Brief History of Medical Mycology PDF

A brief History of Medical Mycology 1-Fungi were discovered earlier than bacteria and viruses. 2-Mushrooms were the first microorganisms known. 3- In the past, most fungi cause skin infections or cosmetic infections, where bacteria and viruses cause serious fatal diseases, so there was no int...

A brief History of Medical Mycology 1-Fungi were discovered earlier than bacteria and viruses. 2-Mushrooms were the first microorganisms known. 3- In the past, most fungi cause skin infections or cosmetic infections, where bacteria and viruses cause serious fatal diseases, so there was no interest of studying fungi. 4- In ancient Greece, Hippocrates the father of medicine, recognized that persons with oral thrush (due to Candida albicans) were already debilitated by other diseases. 5- In the middle Ages, Children in Europe became infected with favus, a fungal disease of scalpe, smooth skin, even nails, due to Trichophyton schoenleinii..‫ ﰎ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ واﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت‬-1.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت أول اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﳌﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬-2 ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ واﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت‬،‫ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت ﺟﻠﺪﻳﺔ أو اﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت ﲡﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﰲ اﳌﺎﺿﻲ‬-3.‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت‬،‫أﻣﺮاﺿًﺎ ﳑﻴﺘﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮة‬ ‫ أن اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺪاء اﻟﻘﻼع‬،‫ أﺑﻮ اﻟﻄﺐ‬،(‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﳌﻴﻼد‬377-460) ‫ أدرك أﺑﻘﺮاط‬،‫ ﰲ اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎن اﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‬-4.‫اﻟﻔﻤﻮي )ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﳌﺒﻴﻀﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء( ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺿﻌﻔﺎء ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أﻣﺮاض أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺮض ﻓﻄﺮي ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﻓﺮوة اﻟﺮأس واﳉﻠﺪ‬،‫ أﺻﻴﺐ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﰲ أوروﺑﺎ ﲟﺮض اﻟﻘﺮاع‬،‫ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬-5.Trichophyton schoenleinii ‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬،‫اﻟﻨﺎﻋﻢ وﺣﺘﻰ اﻷﻇﺎﻓﺮ‬ why bacteria and viruses are Superior subject of Study? bacteria and viruses cause serious fatal diseases. *Most fungal diseases are non-communicable, but exceptions exist, such as dermatophytes..‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﳉﻠﺪﻳﺔ‬،‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءات‬،‫*ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ َﻓﺮح‬، ‫َﻣﻼك‬  Debilitated by ‫مضعف بسبب‬ Immunocompromised: A person with a weakened immune system. Immunocompetent: A person with a strong immune system. Dermatophytes include 3 genera: 1. Epidermophyton 2. Trichophyton 3. Microsporum Why was there a focus on fungi in the 1980s? As HIV/AIDS spread and immune systems weakened in affected individuals, they became more susceptible to fungal infections, leading to respiratory infections caused by Pneumocystis pneumonia. Pneumocystosis cuasing Pneumocystis pneumonia. ‫ أﺻﺒﺤﻮا أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ‬،‫اﻹﻳﺪز وﺿﻌﻒ أﺟﻬﺰة اﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻷﻓﺮاد اﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ‬/‫وﻣﻊ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻓﻴﺮوس ﻧﻘﺺ اﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬.‫ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت اﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﺮﺋﻮي اﳌﺘﻜﻴﺲ‬،‫ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪوى اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ NON-Communicable fungi refers to Fungal infection That cannot be easily transmitted from one Person to another These fungi typicaly exist in The environment or within the host Causing disease under specific condition ofter affecting invididuals with weakend immune system. ‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت‬.‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﳌﻌﺪﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺪوى اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة ﰲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ أو داﺧﻞ اﳌﻀﻴﻒ وﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﳌﺮض ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺎز اﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ What are the major forms of microscopic fungi ? The microscopic fungi are classified by the type of vegetative growth as either yeasts or molds..‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﺠﻤﻟﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﳋﻀﺮي إﻟﻰ ﺧﻤﻴﺮة أو ﻋﻔﻦ‬ ‫ َﻓﺮح‬، ‫َﻣﻼك‬  1-Yeast (single cell) : budding – Candida albicans. fission – Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Yeast produce: 1-Blastoconidia (buds) -> Candida. 2-Hyphae that fragment into arthroconidia ->Trichosporon. 