K to 12 Electronics Learning Module PDF

Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING EXPLORATORY COURSE Grades 7 and Grade 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS What Is This Module About ?................................................................................... 2 How Do You Use This Module ………………………………………………3 LESSON 1 – Use Hand Tools..........................................................................4-24 LESSON 2 – Perform Mensuration and Calculation............................. 25-50 LESSON 3 – Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawings.................... 51-104 LESSON 4 – Practice Occupational Safety and Health..................... 105-132 LESSON 5 – Maintain Tools and Equipment................................... 133-151 Answer Keys.................................................................................................... 152-159 Acknowledgment..................................................................................................... 160 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 1 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education What Is This Module About? Welcome to the world of Consumer Electronics Servicing! This Module is an exploratory course which leads you to Consumer Electronics Servicing National Certificate Level II ( NC II)1. It covers five common competencies that a Grade 7 / Grade 8 Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) student like you ought to possess, namely: 1) Use Hand Tools; 2) Perform Mensuration and Calculation; 3) Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawings; 4) Practice Occupational Safety and Health; and 5) Maintain Tools and Equipment These five common competencies are covered separately in five Lessons. As shown below, each Lesson is directed to the attainment of one or three learning outcomes: Lesson 1 – Use Hand Tools LO1. Prepare hand tools LO 2. Use appropriate hand tools and test equipment Lesson 2 – Perform Mensuration and Calculations LO 1. Select measuring instruments LO 2. Carry out measurements and calculations LO 3. Maintain measuring instruments Lesson 3 – Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawings LO1. Identify different kinds of technical drawings LO2. Interpret technical drawing LO3. Prepare/Make changes in electrical/electronic schematics and diagrams Lesson 4 – Practice Occupational Health and Safety LO 1. Identify health hazards and occupational risks LO 2.Observe occupational and safety practices Lesson 5 – Maintain Tools and Equipment LO 1. Maintain hand tools and equipment LO 2 Perform basic preventive maintenance of electronic tools and equipment Your success in this exploratory course on Consumer Electronics Servicing is shown in your ability to perform the performance standards found in each Lesson. 1NATIONAL CERTIFICATE (NC) is a certification issued to individuals who achieved all the required units of competency for a national qualification as defined under the Training Regulations. NCs are aligned to specific levels within the PTQF. (TESDA Board Resolution No. 2004-13, Training Regulations Framework) NATIONAL CERTIFICATE LEVEL refers to the four (4) qualification levels defined in the Philippine TVET Qualifications Framework (PTQF) where the worker with: a. NC I performs a routine and predictable tasks; has little judgment; and, works under supervision; b. NC II performs prescribed range of functions involving known routines and procedures; has limited choice and complexity of functions, and has little accountability; CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 2 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Do You Use This Module? This Module has five Lessons. Each Lesson has the following parts:  Learning Outcomes  Performance Standards  Materials/Resources  Definition of Terms  What Do You Already Know?  What Do You Need to Know?  How Much Have You Learned?  How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?  How Well Did You Perform?  References To get the most from this Module, you need to do the following: 1. Begin by reading and understanding the Learning Outcome/s and Performance Standards. These will tell you what you should know and be able to do at the end of this Module. 2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pretest then check your answer against the Answer Key. If you get 99 to 100% of the items correctly, you may proceed to the next Lesson. This means that you need not go through the Lesson because you already know what it is about. If you fail to get 99 to 100% correctly, go through the Lesson again and review especially those items which you failed to get. 3. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more Information Sheets. An Information Sheet contains important notes or basic information that you need to know. After reading the Information Sheet, test yourself on how much you have learned by means of the Self-check. Refer to the Answer Key for correction. Do not hesitate to go back to the Information Sheet when you do not get all test items correctly. This will ensure your mastery of basic information. 4. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity / Operation /Job Sheet directs you to do. 5. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in a real life situation. 6. Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics for you to know how well you performed. Each Lesson also provides you with references and definition of key terms for your guide. They can be of great help. Use them fully. If you have questions, ask your teacher for assistance. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 3 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education LESSON 1 Use Hand Tools LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following: LO 1. prepare hand tools; and LO 2. use appropriate hand tools and test equipment. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 4 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Definition of Terms Accidental - occurring unexpectedly, unintentionally, or by chance. Alternating current - an electric current that is continually varying in value and reversing its direction of flow at regular interval Anode - a positive electrode of semiconductor device Capacitance - a property that exists whenever two conductors are separated by insulating material, permitting the storage of electricity Capacitor - a component designed intentionally to have a definite amount of capacitance Circuit - an arrangement of one or more complete paths of electron flow. Conductor - a wire, cable, or other body or medium that is suitable for carrying electric current Current - the rate of transfer of electricity from one point to another Desoldering - a process of unsoldering unwanted parts or components in the circuit with the support of soldering tool Dielectric material - a material that serves as insulator because it has poor electric conductivity Direct current - an electric current that flows in one direction Discrete components- separated or individual components Electronics - a branch of science and technology that deals with the controlled flow of electrons Flammable - tending to burn quickly Hazards - risks; dangers Malfunction - not in normal functionality Ohmmeter - an instrument that measures the amount of resistance in certain component or circuits Resistance - the opposition that a component or material offers to the flow current Resistor – a component designed intentionally to have a definite amount of resistance Soldering - a process of joining two metals caused by heat Soldering technique - a right process in which the solder (lead) is being applied in a connection or in the printed circuit board Splicing – connecting two lengths of conductor Technician - a person skilled in mechanical or industrial techniques or in a particular technical field Tool kit - a small bag or box equipped with hand tools Troubleshooting - identifying and repairing faults in equipment Voltage - the electrical pressure that existed between two points and capable of producing a flow of current when a close circuit is connected between the points. Voltmeter - an instrument that measures the amount of electromotive force in a component or circuit. Acronyms PCB – Printed Circuit Board PPE – Personal Protective Equipment VOM – Volt-Ohm-Milliameter CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 5 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Prepare Hand Tools PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Appropriate hand tools are identified.  Appropriate tools are selected according to task requirements. What Do You Already Know? Let us determine how much you already know about the different hand tools. Take this test. Pretest LO 1 Direction: Match the different hand tools with their actual pictures. Write the letter on a separate sheet. 