jsut renal quiz.docx

\#\#\# Quiz 1 1\. \*\*Which of the following is the primary functional unit of the kidney?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Nephron \- C) Collecting duct \- D) Renal pelvis 2\. \*\*What is the main process occurring in the glomerulus?\*\* \- A) Secretion \- B) Filtration \- C) Reabsorption \- D)...

\#\#\# Quiz 1 1\. \*\*Which of the following is the primary functional unit of the kidney?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Nephron \- C) Collecting duct \- D) Renal pelvis 2\. \*\*What is the main process occurring in the glomerulus?\*\* \- A) Secretion \- B) Filtration \- C) Reabsorption \- D) Excretion 3\. \*\*Which of the following is a key marker of renal function?\*\* \- A) Serum Sodium \- B) Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) \- C) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- D) Serum Potassium 4\. \*\*What role does the afferent arteriole play in renal blood flow?\*\* \- A) Carries blood away from the glomerulus \- B) Supplies blood to the glomerulus \- C) Regulates urine output \- D) Absorbs nutrients 5\. \*\*Which of the following substances is used as an exogenous marker to measure GFR?\*\* \- A) Serum Creatinine \- B) Inulin \- C) Urea \- D) Cystatin C 6\. \*\*Which kidney structure is primarily responsible for reabsorption?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Loop of Henle \- C) Distal convoluted tubule \- D) Proximal convoluted tubule 7\. \*\*What does a reduction in GFR typically indicate?\*\* \- A) Improved kidney function \- B) Reduced kidney function \- C) Increased blood flow \- D) Decreased protein intake 8\. \*\*Which of the following is an endogenous marker commonly used to estimate GFR?\*\* \- A) Urea \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Albumin \- D) Glucose 9\. \*\*What effect does constriction of the efferent arteriole have on GFR?\*\* \- A) Decreases GFR \- B) Increases GFR \- C) No effect on GFR \- D) Reduces renal blood flow 10\. \*\*Which of the following is a regulatory function of the kidney?\*\* \- A) Regulation of blood glucose \- B) Regulation of electrolytes \- C) Production of digestive enzymes \- D) Production of red blood cells 11\. \*\*What does the term \'autoregulation\' refer to in renal physiology?\*\* \- A) The ability of the kidney to regulate its own blood flow \- B) The regulation of blood pressure by the brain \- C) The regulation of urine output by the bladder \- D) The regulation of blood glucose by the liver 12\. \*\*Which hormone is primarily involved in increasing GFR through constriction of the efferent arteriole?\*\* \- A) Renin \- B) Angiotensin II \- C) Aldosterone \- D) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 13\. \*\*What is the primary purpose of measuring serum creatinine in renal function tests?\*\* \- A) To measure glucose levels \- B) To assess renal filtration ability \- C) To measure protein levels \- D) To assess liver function 14\. \*\*Which part of the nephron is involved in the fine regulation of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?\*\* \- A) Proximal convoluted tubule \- B) Loop of Henle \- C) Distal convoluted tubule \- D) Collecting duct 15\. \*\*Which of the following is a consequence of reduced renal blood flow?\*\* \- A) Increased GFR \- B) Decreased GFR \- C) Increased urine production \- D) Increased sodium reabsorption 16\. \*\*Which of the following is the most accurate method to directly measure GFR?\*\* \- A) Serum Creatinine \- B) Inulin clearance \- C) Cystatin C levels \- D) Urea clearance 17\. \*\*What role do prostaglandins play in the kidney?\*\* \- A) Increase GFR by dilating afferent arterioles \- B) Decrease GFR by constricting efferent arterioles \- C) Reduce urine output \- D) Increase sodium reabsorption 18\. \*\*Which of the following factors can lead to a false elevation of serum creatinine?\*\* \- A) High protein diet \- B) Low muscle mass \- C) Dehydration \- D) Excessive water intake 19\. \*\*Which of the following describes the filtration fraction?\*\* \- A) The ratio of GFR to renal plasma flow \- B) The ratio of urine output to GFR \- C) The ratio of sodium reabsorption to filtration \- D) The ratio of serum creatinine to urine creatinine 20\. \*\*Which renal structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of renin?