3-Pseudohyphae. Ablasto condition(plural): blasto condidi is an asexual holo blaste conidia formed through the blowing out of budding process of yeast cell ‫ اﻷﺑﻼﺳﺘﻮ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﺪﻳﺪي ﻫﻮ أﺑﻮاغ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﺔ ﻻﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬:(‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﺑﻼﺳﺘﻮ )اﳉﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻋﻢ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﳋﻤﻴﺮة‬ Arthrocndidi : are type of fungal spore typically produced by by segmentation of pre existing fungal hyphae. Arthrocndidi of (coccidioides immitis ) Arthrocndidi : ‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻷﺑﻮاغ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﳋﻴﻮط اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة ﻣﺴﺒًﻘﺎ‬. Arthrocndidi ‫( ﻣﻦ‬coccidioides immitis) 2-Molds – are filamentous, often branching cells called hyphae (singular, hypha). A mass of hyphae is termed mycelium..(‫ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﳋﻴﻮط اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ )ﻣﻔﺮدﻫﺎ ﻫﻴﻔﺎ‬- ‫ اﻟﻌﻔﻦ‬-2.‫وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﳋﻴﻮط اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت‬ mycelial : mass of hypha. Hypha : singler. 3-Dimorphism (two forms) is an important characteristic of certain fungal pathogens. Dimorphism:1-yeast form. 2-mycelial form. ‫ َﻓﺮح‬، ‫َﻣﻼك‬ YM shift: The transition of dimorphic fungi between the yeast form in the host and the mold form in the environment, triggered by environmental changes. e.g. H. capsulatum. ‫ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻜﻞ اﳋﻤﻴﺮة ﰲ اﳌﻀﻴﻒ وﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻔﻦ ﰲ‬:YM ‫ﲢﻮل‬.‫ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪث ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬،‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ This conversion is temperature sensitive: Yeast form – at 37°c , Mycelial form – at 25°c. Dimorphism and pathogenesis: How does dimorphism function in the pathogenesis of mycoses ? Dimorphism aids fungal survival and pathogenesis. H. capsulatum yeast form survives inside macrophages. Raises pH in vacuoles to resist destruction. Produces α–(1-3)-D-glucan to avoid phagocytosis. Travels via bloodstream to organs like the spleen and liver..‫* ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ازدواﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت وﺗﻄﻮر اﻷﻣﺮاض‬.‫ داﺧﻞ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﻴﺔ‬H. capsulatum ‫* ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ اﳋﻤﻴﺮة‬.‫* ﻳﺮﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ اﳊﻤﻮﺿﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻔﺠﻮات ﳌﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮ‬.‫ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔ‬α–(1-3)-D-glucan ‫* ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬.‫* ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﺪم إﻟﻰ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﺤﺎل واﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ How are fungi organized in a taxonomic scheme? The taxonomic classification of fungi is based on: 1-Mode of sexual reproduction (meiosis). 2-Morphology. 3-Life cycle. :‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ‬ 4-Physiology..(‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ اﳉﻨﺴﻲ )اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم اﻻﺧﺘﺰاﻟﻲ‬-1.‫اﳌﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬-2 5- Cladistic analysis..‫دورة اﳊﻴﺎة‬-3.‫اﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬-4.‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬-5 ‫ َﻓﺮح‬، ‫َﻣﻼك‬ *If no sexual reproductive cycle has been observed, the fungi are referred to as mitosporic and are the further classified by cladistics analysis. ‫ ﻳﺸﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﳌﻴﺘﻮﺳﺒﻮرﻳﺔ وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬،‫*إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أي دورة ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬ Phylogenetic: classification of organisms according to their evolutionary sequence, reflecting genetic relationships..‫ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﳉﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻄﻮري‬:‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮر‬ Sporagiospore : are spore thet are produced in an enclosed sac like structure called a sporangium at the end of the sporangiophors. ‫ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺮاﺛﻴﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻜﻴﺲ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﻴﺲ اﳉﺮاﺛﻴﻢ‬:‫اﳉﺮاﺛﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﻮﻏﻴﺔ‬.‫ﰲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﻴﺲ اﳉﺮاﺛﻴﻢ‬ The largest category of fungi pathogenic for humans is: 1-Subkingdom Dikarya, consisting of two phyla: Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. 2- (The familiar phylum zygomycota is not considered a valid taxon because it is not monophyletic). 3- Monophyletic: a group or clade comprised of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. 