1. Desoldering tool 6. Paint brush 2. Soldering iron 7. Hacksaw 3. Soldering stand 8. Side-cutter 4. Long nose pliers 9. Wire splicer 5. Portable electric drill 10. Magnifying glass CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 6 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education What Do You Need To Know? Read Information Sheet 1.1 very well; then, find out how much you can remember and how much you have learned by doing Self-check. Information Sheet 1.1 Basic Hand Tools Driving of Tools 1. Screwdrivers are hand tools specifically designed to insert and tighten, or to loosen and remove screws. A screwdriver comprises a head or tip, which engages with a screw, a mechanism to apply force by rotating the tip, and some way to position and support the screwdriver, the tip of which is shaped in to fit a particular type of screw. a. Slotted Screwdriver is used to drive or fasten negative slotted screws. b. Phillips Screwdriver – used to drive or fasten positive slotted screws. It is a screwdriver that could take greater torque and could provide tighter fastenings. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 7 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education c. Jeweler's Screwdriver Set – is a set of small screw drivers composed of slotted and Phillips screwdrivers. Soldering Tools 1. Soldering Iron – is a device for applying heat to melt solder in attaching two metal parts. A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. For electrical work, wires are usually soldered to printed circuit boards, other wires, or small terminals. A low-power iron (20-30 Watts) is suitable for this work. 2. Soldering Tool Stand – is a place where the soldering iron is placed during usage. This will keep the soldering iron away from flammable materials. The stand often comes with a sponge used in cleaning the tip of the soldering iron. 3. Desoldering tool is used in removing soldered wires and components on printed circuit boards for troubleshooting and repair purposes. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 8 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Splicing Tools 1. Long Nose is used for holding, bending, and stretching the lead of electronic component or connecting wires. 2. Side Cutter is a wire-cutting pliers, though they are not used to grab or turn anything, but are used to cut wires. 3. Wire Stripper is a pair of opposing blades much like scissors or wire cutters. The addition of a center notch makes it easier to cut the insulation without cutting the wire. Notch Boring Tools 1. 12V Mini-Drill – is used to bore or drill holes in the printed circuit board (PCB) with sizes from 1/32” – 1/16”. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 9 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 2. Portable Electric Drill is used for boring hole(s) in plastic or metal chassis with the used of drill bits having sizes from 1/6” to approximately 1/4”. 3. Metal Files These are hand tools having a series of sharp, parallel ridges or teeth. Most files have a narrow, pointed tang at one end to which a handle can be fitted.  Flat File is parallel in width and tapered in thickness; they are used for flat surfaces and edges.  Half Round File is tapered in width and thickness, coming to a point, and is narrower than a standard half round and used for filing inside of rings.  Round File - is also called rat-tail file which is gradually tapered and used for many tasks that require a round tool, such as enlarging round holes or cutting a scalloped edge. triangular file flat file half-round file round file CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 10 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Cutting Tools 1. Utility Knife is a common tool used in cutting various trades and crafts for a variety of purposes. 2. Hacksaw is used for cutting metals. Some have pistol grips which keep the hacksaw firm and easy to grip. The small hand-held hacksaws consist of a metal arch with a handle that fits around a narrow, rigid blade. handle blade pistol grip Auxiliary Tools 1. Magnifying Glass is a convex lens which is used to produce a magnified image of an object. The lens is usually mounted on a frame with a handle. Roger Bacon is the original inventor of the magnifying glass. A magnifying glass works by creating a magnified virtual image of an object behind the lens. Some magnifying glasses are foldable with built-in light. 2. Paint Brush – made of bristles set in handle, use for cleaning dirty parts of a circuit or an object. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 11 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Electronic equipment Aside from hand tools, equipment are also needed for more accurate and quality output. In this connection, three of the most used equipment are presented here for you to be familiar with their uses and the proper way of maintaining them. a. Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter. It is an equipment that combines three functions: as a voltmeter that measures both ac and dc voltages; an ohmmeter that measures resistance; and milliammeter that measures small amount of dc current. As safety precautions in the maintenance of this instrument, the following should be observed:  Always rest the function switch at 250V AC if an OFF position is not available in the instrument.  For current and voltage measurements, always set the function switch in the correct setting which is a little higher than the expected current or voltage present in the circuit.  Place the instrument in a cool dry place, away from any magnetic devices, and free from vibrations. Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter Signal generator Oscilloscope b. Oscilloscope. An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated CRO, for cathode-ray oscilloscope, or scope) is a piece of electronic test equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time or of some other voltage (horizontal axis). c. Signal generator. A signal generator is a device which produces simple wave forms. Such devices contain an electronic oscillator, a circuit that is capable of creating a repetitive waveform. These are typically used in simple electronics repair and design where they are used to stimulate a circuit under test. Oscilloscope and signal generator should be given regular checkup for at least once a week by connecting them in the power line. This will help prevent their components from having moisture that might cause trouble in their circuits. In any activity involving skills, it is a standard procedure that you must always use the right tool or equipment properly that would fit in a particular task. In spite of CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 12 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education this reminder or caution, some students abuse the use of tools and still practice the following common faults that must NOT be done. Common Faults in Using Hand Tools Pliers:  Do not increase the handle length of pliers to gain more leverage. Use a larger pair of pliers or bolt cutters if necessary.  Do not substitute pliers for a wrench when turning bolts and nuts. Pliers cannot grip these items properly and might cause a slip and create an accident.  Never use pliers as a hammer on the handle. Such abuse is likely to result in cracks or breaks.  Cut hardened wires only with pliers designed for that purpose.  Always cut the wires in right angle. Never rock from side to side or bend wire back and forth against the cutting edges. Screwdrivers:  Never use screwdrivers as a pry bar, chisel, and punch stirrer or scraper.  Never use screwdrivers with broken or worn-out handles. Screwdrivers of these kinds should have tags to indicate that it is defective.  Never use pliers on a screwdriver for extra leverage. Only use wrench or screwdrivers specifically designed for purpose. Utility Knives/ Blades:  Do not use dull blades because they require more force, thus are more likely to slip. Replace the blade when it starts to “tear” instead of cut.  Never leave a knife unattended with the blade exposed.  Don’t bend or apply side loads to blades by using them to open cans or loosen tight cover of containers. Blades are brittle and can snap easily. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 13 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Much Have You Learned? Self-Check 1.1 Direction: On a separate piece of paper, classify the different kinds of hand tools according to their specification in Consumer Electronics Servicing. Hand tools Classification 1. Desoldering Tool 2 W ire Splicer 3. Side Cutter 4 Long Nose Pliers 5 Mini Drill 6 Magnifying Glass 7 Soldering Stand 8 Screwdriver 9 Soldering Iron 10. Portable Electric Drill Self-Check 1.2 Direction: Answer briefly the questions below. 1. Why is a low-power soldering iron suitable for electronic work? 2. What are the advantages of using a magnifying glass that is foldable with built-in light? 3. Why is it best to use the right size of Phillips-type screwdriver? 4. Why is it best to use the right size of drill bit in boring holes? 5. Why do you think is it best for a soldering iron to have its soldering stand? Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 14 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Use Appropriate Hand tools and Test Equipment PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Tools are used according to task undertaken.  All safety procedures in using tools are observed at all times.  