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Macula densa \- C) Juxtaglomerular cells \- D) Proximal tubule \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. B) Nephron 2\. B) Filtration 3\. B) Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) 4\. B) Supplies blood to the glomerulus 5\. B) Inulin 6\. D) Proximal convoluted tubule 7\. B) Reduced kidney function 8\. B) Serum Creatinine 9\. B) Increases GFR 10\. B) Regulation of electrolytes 11\. A) The ability of the kidney to regulate its own blood flow 12\. B) Angiotensin II 13\. B) To assess renal filtration ability 14\. C) Distal convoluted tubule 15\. B) Decreased GFR 16\. B) Inulin clearance 17\. A) Increase GFR by dilating afferent arterioles 18\. C) Dehydration 19\. A) The ratio of GFR to renal plasma flow 20\. C) Juxtaglomerular cells \-\-- \#\#\# Quiz 2 1\. \*\*Which component of the nephron is primarily responsible for filtering blood?\*\* \- A) Proximal tubule \- B) Loop of Henle \- C) Glomerulus \- D) Collecting duct 2\. \*\*Which of the following is a primary function of the kidneys?\*\* \- A) Blood glucose regulation \- B) Filtration of waste products from the blood \- C) Production of digestive enzymes \- D) Regulation of blood oxygen levels 3\. \*\*Which marker is most commonly used to estimate renal function?\*\* \- A) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Serum Sodium \- D) Serum Potassium 4\. \*\*What does the term \'glomerular filtration rate\' (GFR) refer to?\*\* \- A) The amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli per minute \- B) The amount of urine produced per hour \- C) The rate of sodium reabsorption in the kidneys \- D) The rate of blood flow through the renal artery 5\. \*\*Which of the following can lead to a decrease in GFR?\*\* \- A) Constriction of the efferent arteriole \- B) Dilation of the afferent arteriole \- C) Dehydration \- D) Increased blood pressure 6\. \*\*Which part of the nephron is involved in the reabsorption of water and sodium?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Loop of Henle \- C) Distal tubule \- D) Collecting duct 7\. \*\*Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and water balance in the kidneys?\*\* \- A) Insulin \- B) Aldosterone \- C) Glucagon \- D) Parathyroid hormone 8\. \*\*Which of the following is an endogenous marker used to estimate GFR?\*\* \- A) Urea \- B) Inulin \- C) Serum Creatinine \- D) Glucose 9\. \*\*What effect does an increase in blood pressure have on GFR?\*\* \- A) Decreases GFR \- B) Increases GFR \- C) No effect on GFR \- D) Decreases renal blood flow 10\. \*\*Which of the following is a function of the kidney\'s autoregulation mechanism?\*\* \- A) Maintain a constant GFR despite changes in blood pressure \- B) Regulate the pH of the blood \- C) Control the concentration of urine \- D) Adjust the heart rate 11\. \*\*Which of the following markers is less sensitive to changes in GFR and thus less reliable in early detection of kidney dysfunction?\*\* \- A) Serum Creatinine \- B) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- C) Cystatin C \- D) Inulin clearance 12\. \*\*What does the macula densa detect that triggers the release of renin?\*\* \- A) Blood glucose levels \- B) Sodium chloride concentration \- C) Blood oxygen levels \- D ) Potassium concentration 13\. \*\*Which of the following processes occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?\*\* \- A) Filtration of blood \- B) Secretion of waste products into the filtrate \- C) Reabsorption of glucose and amino acids \- D) Concentration of urine 14\. \*\*Which of the following would likely lead to an increase in GFR?\*\* \- A) Constriction of the afferent arteriole \- B) Increased sodium reabsorption \- C) Dilation of the efferent arteriole \- D) Increased cardiac output 15\. \*\*Which of the following is a potential consequence of reduced renal perfusion?\*\* \- A) Increased GFR \- B) Decreased sodium excretion \- C) Increased urine output \- D) Increased protein reabsorption 16\. \*\*What is the primary purpose of measuring Cystatin C in renal function tests?\*\* \- A) To assess liver function \- B) To measure blood glucose levels \- C) To estimate GFR \- D) To monitor blood pressure 17\. \*\*Which structure in the nephron is primarily responsible for the concentration of urine?