-user chat, and PT publish/subscribe chat status notifications N  Flexibility: Supports customized markup language defined by different organizations according to their needs Source: H. Wang et. al., "A Lightweight XMPP Publish/Subscribe Scheme for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices," IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 16393-16405, 2017. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15  EL AMQP PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 16  AMQP  Advance Message Queuing Protocol  Optimized for financial applications Binary message-oriented protocol on top of TCP EL   Supports Publish/Subscribe framework for both PT  Point-to-point (P2P) N  Multipoint communication Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 17  AMQP  Uses token-based mechanism for flow control  Ensures no buffer overflow at the receiving end  Message delivery guarantee services: EL  At least once: Guarantees message delivery but may do so multiple PT times  At most once: Each message is delivered once or never N  Exactly once: No message drop and delivered once one Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 18  EL IEEE 1888 PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 19  IEEE 1888  Energy-efficient network control protocol  Defines a generalized data exchange protocol between network components over the IPv4/v6-based network. EL  Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs) based data identification PT  Applications: Environmental monitoring, energy saving, and N central management systems. Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 20  EL DDS RTPS PT N Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 21  DDS RTPS  Distributed Data Service Real Time Publish and Subscribe  Supports Publish/Subscribe framework and on top of UDP transport layer protocol. EL  Data-centric and binary protocol PT  Data is termed as “topics”.  The users/listeners may subscribe to their particular topic of N interest Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 22  DDS RTPS  A single topic may have multiple speakers of different priorities  Supports enlisted QoS for data distribution EL  Data persistence Delivery deadline PT   Reliability N  Data freshness  Applications: Military, Industrial, and healthcare monitoring Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 23  EL PT N Introduction to Internet of Things 24