Malfunctions, unplanned or unusual events are reported to the supervisor. What Do You Already Know? Determine how much you already know about using appropriate hand tools and test equipment. Take this test. Pretest LO 2 Direction: Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer. Write letters only. 1. Which equipment does NOT belong to the group? a. Screw driver c. Diagonal cutter b. Long nose pliers d. Side cutting 2. What is the reason why threads become stripped? a. screws are over tighten c. screws are molded b. screws are heated d. Screws are painted 3. What equipment is/are used for safety? a. VOM c. OHS b. PPE d. All of those mentioned 4. Which is NOT part of the group? a. Soldering iron c. Soldering tool stand b. Desoldering tool d. Wire stripper 5. Which hand tool is used solely for cutting metals? a. Utility knife c. Magnifying glass b. Saw d. Paint brush CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 15 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education What Do You Need To Know? Read Information Sheet 2.1 very well. Then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check. Information Sheet 2.1 USING TOOLS BASED ON THEIR FUNCTIONS AND OPERATION Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective clothing and equipment (PPE) that are appropriate for the task and which conforms with your local safety regulations and policies. Your skill in using tools and equipment will make your work less difficult and ensure that tasks are performed properly and safely.  Hand Tools o screwdrivers, needle-nose pliers  Diagnostic Tools o Analog or digital Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter, power supply Safety check  Do not use flammable cleaners or water on electrical equipment.  Make sure designated walkways are kept clear of any obstructions.  Always wear protective clothing and use the appropriate safety equipment.  Make sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety procedures when carrying out the following tasks. Proper Use of Hand Tools  Use the proper type and size of screwdriver by matching it to the screw.  Phillips and Flat Head are the most common types.  Do not over tighten screws because the threads may become stripped. In many types of work, hand tools are used every day. They make work easier and allow people to be more efficient. However, majority of students often fail to see the hazards these tools can introduce. In this module "Hand Tool Safety" shows workers how accidents can be significantly reduced by reviewing the various hazards that are associated with specific types of tools. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 16 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Much Have You Learned? Self-check 2.1 Direction: Match Column A with Column B A B 1. Cut the insulation without cutting the wire a. Screwdriver 2. Drill holes in the printed circuit board b. Long nose 3. Tighten, loosen or remove screws c. Wire stripper 4. Remove soldered wires d. 12 V Mini-drill 5. Hold, bend, stretch the lead of electronic e. Desoldering tool component or connecting wires 6. Cut metals f. Paint brush 7. Clean dirty parts of an object g. Hacksaw 8. Produce a magnified image of an object h. Signal generator i. Magnifying glass Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 17 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Do You Apply What You Have Learned? Show that you have learned something by doing this activity. Operation Sheet 2.1 Instruction: 1. Do the following Operation Sheets: a. Procedure in using a soldering iron b. Mounting and soldering of components on PCB c. Disassembly and assembly of the circuit Procedure in using a soldering iron 1. Preparing the soldering iron a. Place the soldering iron on the stand before plugging it. b. Wait a few minutes for the soldering iron to attain its operating temperature of about 4000C. c. Wipe the tip of the soldering iron on the wet damp sponge d. Melt a little solder (soldering lead – 60/40) on the tip of the iron. e. Wipe again the tip of the soldering iron on the wet damp sponge. 2. Soldering technique a. Hold the soldering iron like a pen, near the base of the handle. b. Touch the soldering iron onto the joint to be soldered. c. Apply a small amount of solder onto the joint. d. Remove the solder, then the soldering iron, while keeping the joint in still position. e. Inspect the joint closely. It should look shiny and with a volcano shape. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 18 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Operation Sheet 2.2 Mounting and soldering of components on PCB Procedure in mounting and soldering components on printed circuit board 1. Carefully check the ready-made PCB against the diagram and inspect for any microscopic shorts or open paths. Do the remedial steps, if necessary. 2. Insert the two 33K, ¼-watt resistors as indicated in the diagram. 3. Insert the two electrolytic capacitors in the PCB as shown in the diagram. Take note their polarity orientation. 4. Mount the two NPN transistors in the PCB taking into consideration the proper orientation of their electrodes (emitter, base, and collector). 5. Mount the two jumbo LEDs (Light-Emitting-Diodes) to the place intended for in the PCB. 6. Remove the insulation of a 4-inch #22 black stranded hook-up wire with at least 1/8 of an inch on both ends. Insert the uninsulated part at one end for the negative supply. 7. Do the same as in step no. 6 using red hook-up wire for the positive supply. 8. Let your work be checked by your teacher before making any soldering job. a. Solder the connections of your work following the procedure of proper soldering technique. Diagram and components of the blinker Blinker circuit. (a) Schematic diagram (b) Parts list (c) Components’ lay out (top view) (d) Foil pattern on PCB (bottom view) CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 19 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Operation Sheet 2.3 Disassembly and assembly of the circuit Desoldering At some stage, you will probably need to desolder a joint to remove or re- position a wire or component. The easiest and most common way is the use of desoldering pump. Shown below is the proper way of removing electronic components from the circuit using a desoldering tool. Removing components in PCB using a desoldering pump (solder sucker) 1. Set the pump by pushing the spring-loaded plunger down until it locks. 2. Apply both the pump nozzle and the tip of your soldering iron to the joint. 3. Wait a second or two for the solder to melt. 4. Then press the button on the pump to release the plunger and suck the molten solder into the tool. 5. Repeat if necessary to remove as much solder as possible. 6. The pump will need emptying occasionally by unscrewing the nozzle. After removing most of the solder from the joint(s), you may be able to remove the wire or component lead straight away (allow a few seconds for it to cool). If the joint does not come apart easily apply your soldering iron to melt the remaining traces of solder at the same time as pulling the joint apart, taking care to avoid burning yourself. Be careful in desoldering to be sure that no component is damaged during the process. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 20 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Well Did You Perform? Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely. Remember it is your learning at stake! 2.1 Procedure in using a soldering iron Direction: Prepare an actual laboratory activity regarding soldering techniques. Suggested Activity: Construct a figure or image using #18 solid copper wire applying proper soldering techniques. Procedure in using a soldering iron Item 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Score Soldering Tool no. A Proper use of tool - 50% B Quality of work - 40% C Speed – 10% Grade 2.2 Mounting and soldering of components on PCB Direction: Guide the students in mounting and soldering the components of the blinker circuit on PCB applying proper soldering techniques. Mounting and soldering of components on PCB Item 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Score Soldering Tool no. A Proper use of tool - 50% B Quality of work - 40% C Speed – 10% Grade CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 21 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 2.3 Disassembly and assembly of the circuit Direction: The teacher will guide the students in removing or desoldering the components of the blinker circuit on PCB applying proper desoldering procedure. Disassembly and assembly of the circuit Item 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Score Soldering Tool no. A Proper use of tool - 50% B Quality of work - 40% C Speed – 10% Grade Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and relax a while then move on to the next lesson. Good luck! REFERENCES  Tan, Michael Q.; Gantalao, Fred T.; Lasala, Rommel M. Simple Electronics; Andes Mountain Printers; 2004  Enriquez, Marcelo T., Electronics Technology IV; Souvenir Publications, Inc. 2003  Grob, Bernard, Basic Electronics, 4th Edition; New York: McGraw-Hill Company, USA: 1982 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 22 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education LESSON 2 Perform Mensuration and Calculations LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following: LO 1. select measuring instruments; LO 2. carry out measurements and calculations; and LO 3. maintain measuring instruments. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 23 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Definition of Terms Ampere - basic unit of current Current - the flow of electrons moving in a given direction Electronic measuring instrument - portable instruments used to measure electrical quantities such as current, voltage, and resistance Ohmmeter - an electronic instrument used to measure resistance of a component or the entire circuit Ohmmeter scale - section of the ohmmeter where the value of the resistance is being indicated Range multiplier - a portion in the ohmmeter where the actual reading is multiplied by the range value Resistance - the opposition to the flow of electrons Resistor - an electronic component that is used to offer opposition to current in an electrical circuit Resistor color coding - a scheme to determine the value of resistors by color bands printed on their bodies as code Test Probes - connectors connected to terminals of the VOM and component’s terminals or test points in a circuit to be tested. They are oftentimes red and black in color Tolerance - the fourth color in the 3-band color coding that indicates the percentage of deviation from its color coded value Volt - basic unit of voltage Voltage - an electrical pressure that pushes current to flow within a load through a conductor Zero-ohm adjuster - part of the ohmmeter that is used in adjusting the pointer of the ohmmeter to zero before resistance measurements or continuity tests are made. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 24 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Select measuring instrument PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Object or component to be measured is identified.  Correct specifications are obtained from relevant source.  Appropriate measuring instrument is selected in line with job requirement. What Do You Already Know? Let us determine how much you already know about selecting measuring instrument. Take this test. Pretest LO 1 Directions: Choose the best answer. Write the letter only. 1. Which component resists the flow of current in an electrical circuit? A) Capacitor B) Inductor C) Resistor D) Transistor 2. What kind of component is a resistor? A) Combined B) Discrete C) Integrated D) Hybrid 3. What color in the color coding scheme has an equivalent of 5 in the 2nd band? A) Brown B) Green C) Red D) Yellow 4. What is the color of the tolerance representing ± 10%? A) Gold B) Black C) Orange D) Silver 5. What is the value of a resistor with the following colors : Green - Black- Silver- Gold? A) 500 Ohms ±5% C) 5.0 Ohms ± 5% B) 50 Ohms ± 5% D) 0.5 Ohm ± 5% CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 25 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education What Do You Need To Know? Read Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check. Information Sheet 1.1 Electronics is a branch of technology that deals with many applications. Audio electronics, video electronics, digital, medical up to weapons and banking are covered by the influence of electronics. There are quite a number of components used in the application of electronics. To name a few of these electronic components are resistors, capacitors, inductors and semi-conductors. TYPES OF RESISTORS Wire-wound Film Carbon-composition resistors Precision Metal-film Resistors in band CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 26 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Variable Resistor (Slide type) Variable Resistor (Rotary type) The most commonly used electronic components in the field are known as resistors. Resistor is a discrete component that offers opposition to the flow of current. Resistors have different types in accordance with the material used like carbon-composition and the wire- wound resistor. According to construction, we have the fixed resistor and the variable resistor. Resistors are very common and are the cheapest electronic components in the market for so many years. Their features are so interesting and are very colorful. That’s why resistors are very popular among students studying electronics. One distinct feature of this resistance - giving component is the way its value is determined. It uses a set of colors which follows a code for its assumed resistance expressed in OHMS. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 27 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 28 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education RESISTOR COLOR CODING CHART COLORS 1ST BAND 2ND BAND MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE BLACK ___ 0 1 BROWN 1 1 10 RED 2 2 102 ORANGE 3 3 103 YELLOW 4 4 104 GREEN 5 5 105 BLUE 6 6 106 VIOLET 7 7 ____ GRAY 8 8 ____ WHITE 9 ____ 9 GOLD ____ _____ 0.1 ± 5% SILVER ____ _____ 0.01 ± 10 % NO COLOR ____ ____ ____ ± 20% EXAMPLE:. 1. BROWN - BLACK - BROWN - GOLD / / / / 1 0 X 10 ± 5% 10 X 10 = 100 OHMS ± 5% 2. Yellow – Violet – Yellow - Silver / / / / 4 7 10000 ± 10% 47 x 10000 = 470,000 Ohms ± 10% or 470K ohms ±10% CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 29 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Much Have You Learned? Self-Check 1.1 Directions: Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer. Write the letter only. 1. What is the value of a resistor with the following colors: Green - Black- orange - Gold? A) 500 Ohms ± 5% C) 50K ohms ± 5% B) 5K Ohms ± 5% D) 500 K Ohms ± 5% 2. What is the color of the tolerance representing ± 5%? A) Gold B) Black C) Orange D) Silver 3. 5 in the second band of the resistor color coding means A) Brown B) Green C) Red D) Yellow 4. Which component is a discrete type? A) Power IC B) Regulator IC C) Resistor D) Digital IC 5. Resistor is a component that resists the flow of _____________. A) Current B) Capacitance C) Power D) Voltage Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 30 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Do You Apply What You Have Learned? Show that you learned something by doing this activity Operation Sheet 1.1 Materials: 10 pieces - Carbon resistors, 1 watt, assorted values 1 pc - Resistor Tabulation form Procedure: 1. Arrange the resistors on a piece of styrofor in random manner. 2. Identify the colors of the resistors one by one and record them in the resistor tabulation form. 3. Compute for the resistance value of each resistor by following the color coding scheme. 4. Write the value of the resistance in the tabulation form. 5. Arrange the resistors in such a way that the value is in ascending manner. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 31 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Resistor Tabulation Form 1st band 2nd band 3rdband Coded Over-all Tolerance Value Color/value Color/value multiplier value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 32 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Well Did You Perform? Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely. Remember it is your learning at stake! Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubrics honestly and sincerely. Remember it is your learning at stake  With perfect score of 10 ………………………….. 5  With 1 mistake …………………………………….. 4  With 2 – 3 mistakes…………………………………3  With 4 – 5 mistakes ……………………………….. 2  With more than 5 mistakes ………………………. 1 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 33 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Performance Test. Learner's Name Date Competency: Test Attempt 1st 2nd 3rd Directions: OVERALL EVALUATION Level CALL TEACHER and ask him Achieved PERFORMANCE LEVELS / her to assess your performance in the following 4 - Can perform this skill without supervision and critical task using the with initiative and adaptability to problem performance criteria below situations. 3 - Can perform this skill satisfactorily without You will be rated based on the assistance or supervision. overall evaluation on the right side. 2 - Can perform this skill satisfactorily but requires some assistance and/or supervision. 1 - Can perform parts of this skill satisfactorily, but requires considerable assistance and/or supervision. Teacher will initial level achieved. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS For acceptable achievement, all items should receive a "Yes" or Yes No N/A "N/A" response. 1. Can recite the colors of the color coding chart in order without looking at the chart. 2. Can identify the first color of the carbon resistor. 3. Can interpret equivalent numerical value of each color in the chart 4. Can calculate the color coded value of the resistor. 5. Can give the over-all value of the resistor after calculation. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 34 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Carry out measurement and calculation PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Appropriate measuring instruments are selected to achieve required outcome.  Accurate measurements are obtained for job specifications.  Calculations needed to complete work task are performed using four fundamental operations.  