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Proximal convoluted tubule \- C) Loop of Henle \- D) Distal convoluted tubule 18\. \*\*What effect does renin have on blood pressure and GFR?\*\* \- A) Decreases blood pressure and GFR \- B) Increases blood pressure and GFR \- C) No effect on blood pressure or GFR \- D) Decreases blood pressure and increases GFR 19\. \*\*Which of the following is used to calculate creatinine clearance?\*\* \- A) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Urine output \- D) Serum Sodium 20\. \*\*Which of the following is true regarding the filtration process in the kidneys?\*\* \- A) All substances in the blood are filtered equally \- B) Large molecules like proteins are easily filtered \- C) Only waste products are filtered by the kidneys \- D) Filtration occurs under high pressure in the glomerulus \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. C) Glomerulus 2\. B) Filtration of waste products from the blood 3\. B) Serum Creatinine 4\. A) The amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli per minute 5\. C) Dehydration 6\. B) Loop of Henle 7\. B) Aldosterone 8\. C) Serum Creatinine 9\. B) Increases GFR 10\. A) Maintain a constant GFR despite changes in blood pressure 11\. B) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 12\. B) Sodium chloride concentration 13\. C) Reabsorption of glucose and amino acids 14\. D) Increased cardiac output 15\. B) Decreased sodium excretion 16\. C) To estimate GFR 17\. C) Loop of Henle 18\. B) Increases blood pressure and GFR 19\. B) Serum Creatinine 20\. D) Filtration occurs under high pressure in the glomerulus \-\-- \#\#\# Quiz 3 1\. \*\*Which of the following is the primary function of the kidneys in the body?\*\* \- A) Production of insulin \- B) Excretion of waste products \- C) Regulation of blood pH \- D) Production of digestive enzymes 2\. \*\*What does an increased serum creatinine level indicate about renal function?\*\* \- A) Improved kidney function \- B) Reduced kidney function \- C) Increased urine output \- D) Decreased blood pressure 3\. \*\*Which process occurs in the glomerulus during urine formation?\*\* \- A) Secretion of waste \- B) Filtration of blood \- C) Reabsorption of sodium \- D) Concentration of urine 4\. \*\*Which of the following best describes GFR?\*\* \- A) The rate at which the kidneys reabsorb sodium \- B) The volume of filtrate produced per minute by the kidneys \- C) The total urine output per hour \- D) The rate at which blood flows through the kidneys 5\. \*\*Which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?\*\* \- A) Insulin \- B) Aldosterone \- C) Renin \- D) Parathyroid hormone 6\. \*\*Which of the following is a direct effect of angiotensin II on the kidneys?\*\* \- A) Dilates afferent arterioles \- B) Increases sodium excretion \- C) Constricts efferent arterioles \- D) Inhibits renin release 7\. \*\*Which part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of water reabsorption?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Proximal convoluted tubule \- C) Distal convoluted tubule \- D) Collecting duct 8\. \*\*What is the role of the macula densa in renal physiology?\*\* \- A) Senses changes in blood pressure \- B) Regulates calcium reabsorption \- C) Detects sodium chloride concentration in the filtrate \- D) Produces erythropoietin 9\. \*\*Which of the following is a key marker for assessing GFR?\*\* \- A) Serum Calcium \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- D) Serum Potassium 10\. \*\*Which of the following is the most common endogenous marker used to estimate GFR?\*\* \- A) Serum Sodium \- B) Inulin \- C) Cystatin C \- D) Serum Creatinine 11\. \*\*What effect does dilation of the afferent arteriole have on GFR?\*\* \- A) Decreases GFR \- B) Increases GFR \- C) No effect on GFR \- D) Increases sodium reabsorption 12\. \*\*Which of the following describes the function of the loop of Henle?\*\* \- A) Filtration of blood \- B) Concentration of urine \- C) Reabsorption of glucose \- D) Secretion of waste products 13\. \*\*Which of the following hormones is involved in the regulation of GFR?\*\* \- A) Parathyroid hormone \- B) Aldosterone \- C) Angiotensin II \- D) Insulin 14\. \*\*What does an increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) typically indicate?