4- Fungal pathogens previously classed in the zygomycota are now found in subphylum Mucoromycotina and subphylum Entomophthoromycotina..‫ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺰﻗﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﺎزﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬:‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﺒﺘﲔ‬،‫ ﳑﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺰﻗﻴﺔ‬-1 ‫ )ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺰﻳﺠﻴﺔ اﳌﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔًﺎ ﺻﺎﳊًﺎ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬-2.(‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬ ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أو ﻓﺮع ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك واﺣﺪ‬:‫ أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬-3.‫وﻛﻞ أﺣﻔﺎد ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺴﻠﻒ‬ ‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻵن ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗُﺼﻨﻒ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺰﻳﺠﻴﺔ ﰲ‬-4.‫ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺰﻗﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﳊﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ َﻓﺮح‬، ‫َﻣﻼك‬  Mucoromycotina Its member are identified by the production of: 1. Non-septate hyphae (coenocytic) 2. Sporangia and sporangiospores. 3. Zygospore (sexual spore) is formed by the fusion of two gametangia. e.g. Rhizopus, Mucor Mucoromycotina :‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﻧﺘﺎج‬ (‫ ﺧﻴﻮط ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ )ﻛﻮﻳﻨﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮل‬.1.‫ أﺑﻮاغ ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ وأﺑﻮاغ ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬.2.‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻷﺑﻮاغ اﻟﺰﻳﺠﻮﺳﻴﺔ )اﳉﺮاﺛﻴﻢ اﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ( ﻣﻦ اﻧﺪﻣﺎج ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺸﺎج‬.3 Rhizopus، Mucor ،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬ Ascomycota (sac fungi): 1-Accounts for approximately 75% of all described fungi. 2-Include yeasts and molds. 3-Reproduce sexually after plasmogamy, followed by karyogamy and meiosis within a sac or ascus. :(‫اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﺴﻴﺔ )اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﳌﻮﺻﻮﻓﺔ‬%75 ‫ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ‬-1.‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﳋﻤﻴﺮة واﻟﻌﻔﻦ‬-2.‫ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ اﻟﻨﻮوي واﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم اﻻﺧﺘﺰاﻟﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﺲ أو اﳉﻴﺐ‬،‫ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻴًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﻲ‬-3 Asci either naked e.g. yeasts, or are formed within fruiting bodies. Each ascus usually contains 8 ascospores. The most important order in Ascomycota is Onygenales. This order contains five families. Some members of this order are able to degrade keratin the principal protein of epidermis, hair, and nails. This order contains most medically important genera..‫ أو ﺗﺘﻜﻮن داﺧﻞ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺜﻤﺮﻳﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺰﻗﻴﺔ إﻣﺎ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﳋﻤﻴﺮة‬.‫ ﺟﺮاﺛﻴﻢ زﻗﻴﺔ‬8 ‫* ﻛﻞ ﻓﻄﺮ زﻗﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫* أﻫﻢ رﺗﺒﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺰﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺰﻗﻴﺔ‬.‫* ﲢﺘﻮي ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻋﺎﺋﻼت‬.‫* ﺑﻌﺾ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻗﺎدرون ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻠﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﺮاﺗﲔ وﻫﻮ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﲔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮة واﻟﺸﻌﺮ واﻷﻇﺎﻓﺮ‬.‫* ﲢﺘﻮي ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻫﻢ اﻷﺟﻨﺎس ﻃﺒﻴﺎ‬ ‫ َﻓﺮح‬، ‫َﻣﻼك‬  Basidiomycota: Reproduce sexually by means of basidiospores produced on the outside of the spore-mother cell called a basidium. ‫ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻷﺑﻮاغ اﻟﺒﺎزﻳﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﳋﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻷم ﻟﻠﺠﺮاﺛﻴﻢ‬.‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺒﺎزﻳﺪﻳﻮم‬ * Doli Pore septa are specialized dividing walls loetween Cells (septa) found in al most all species of fungi in The Phylum Basidiomycota. ‫* ﻣﺴﺎم اﳊﻮاﺟﺰ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺪران ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺑﲔ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ )اﳊﻮاﺟﺰ( اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻮاع‬.‫اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ ﰲ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺎزﻳﺪﻳﻮﻣﻴﻜﻮﺗﺎ‬ *Aclamp connection is hook-like structure formed by growing hy Phal cells of certain..‫*اﺗﺼﺎل أﻛﻼﻣﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﳋﻄﺎف ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﳕﻮ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻌﲔ‬ ‫ َﻓﺮح‬، ‫َﻣﻼك‬