Instruments are read to the limit accuracy of the tool. What Do You Already Know? Let us determine how much you already know about carrying out measurement and calculation. Take this test. Pretest LO 2 Directions: Multiple Choice. Choose the best option. Write the letter only. 1. What is the item in the color coding scheme that allows the color-coded value to deviate to a certain extent? A) Multiplier C) Limitation B) Body color D) Tolerance 2. What is the decimal equivalent of 10%? A).01 C) 1.0 B) 0.1 D) 10 3. What is 10% of 220? A) 210 C) 22 B) 2.2 D) 11 4. What Is the maximum deviation of a 220ohms + 10% tolerance? A) 230ohms C) 224 ohms B) 242 ohms D) 236 ohms CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 35 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 5. What is the minimum deviation of – 10% tolerance of the same resistor cited in no. 4? A) 90 ohms C) 190 ohms B) 198 ohms D) 210 ohms What Do You Need To Know? Read Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check. Information Sheet 2.1 Resistor color coded value is not absolute. The real resistance of the resistor is sometimes lower or higher than its color coded value but not to exceed its tolerance level. Tolerance is the limit on how far the real value of the resistor can deviate from its color coded value. It can be more or less but subjected to a tolerable limit. In the color coding chart there is a column for tolerance. Color gold is + or – 5%, silver is + or – 10 %, and the no color means + or – 20%. Procedure in interpreting the tolerance of resistor 1. Identify the tolerance color of the resistor being analyzed. Assuming the color is gold which has a value of + or – 5%. 2. Convert the percentage into its decimal equivalent. 5% is equivalent to.05 3. Compute for the percentage of the color coded value. Assuming that the color coded value is 100 ohms ± 5%. So 100 x.05 = 5 4. For the + side, add 5 to the color coded value of 100. 100 + 5= 105 ohms That is the maximum deviation for that resistor. Beyond that, the resistor will not be fitted for the circuit which requires such tolerance. 5. For the – side, deduct 5 from the color coded value of 100. 100 – 5 = 95 ohms That will be the minimum deviation for that particular resistor. Far beyond that the resistor will be considered to be defective. 6. Finally the value of the resistor with colors brown- black- brown – gold is 100 ohms with a deviation of +5 or -5. (95 ohms -105 ohms) CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 36 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Much Have You Learned? Self-Check 2.1 Directions: Choose the best option. Write the letter only. 1. What is the minimum resistance of a 100 ohm resistor with 10% tolerance? A) 90 ohms C) 190 ohms B) 190 ohms D) 210 ohms 2. What Is the maximum value of a 220 ohm resistor with a + 10% tolerance? A) 230ohms C) 224 ohms B) 242 ohms D) 236 ohms 3. What is 10% of 220? A) 210 C) 22 B) 2.2 D) 11 4. What is the decimal equivalent of 5%? A).01 C) 1.0 B).05 D) 10 5. The band in the color coding scheme that permits the value to deviate to a certain extent? A) Multiplier C) Limitation B) Body color D) Tolerance Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 37 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Do You Apply What You Have Learned? Show that you learned something by doing this activity Operation Sheet 2.1 Objective: To compute for the tolerance ceiling of carbon resistors. Materials: 10pcs. Carbon resistors Paper and pencil Procedure: 1. Arrange resistors as done in the first operation. 2. Identify the tolerance color and record them in the resistor tabulation sheet. 3. Compute for the maximum value of the + tolerance. 4. Compute for the maximum value of the – tolerance. RESISTOR TABULATION SHEET Coded Maximum Minimum Colors value Tolerance value value CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 38 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Well Did You Perform? Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely. Remember it is your learning at stake!  With perfect score of 10 ………………………….5  With 1 mistake …………………………………….4  With 2 – 3 mistakes……………………………… 3  With 4 – 5 mistakes ………………………………2  With more than 5 mistakes ………………………1 Information Sheet 2.2 Resistor color coding gives us the color coded value of a given resistor as well as the maximum and minimum value as dictated by the tolerance but the actual resistance is still unknown to us. The actual value of the resistor and the recorded data will confirm the status of the resistor whether good or defective. OHMMETER Ohmmeter is a measuring instrument used to determine the resistance of a component or equipment. This instrument is a great help in knowing the actual resistance of the resistors we use in the two operation sheets. The commonly used ohmmeter in electro-electrical laboratories now nowadays is embedded in a multi-function testing instrument called the (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter ) VOM. For this discussion the VOM will be used but confined only to the ohmmeter section. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 39 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter (VOM) Parts of an Ohmmeter 1. Pointer. It is the most important part of the ohmmeter. It indicates the value of electrical quantity that has been measured. Pointer CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 40 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 2. Ohmmeter Scale- Nonlinear scale where reading of the resistance is based. It is usually found in the uppermost part of the VOM. Range Multiplier- The portion of the ohmmeter where the actual reading is being multiplied. Range Multiplier CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 41 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Zero Ohm Adjustment – It is the portion of the ohmmeter where it is adjusted when the pointer of the ohmmeter fails to point to zero. ZERO OHM ADJUST Test Probe- Serves as the input portion of the ohmmeter. Red test probe becomes positive in some instances, while the black one is negative. Test Probes CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 42 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education PROCEDURE ON HOW TO INTERPRET RESISTANCE READING IN AN OHMMETER 1. Know the value of individual calibration in the ohmmeter scale. An ohmmeter scale is nonlinear which means the value of one line or calibration may not be true to other lines. It is therefore proper to assign values to every line for proper and accurate interpretation As shown in the illustration, the scale can be divided into eight areas where individual treatment has to be made. Several mathematical computations will be involved to show the manner how values of individual lines are resolved. The areas involved are 0- 2, 2-10, 10 -20, 20-50, 50 – 100, 100- 200, 200 – 300, 300 – 500. Value of 1calibration = line distance / total calibrations involved For 0- 2: Line distance = 2 Total no. of cal = 10 Value of 1 line = 2/10 = 0.2 For 2-10: Line Distance = 8 Total no. of cal = 16 Value of 1line = 8/16 = 0.5 For 10-20: Line Distance = 10 Total no. of cal = 10 Value of 1line= 10 /10 = 1 For 20 -50: Line Distance = 30 Total no. of cal = 15 Value of 1 line = 30/15 = 2.0 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 43 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education For 50-100: Line Distance = 50 Total no. of cal = 10 Value of 1 line = 50/10 = 5.0 For 100 – 200: Line Distance = 100 Total no. of cal = 5 Value of 1 line = 100/5 = 20 For 200-300: Line Distance= 100 Total no. of lines = 2 Value of 1 line = 100/2 = 50 For 300–500: Line Distance = 200 Total no. of cal= 2 Value of 1 line = 200/2 = 100 2. Identify the appropriate range multiplier to be used Range multiplier is from R X 1, R X 10, R X 100, R X 1K, and R X 10K. 3. Connect the metallic part of the test probes and take note if the pointer points at zero. If not, adjust the zero ohm adjustment to zero. 4. Make the necessary resistance measurements. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 44 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Much Have You Learned? Self-Check 2.2 Direction: Choose the best answer. Write the letter only. 1. What is the instrument that is used to measure resistance? A) Ammeter C) Voltmeter B) Ohmmeter D) Wattmeter 2. From what part of the ohmmeter do you derive resistance reading? A) Range Multiplier C) Test Probes B) Reading Scale D) Pointer 3. What is the lowest range multiplier in an ohmmeter? A) RX 1 C) R X 100 B) R X 10 D) R X 1K 4. The reading scale of the ohmmeter is of what type? A) Horizontal C) Nonlinear B) Linear D) Vertical 5. In what instrument can you find the ohmmeter? A) Ammeter C) DMM B) Tube tester D) VOM Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 45 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Do You Apply What You Have Learned? Show that you learned something by doing this activity Operation Sheet 2.2 Tools and Materials: 1 unit Ohmmeter 1 pair Long nose pliers 10 pieces assorted value carbon resistors Directions: On a piece of paper (Resistor Tabulation Sheet), record the resistances of the 10 resistors following the procedure in resistance measurements. Compare the reading (measured value) with the color-coded value. RESISTOR TABULATION SHEET Color - Maximum Minimum Measured coded Tolerance Remarks Value Value Value Colors Value CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 46 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Well Did You Perform? Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely. Remember it is your learning at stake!  With perfect score of 10 ………………………….. 5  With 1 mistake …………………………………….. 4  With 2 – 3 mistakes…………………………………3  With 4 – 5 mistakes ………………………………...2  With more than 5 mistakes ………………………. 1 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 47 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education LEARNING OUTCOME 3 Maintain measuring instruments PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Measuring instruments are not dropped to avoid damage.  