\*\* \- A) Improved kidney function \- B) Decreased protein intake \- C) Reduced kidney function \- D) Increased urine output 15\. \*\*Which structure in the nephron is involved in the regulation of blood pressure?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Macula densa \- C) Proximal convoluted tubule \- D) Distal convoluted tubule 16\. \*\*Which of the following is true about the autoregulation of GFR?\*\* \- A) It maintains GFR constant despite changes in systemic blood pressure \- B) It increases GFR when blood pressure increases \- C) It decreases GFR when blood pressure decreases \- D) It does not involve the afferent arteriole 17\. \*\*Which of the following is a major determinant of serum creatinine levels?\*\* \- A) Liver function \- B) Muscle mass \- C) Blood glucose levels \- D) Protein intake 18\. \*\*What is the primary role of the efferent arteriole in renal blood flow?\*\* \- A) Supplies blood to the glomerulus \- B) Drains blood from the glomerulus \- C) Filters blood \- D) Reabsorbs sodium 19\. \*\*Which of the following is commonly used to evaluate renal function in clinical practice?\*\* \- A) Serum Calcium \- B) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- C) Serum Creatinine \- D) Serum Potassium 20\. \*\*Which of the following factors can lead to an increase in serum creatinine levels?\*\* \- A) Decreased muscle mass \- B) Increased muscle mass \- C) Increased protein intake \- D) Dehydration \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. B) Excretion of waste products 2\. B) Reduced kidney function 3\. B) Filtration of blood 4\. B) The volume of filtrate produced per minute by the kidneys 5\. C) Renin 6\. C) Constricts efferent arterioles 7\. B) Proximal convoluted tubule 8\. C) Detects sodium chloride concentration in the filtrate 9\. B) Serum Creatinine 10\. D) Serum Creatinine 11\. B) Increases GFR 12\. B) Concentration of urine 13\. C) Angiotensin II 14\. C) Reduced kidney function 15\. B) Macula densa 16\. A) It maintains GFR constant despite changes in systemic blood pressure 17\. B) Muscle mass 18\. B) Drains blood from the glomerulus 19\. C) Serum Creatinine 20\. B) Increased muscle mass \-\-- \#\#\# Quiz 4 1\. \*\*Which of the following is the main excretory function of the kidney?\*\* \- A) Excretion of carbon dioxide \- B) Excretion of waste products \- C) Excretion of hormones \- D) Excretion of glucose 2\. \*\*What does a low GFR typically indicate about kidney function?\*\* \- A) Normal kidney function \- B) Improved kidney function \- C) Reduced kidney function \- D) Increased urine output 3\. \*\*Which of the following processes occurs first in urine formation?\*\* \- A) Secretion \- B) Reabsorption \- C) Filtration \- D) Excretion 4\. \*\*What is the role of the afferent arteriole in the kidney?\*\* \- A) Regulates urine output \- B) Supplies blood to the glomerulus \- C) Carries blood away from the glomerulus \- D) Reabsorbs nutrients 5\. \*\*Which of the following substances is an exogenous marker used to measure GFR?\*\* \- A) Serum Creatinine \- B) Inulin \- C) Urea \- D) Albumin 6\. \*\*Which of the following best describes the function of the glomerulus?\*\* \- A) Concentration of urine \- B) Filtration of blood \- C) Secretion of waste products \- D) Reabsorption of sodium 7\. \*\*Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing GFR by constricting the efferent arteriole?\*\* \- A) Renin \- B) Angiotensin II \- C) Aldosterone \- D) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 8\. \*\*Which part of the nephron is primarily involved in reabsorption?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Loop of Henle \- C) Proximal convoluted tubule \- D) Collecting duct 9\. \*\*Which of the following is a primary function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?\*\* \- A) Regulation of blood pressure \- B) Production of red blood cells \- C) Regulation of blood pH \- D) Production of digestive enzymes 10\. \*\*Which of the following is a key marker used to estimate GFR?\*\* \- A) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Serum Potassium \- D) Serum Sodium 11\. \*\*Which of the following processes occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?\*\* \- A) Filtration of blood \- B) Reabsorption of glucose \- C) Secretion of waste products \- D) Concentration of urine 12\. \*\*Which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?\*\* \- A) Insulin \- B) Aldosterone \- C) Renin \- D) Parathyroid hormone 13\. \*\*Which of the following can lead to a decrease in GFR?\*\* \- A) Constriction of the efferent arteriole \- B) Dilation of the afferent arteriole \- C) Dehydration \- D) Increased blood pressure 14\. \*\*Which of the following is the primary site of water reabsorption in the nephron?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Proximal convoluted tubule \- C) Distal convoluted tubule \- D) Collecting duct 15\. \*\*What is the effect of angiotensin II on the efferent arteriole?\*\* \- A) Dilates the efferent arteriole \- B) Constricts the efferent arteriole \- C) No effect on the efferent arteriole \- D) Increases sodium reabsorption 16\. \*\*Which of the following describes the filtration process in the kidneys?\*\* \- A) Filtration occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule \- B) Filtration occurs under high pressure in the glomerulus \- C) Filtration occurs in the collecting duct \- D) Filtration only occurs during urine excretion 17\. \*\*Which of the following is an effect of decreased renal blood flow on GFR?\*\* \- A) Increased GFR \- B) Decreased GFR \- C) Increased sodium excretion \- D) Increased urine output 18\. \*\*Which of the following substances is used as a marker for kidney function?\*\* \- A) Serum Glucose \- B) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- C) Hemoglobin \- D) Serum Potassium 19\. \*\*Which of the following is true about the kidney's role in regulating blood pressure?\*\* \- A) The kidney decreases blood pressure by releasing insulin \- B) The kidney increases blood pressure by releasing renin \- C) The kidney has no role in regulating blood pressure \- D) The kidney regulates blood pressure by releasing glucose 20\. \*\*Which of the following factors can affect serum creatinine levels?\*\* \- A) Muscle mass \- B) Blood glucose levels \- C) Serum sodium levels \- D) Heart rate \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. B) Excretion of waste products 2\. C) Reduced kidney function 3\. C) Filtration 4\. B) Supplies blood to the glomerulus 5\. B) Inulin 6\. B) Filtration of blood 7\. B) Angiotensin II 8\. C) Proximal convoluted tubule 9\. A) Regulation of blood pressure 10\. B) Serum Creatinine 11\. B) Reabsorption of glucose 12\. C) Renin 13\. C) Dehydration 14\. B) Proximal convoluted tubule 15\. B) Constricts the efferent arteriole 16\. B) Filtration occurs under high pressure in the glomerulus 17\. B) Decreased GFR 18\. B) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 19\. B) The kidney increases blood pressure by releasing renin 20\. A) Muscle mass \-\-- \#\#\# Quiz 5 1\. \*\*Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for filtering blood?\*\* \- A) Proximal convoluted tubule \- B) Glomerulus \- C) Loop of Henle \- D) Collecting duct 2\. \*\*Which of the following is a primary function of the kidneys?\*\* \- A) Excretion of waste products \- B) Production of insulin \- C) Regulation of blood oxygen levels \- D) Production of digestive enzymes 3\. \*\*Which of the following is most commonly used to estimate renal function?\*\* \- A) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Serum Sodium \- D) Serum Potassium 4\. \*\*Which of the following is a potential effect of dehydration on renal function?\*\* \- A) Increased GFR \- B) Decreased GFR \- C) Increased urine output \- D) Decreased blood pressure 5\. \*\*Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and water balance in the kidneys?\*\* \- A) Insulin \- B) Aldosterone \- C) Glucagon \- D) Parathyroid hormone 6\. \*\*Which of the following processes occurs in the glomerulus?\*\* \- A) Secretion of waste \- B) Filtration of blood \- C) Reabsorption of sodium \- D) Concentration of urine 7\. \*\*Which of the following is the most accurate method to directly measure GFR?\*\* \- A) Serum Creatinine \- B) Inulin clearance \- C) Cystatin C levels \- D) Urea clearance 8\. \*\*Which of the following markers is less sensitive to changes in GFR and thus less reliable in early detection of kidney dysfunction?\*\* \- A) Serum Creatinine \- B) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- C) Cystatin C \- D) Inulin clearance 9\. \*\*Which of the following is an effect of constriction of the efferent arteriole on GFR?