Measuring instruments are cleaned before and after using  Proper storage of instruments is undertaken according to the manufacturer’s specifications and standard operating procedure. Materials What Do You Already Know? Let us determine how much you already know about maintaining measuring instrument. Take this test. Pretest LO 3 Directions: Choose the best answer and write the letter only. 1. Which instrument serves as 3 measuring instruments in one? A) Audio Generator C) Signal Generator B) Oscilloscope D) VOM 2. Which device produces simple wave forms? A) Audio Amplifier C) Signal tracer B) VOM D) Signal Generator 3. Where is the function switch rested if an off position is not available In the VOM? A) 10VDC C) 100 VAC B) 50 VAC D) 250 VAC CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 48 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 4. Place instruments in a cool dry place and away from any ____________devices. A) Audio amplifiers C) Magnetic devices B) Other instruments D) Digital sources 5. What measuring instrument should be given regular check up by connecting it to power line? A) Capacitor Tester C) Oscilloscope B) DMM D) VOM ] What Do You Need To Know? Read Information Sheet 3.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check. Information Sheet 3.1 Measuring instruments in electronics are confined only to analog testers and sometimes digital millimeter. Either way the maintenance of these instruments is a priority in all electronics laboratory rooms. Electronic Measuring Instruments Aside from hand tools, measuring instruments are also needed for more accurate and quality output. In this connection, three of the most used instruments are presented here for you to be familiar with their uses and the proper way of maintaining them. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 49 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter. It is equipment that combines three functions: as a voltmeter that measures both ac and dc voltages; an ohmmeter that measures resistance; and milliammeter that measures small amount of dc current. As safety precautions in the maintenance of this instrument, the following should be observed: VOLT – OHM - Millimeter  Always rest the function switch at 250V AC, if an OFF position is not available in the instrument.  For current and voltage measurements, always set the function switch in the correct setting which is a little higher than the expected current or voltage present in the circuit.  Place the instrument in a cool dry place, away from any magnetic devices, and free from vibrations. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 50 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Oscilloscope. An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated CRO, for cathode-ray oscilloscope, oscope or scope) is a piece of electronic test equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time or of some other voltage (horizontal axis). OSCILLOSCOPE Signal generator. A signal generator is a device which produces simple waveforms. SIGNAL GENERATOR CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 51 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Such devices contain an electronic oscillator, a circuit that is capable of creating a repetitive waveform. These are typically used in simple electronics repair and design; where they are used to stimulate a circuit under test. Oscilloscope and signal generator should be given regular checkup for at least once a week by connecting them to the power line. This will help prevent their components from having moisture that might cause trouble in their circuits. In any activity involving skills, it is a standard procedure that you must always use the right tool or equipment properly that would fit in a particular task. In spite of this reminder or caution, some students abuse the use of tools and still practice the following common faults that must NOT be done. How Much Have You Learned? Self-Check 3.1 Direction: Choose the best answer and write the letter only. 1. What is the instrument that serves as 3 measuring instruments in one? A) Audio Generator C) Signal Generator B) Oscilloscope D) VOM 2. What is a device which produces simple wave forms? A) Audio Amplifier C) Signal tracer B) VOM D) Signal Generator 3. Where is the function switch rested if an off position is not available in the VOM? A) 10VDC C) !00 VAC B) 50 VAC D) 250 VAC 4. Place instruments in a cool dry place and away from any ____________ devices. A) Other instruments C) Magnetic devices B) Audio amplifiers D) Digital sources 5. What measuring instrument should be given regular checkup by connecting them to power line? A) Capacitor Tester C) Oscilloscope B) DMM D) VOM Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 52 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and relax a while then move on to the next lesson. Good luck! REFERENCES  Tan, Michael Q.; Gantalao, Fred T.; Lasala, Rommel M. Simple Electronics; Andes Mountain Printers; 2004  Enriquez, Marcelo T., Electronics Technology IV; Souvenir Publications, Inc. 2003  Grob, Bernard, Basic Electronics, 4th Edition; New York: McGraw-Hill Company, USA: 1982 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 53 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education LESSON 3 Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawings LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following: LO 1. identify different kinds of technical drawings; LO 2. interpret technical drawing; and LO 3. prepare/ make changes on electrical/ electronic schematics and diagrams. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 54 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Definition of Terms AC voltage - a voltage in which the polarity alternates Anode - the positive electrode or terminal of a device. The “P” material of a diode Bridge Rectifier - a circuit using four diodes to provide full-wave rectification. Converts AC voltage to a pulsating DC voltage Calibration – used to adjust the correct value of a reading with comparison to a standard value Color Code - set of colors used to indicate value of a component DC Power Supply - Set of colors used to indicate value of a component Diode - a two terminal device that conducts in only one direction Full Wave Rectifier - the rectifier that makes use of the full ac wave in both positive and negative half cycles Fuse - a device in the current path that melts or breaks when current protective exceeds a predetermined maximum value Half Wave Rectifier - a diode rectifier that converts AC to pulsating DC by eliminating either the negative or positive alternation of each input AC cycle Leakage - small undesirable flow of current through an insulator or dielectric Light Emitting Diode - a semiconductor diode that converts electric energy into electromagnetic radiation at a visible and near infrared frequencies when its PN junction is forward bias Output - terminal at which a component, circuit or piece of equipment delivers current, voltage or power Power Supply - electrical equipment used to deliver either AC or DC voltage Primary - first winding of a transformer winding that is connected to the source as opposed to secondary which is a winding connected to a load PCB - insulating board containing conductive tracks for circuit connections Rectification - process that converts alternating current to direct current Rectifier - diode circuit that converts AC to pulsating DC CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 55 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Regulated Power Supply - power supply that maintains a constant output voltage under changing load condition Rotary Switch - electromechanical device that has a rotating shaft connected to one terminal capable of making, breaking a connection to one or more other terminals Schematic Diagram - illustration of an electrical or electronic circuit with the components represented by their symbol Secondary - output winding of a transformer winding that is connected to a load Short Circuit - also called a short. Low resistance connection between two points in a circuit typically causing excessive current Solder - metallic alloy used to join two metal surfaces Soldering Iron - tool with an internal heating element used to heat surfaces being soldered to the point where the solder becomes molten Substrate - mechanical insulating support upon which a device is fabricated Switch - electrical device having two states, ON (closed) or OFF (open) Test - sequence of operations intended to verify the correct operation or malfunctioning of a piece of equipment or system Transformer - inductor with two or more windings Troubleshooting - systematic approach to locate the cause of a fault in an electronic circuit or system Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter - known as a multitester. A test equipment used to check AC, DC voltages, current in a circuit and resistance of any components out of the circuit CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 56 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Identifying different kinds of technical drawings PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Correct technical drawing is selected according to job requirements.  