\*\* \- A) Decreases GFR \- B) Increases GFR \- C) No effect on GFR \- D) Reduces renal blood flow 10\. \*\*Which of the following describes the function of the loop of Henle?\*\* \- A) Filtration of blood \- B) Concentration of urine \- C) Reabsorption of glucose \- D) Secretion of waste products 11\. \*\*Which of the following is a function of the kidney's autoregulation mechanism?\*\* \- A) Maintain a constant GFR despite changes in blood pressure \- B) Regulate the pH of the blood \- C) Control the concentration of urine \- D) Adjust the heart rate 12\. \*\*Which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?\*\* \- A) Insulin \- B) Aldosterone \- C) Renin \- D) Parathyroid hormone 13. \*\*Which of the following processes occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?\*\* \- A) Filtration of blood \- B) Reabsorption of glucose and amino acids \- C) Secretion of waste products \- D) Concentration of urine 14\. \*\*Which of the following describes the filtration process in the kidneys?\*\* \- A) Filtration occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule \- B) Filtration occurs under high pressure in the glomerulus \- C) Filtration occurs in the collecting duct \- D) Filtration only occurs during urine excretion 15\. \*\*Which of the following is a consequence of reduced renal blood flow?\*\* \- A) Increased GFR \- B) Decreased sodium excretion \- C) Increased urine output \- D) Increased protein reabsorption 16\. \*\*Which structure in the nephron is primarily responsible for the concentration of urine?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Proximal convoluted tubule \- C) Loop of Henle \- D) Distal convoluted tubule 17\. \*\*Which of the following is true about the autoregulation of GFR?\*\* \- A) It maintains GFR constant despite changes in systemic blood pressure \- B) It increases GFR when blood pressure increases \- C) It decreases GFR when blood pressure decreases \- D) It does not involve the afferent arteriole 18\. \*\*Which of the following is a major determinant of serum creatinine levels?\*\* \- A) Liver function \- B) Muscle mass \- C) Blood glucose levels \- D) Protein intake 19\. \*\*Which of the following is used to calculate creatinine clearance?\*\* \- A) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Urine output \- D) Serum Sodium 20\. \*\*Which of the following factors can lead to a false elevation of serum creatinine?\*\* \- A) High protein diet \- B) Low muscle mass \- C) Dehydration \- D) Excessive water intake \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. B) Glomerulus 2\. A) Excretion of waste products 3\. B) Serum Creatinine 4\. B) Decreased GFR 5\. B) Aldosterone 6\. B) Filtration of blood 7\. B) Inulin clearance 8\. B) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 9\. B) Increases GFR 10\. B) Concentration of urine 11\. A) Maintain a constant GFR despite changes in blood pressure 12\. C) Renin 13\. B) Reabsorption of glucose and amino acids 14\. B) Filtration occurs under high pressure in the glomerulus 15\. B) Decreased sodium excretion 16\. C) Loop of Henle 17\. A) It maintains GFR constant despite changes in systemic blood pressure 18\. B) Muscle mass 19\. B) Serum Creatinine 20\. C) Dehydration \-\-- \#\#\# Quiz 6 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a primary function of the kidneys?\*\* \- A) Regulation of blood glucose \- B) Excretion of waste products \- C) Production of digestive enzymes \- D) Regulation of blood oxygen levels 2\. \*\*Which of the following best describes GFR?\*\* \- A) The rate at which the kidneys reabsorb sodium \- B) The volume of filtrate produced per minute by the kidneys \- C) The total urine output per hour \- D) The rate at which blood flows through the kidneys 3\. \*\*Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for the majority of water reabsorption?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Proximal convoluted tubule \- C) Distal convoluted tubule \- D) Collecting duct 4\. \*\*Which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?\*\* \- A) Insulin \- B) Aldosterone \- C) Renin \- D) Parathyroid hormone 5\. \*\*Which of the following is a key marker for assessing GFR?