Technical drawings are segregated in accordance with the types and kinds of drawings. What Do You Already Know? Let us determine how much you already know about identifying different kinds of technical drawings. Take this test. Pretest LO 1 DIRECTIONS: Write the letter of the best answer on the space provided for before each number. Use another sheet of paper for your answer. ______ 1. A drawing instrument consisting of two parts namely the stock and the blade, joined together at right angles to each other by means of screws. A. L-square C. T-square B. Try square D. Protractor ______ 2. It is a combination of T-squares, scales, set squares, and protractors attached to a drawing board. A. Drafter C. Drawing set B. Electronic template D. French curve ______ 3. This device includes symbols for electronic and electrical design that can be traced using a drawing pencil. A. Triangular rule C. French curve B. Electronic manual D. Electronic template CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 57 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education ______ 4. It is a smooth board usually rectangular in shape provided with perfectly straight edge which is used as working edge on which the T-square is moved while making drawings. A. Drawing board C. T-square B. Breadboard D. Set of squares _______ 5. A drawing instrument with two legs hinged at one end and is used for drawing circles and arcs of circles. A. Drafting pen C. Technical pen B. Compass D. Protractor Criteria for Evaluating Results of Pre-Test 100%-skip the Learning Outcome and proceed to the next Learning Outcome 99%-below – Go through the Learning Outcome What Do You Need To Know? Read Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.1. Information Sheet 1.1 When you purchase a brand new appliance or equipment, it is very important that a diagram is included with the product to insure that there will be a reference material in case the appliance or equipment becomes defective. Shown in Fig. 1-1a is the schematic diagram of a 1-watt stereo audio amplifier, while Fig. 1-1b is its pictorial diagram. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 58 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Fig. 1-1a. Schematic diagram of the 1-watt stereo amplifier. Fig. 1-1b. Pictorial diagram of the 1-watt stereo amplifier. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 59 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education To produce a quality and marketable electronic diagram, you have to follow the Electronic Drafting Standards which is the process of illustrating various kinds of circuits and wiring systems. The most common graphical languages used in the illustration of components in circuits and wiring systems are block, schematic, wiring, and pictorial diagrams. Most symbols that you will encounter in laying out electronic diagrams are accepted as standard, but in some cases some manufacturers modify symbols and practices to suit a particular industrial policy while others use their own symbols to represent unique or special component and devices. D o you know that electronic symbols and their use in conjunction with recommended drafting practices have been developed through the years, and have been standardized by a number of different organizations? Among these are the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the Electronics Industries Association (IEA), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Schematic Symbols of Electronic Components Some of the electronic symbols that were mentioned earlier are shown in Fig. 1-2. You can use several electronic templates shown in Fig. 1-3 to help you in drawing these symbols. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 60 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Fig. 1-2. Schematic Symbols of Electronic Components. Fig. 1-3. Electronic templates Drawing instruments and their uses Drawing instruments are used in preparing accurate drawings. Quality drawing instruments can produce accurate and good and presentable drawings. Below is a list of some of the most common used drawing instruments and materials in electronic drafting. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 61 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 1. Drawing board. A smooth board usually rectangular in shape provided with perfectly straight edge which is used as working edge on which the T- square is moved while making drawings. 2. T-square. A T-square consists of two parts namely the stock and the blade joined together at right angles to each other by means of screws. The stock is made to slide along the working edge and the blade moves on the drawing board. The working edge of a T-square is used to draw parallel lines, vertical lines or inclined lines at 30 or 60 degrees. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 62 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 3. Drafting machine or drafter. In a drafting machine, the uses and advantages of T-squares, scales, set squares, and protractors are combined. One end of the drafter is clamped at the left top end of the drawing board by a screw provided in the drafter. 4. Set squares. Set squares are generally made from plastic material. They are triangular in shape with one corner, a triangle. A pair of set squares (30o- 60o) and 45o. They are used to draw lines at 30o, 60o and 45o to the vertical or horizontal. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 63 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 5. Protractor. Protractors are used to mark or measure angles between 0 and 180o. They are semicircular in shape and are made of plastic. Protractors with circular shape are capable of marking and measuring 0 to 360 o are also available in the market. 6. Drawing pencils. The accuracy and appearance of a drawing depends on the quality of pencil used to make drawing. The grade of a pencil lead is marked on the pencil. HB denotes medium grade. Increase in hardness is shown by the value put in front of H such as 2H, 3H, etc. Softer pencils are marked as 2B, 3B, and 4B etc. A pencil marked 3B is softer than 2B and pencil marked 4B is softer than 3B and so on. Beginning of a drawing may be made with H or 2H. For lettering and dimensioning, H or HB pencils are used. 7. Compass. Compass is used for drawing circles and arcs of circles. The compass has two legs hinged at one end. One of the legs has pointed needle fitted at the lower end where as the other end has provision for inserting pencil lead. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 64 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 8. Drawing pins and clips. These are used to fix the drawing sheet on the drawing board. 9. Electronic templates include symbols for electronic and electrical design that can be traced using a drawing pencil. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 65 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Much Have You Learned? Self-Check 1.1 DIRECTION: Draw at least five (5) drawing instruments, describe and give the function of each. Drawing instrument Description Use Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 66 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education What Do You Already Know? Let us determine how much you already know about the use farm tools and equipment. Take this test. Pretest LO 2.1 Directions: Match the electronic and electrical symbols in Column A with the corresponding descriptions in column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before each number. Column A Column B A. Capacitor ______ 1. B. Transistor ______ 2. C. Transformer ______ 3. D. Fuse ______ 4. E. Resistor F. Diode ______ 5. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 67 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education What Do You Need To Know? Read Information Sheet 1.2 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.2. Information Sheet 2.1 Resistor A resistor is a device with a known value of resistance. Its main function is to reduce voltage and to limit the flow of current in a circuit. This resistance is actually the opposition that a component or material offers to the flow of current. Resistance may or may not be useful in circuit/s. When too much current passes through a conductor, (solid, liquid, gas through which electrons pass easily) the resistance of the conductor may cause it to become hot. This, in turn, can create a fire hazard or cause the conductor to burn out. In this case, it is not desirable. In other cases, when it is placed intentionally in the circuit, it performs its specific task. Symbol of Resistor Fixed Variable Fixed Resistors It is a single value resistance, which remains the same under the normal condition. The two common kinds of fixed resistors are carbon resistor and film-type resistor. Carbon Resistor Film Resistor CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 68 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Variable Resistor Variable resistors are used when it is necessary to change the amount of resistance in a circuit. There are two common variable resistors, the potentiometer and rheostat. Generally a potentiometer is generally has carbon resistive element while the rheostat is generally made of resistance wire. Potentiometer Rheostat Both devices have a sliding arm that brings into contact with the resistance element. In most variable resistors the arm is attached to the shaft that can be adjusted Element changes. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 69 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education A potentiometer is commonly used as control device. It can be used to vary the value of voltage applied to a certain circuit such as in the amplifier, television, and different kinds of meter circuit. Resistor Power Rating Power rating of resistors changes with their sizes, the bigger the resistor the greater the wattages and the smaller the resistor the lesser the wattage. Different sizes of resistors are shown below which are drawn to the exact proportion. 1/8W 1/4W 1/2W 1W 2W Capacitor 5W A capacitor is a device that consists essentially of two conducting surfaces separated by a dielectric material like air, paper, mica, ceramic, glass, or Mylar. It makes it possible to store electric energy. Electrons are detained within a capacitor. This, in effect, is stored electricity. It is known as electrical potential or an electrostatic field. Electrostatic field hold electrons. When the increase of electrons becomes great enough, the electrical potentials are now ready to be discharged. The component is designed intentionally to have a definite amount of capacitance. This capacitance is a property that exists whenever insulating material permits the storage of electricity. It is measured in Farad (F) micro Farad (µF), nano Farad (nF), and picoFarad (pF). Characteristics of Capacitor: 1. It can store electric charge even though the voltage source is already disconnected. 2. It can discharge electrical voltages. Symbols of Capacitor OR Fixed Variable Polarized CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 70 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Common Types of Fixed Capacitor Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (polarized) Axial Leads Radial Leads Computer Grade Snap Mount Twist Lock Surface Mount Tantalum Capacitors (polarized) Solid Tantalum Solid Tantalum Foil Tantalum ( Axial Leads ) ( Radial Leads ) ( Axial Leads ) Wet Tantalum Surface Mount Dipped Tantalum Ceramic Capacitors Dip guard Monolithic Monolithic Disc (Axial Leads) (Radial Leads) Surface Mount Film Capacitors Polyester Polyester Polypropylene Polypropylene Polystyrene (Axial Leads) (Radial Leads) (Axial Leads) (Radial Leads) (Axial Leads) CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 71 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Variable capacitors used as tuning capacitor for radio receivers 1. Semiconductor Diodes Rectifier Zener LED 2. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) PNP NPN Pictorial Symbol CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 72 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 3. Integrated Circuit (IC) Pictorial Package CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 73 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Much Have You Learned? Self-Check 2.1 DIRECTION: Draw the schematic symbol and physical appearance of the following electronic components and give the function(s) of each (Table 1-1). Table 1-1 Electronic Components Type / Symbol Actual / Physical appearance Uses / Application 1. NPN Transistor 2. Zener diode 3. Polarized capacitor 4. Light-Emitting Diode (LED) 5. PNP transistor 6. Battery 7. Variable capacitor 8. Potentiometer Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 74 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Interpret Technical Drawings PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Components, assemblies or objects are recognized as required.  Dimensions of the key features of the objects depicted in the drawing are correctly identified.  Symbols used in the drawing are identified and interpreted correctly.  Drawing are checked and validated against job requirements or equipment in accordance with standard operating procedure. What Do You Already Know? Let us determine how much you already know about interpreting technical drawings. Take this test. Pretest LO 2 Direction: Answer the following questions. Write the letter of the best answer. 1. A geometric figure usually used to represent a stage in a block diagram. A. Rectangle C. Pentagon B. Circle D. Hexagon 2. It is the process of illustrating various kinds of circuits and wiring systems. A. Reference designation C. Freehand drawing B. Electronic Drafting D. Mechanical drawing 3. It shows the relationship between the various component groups or stages in the operation of the circuit. A. Wiring diagram C. Pictorial diagram B. Block diagram D. Schematic diagram 4. Another name for connection diagram. A. Wiring diagram C. pictorial diagram B. Block diagram D. schematic diagram CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 75 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 5. It is a picture or a sketch drawn to show the component of a circuit and how These components are connected together. A. Wiring diagram C. Pictorial diagram B. Block diagram D. Schematic diagram Criteria for Evaluating Results of Pre-Test 100%-skip the Learning Outcome and proceed to the next Learning Outcome 99%-below – Go through the Learning Outcome What Do You Need To Know? Read Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 2.1. Information Sheet 2.1 All electronic circuits from the simplest to the most complex design need diagrams to be used as reference in designing, modifying, and troubleshooting the circuit. The most common used electronic diagrams are schematic, pictorial, wiring, and block diagrams. Each one of these diagrams has its own unique characteristics in presenting the circuit. The different diagrams that you should be familiar with are the following: Pictorial diagram - It shows the pictures of the actual components and wiring connections although it does not provide the exact size of components. It shows exact shape in proportion to the actual component or device. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 76 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Pictorial Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply Block Diagram – This form usually uses block of squares, rectangles or triangles to represent components, group of components or units of equivalent. Block diagrams are particularly used to represent internal components of an integrated circuit. POWER DIODES OR RECTIFIERS FILTER CIRCUIT REGULATOR TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT Block Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply Schematic diagram - It shows the components used in their interconnection. Each graphic symbol is also accompanied with a reference designation to distinguish it from other similar symbols. It does not illustrate the physical size, shape or chassis location of the component parts and devices. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 77 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education Schematic Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply (power transformer is NOT shown) Wiring diagram – It shows wiring connection in a simplified, easy to follow manner. It may show either internal or external connections or both and is usually drawn as simple as possible to trace out the connection of a circuit. The components of the circuit are identified by name or are represented by means of pictorial illustrations that do not follow any well- defined standard form. Wiring diagram of a selector switch for different input multi-media equipment CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 78 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education How Much Have You Learned? Self-Check 2.1 DIRECTIONS: Shown below are different electronic diagrams. Write the name of the diagram in the space provided for at the bottom of each diagram. 1.______________________ 2.______________________ 3.______________________ 4.______________________ 5.______________________ Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 79 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education LEARNING OUTCOME 3 Prepare electronic diagrams PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Electrical/ electronic schematic diagrams are drawn and correctly identified.  Correct drawing are identified, equipment are selected and used in accordance with job requirements What Do You Already Know? Let us determine how much you already know about preparing electronic diagrams. Take this test. Pretest LO 3 Direction: Answer the following questions. Write the letter of the correct answer in the space provided for. 1. If the Greek letter Omega (Ω) appears in a schematic diagram, the component value being represented is a A. capacitor C. transformer B. transistor D. resistor 2. The labels of a capacitor C1A and C1B in a diagram are examples of _____. A. designated letters C. subscript letters B. suffix letters D. coefficient letters 3. These types of lines are used on schematic diagrams to show a mechanical linkage between components. A. Dashed lines C. Thick lines B. Medium lines D. Thin lines CONSUMER ELECTRONICS SERVICING 80 K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 4. One of these is NOT given in a schematic diagram A. Wiring specifications C. Actual appearance of components B. Point-to-point resistance values D. Operating instructions 5. The symbols on a schematic diagram are arranged

K to 12 Electronics Learning Module PDF

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