\*\* \- A) Serum Calcium \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- D) Serum Potassium 6\. \*\*Which of the following is the most common endogenous marker used to estimate GFR?\*\* \- A) Serum Sodium \- B) Inulin \- C) Cystatin C \- D) Serum Creatinine 7\. \*\*What effect does dilation of the afferent arteriole have on GFR?\*\* \- A) Decreases GFR \- B) Increases GFR \- C) No effect on GFR \- D) Increases sodium reabsorption 8\. \*\*Which of the following describes the function of the loop of Henle?\*\* \- A) Filtration of blood \- B) Concentration of urine \- C) Reabsorption of glucose \- D) Secretion of waste products 9\. \*\*Which of the following is a consequence of reduced renal blood flow?\*\* \- A) Increased GFR \- B) Decreased sodium excretion \- C) Increased urine output \- D) Increased protein reabsorption 10\. \*\*Which of the following factors can affect serum creatinine levels?\*\* \- A) Muscle mass \- B) Blood glucose levels \- C) Serum sodium levels \- D) Heart rate 11\. \*\*What is the role of the macula densa in renal physiology?\*\* \- A) Senses changes in blood pressure \- B) Regulates calcium reabsorption \- C) Detects sodium chloride concentration in the filtrate \- D) Produces erythropoietin 12\. \*\*Which of the following describes the filtration process in the kidneys?\*\* \- A) Filtration occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule \- B) Filtration occurs under high pressure in the glomerulus \- C) Filtration occurs in the collecting duct \- D) Filtration only occurs during urine excretion 13\. \*\*Which of the following is a direct effect of angiotensin II on the kidneys?\*\* \- A) Dilates afferent arterioles \- B) Increases sodium excretion \- C) Constricts efferent arterioles \- D) Inhibits renin release 14\. \*\*What effect does an increase in blood pressure have on GFR?\*\* \- A) Decreases GFR \- B) Increases GFR \- C) No effect on GFR \- D) Decreases renal blood flow 15\. \*\*Which of the following is used to calculate creatinine clearance?\*\* \- A) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Urine output \- D) Serum Sodium 16\. \*\*Which structure in the nephron is primarily responsible for the concentration of urine?\*\* \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Proximal convoluted tubule \- C) Loop of Henle \- D) Distal convoluted tubule 17\. \*\*Which of the following hormones is involved in the regulation of GFR?\*\* \- A) Parathyroid hormone \- B) Aldosterone \- C) Angiotensin II \- D) Insulin 18\. \*\*Which of the following is true about the autoregulation of GFR?\*\* \- A) It maintains GFR constant despite changes in systemic blood pressure \- B) It increases GFR when blood pressure increases \- C) It decreases GFR when blood pressure decreases \- D) It does not involve the afferent arteriole 19\. \*\*Which of the following is commonly used to evaluate renal function in clinical practice?\*\* \- A) Serum Calcium \- B) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- C) Serum Creatinine \- D) Serum Potassium 20\. \*\*Which of the following factors can lead to an increase in serum creatinine levels?\*\* \- A) Decreased muscle mass \- B) Increased muscle mass \- C) Increased protein intake \- D) Dehydration \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. B) Excretion of waste products 2\. B) The volume of filtrate produced per minute by the kidneys 3\. B) Proximal convoluted tubule 4\. C) Renin 5\. B) Serum Creatinine 6\. D) Serum Creatinine 7\. B) Increases GFR 8\. B) Concentration of urine 9\. B) Decreased sodium excretion 10\. A) Muscle mass 11\. C) Detects sodium chloride concentration in the filtrate 12\. B) Filtration occurs under high pressure in the glomerulus 13\. C) Constricts efferent arterioles 14\. B) Increases GFR 15\. B) Serum Creatinine 16\. C) Loop of Henle 17\. C) Angiotensin II 18\. A) It maintains GFR constant despite changes in systemic blood pressure 19\. C) Serum Creatinine 20\. B) Increased muscle mass \-\-- \#\#\# Short Answer Questions \*\*Pros and Cons\*\* 1\. \*\*What is one key advantage of using inulin clearance to measure GFR?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Inulin clearance provides a highly accurate and direct measure of GFR because inulin is freely filtered and not reabsorbed or secreted by the kidneys. 2\. \*\*Identify one disadvantage of using serum creatinine as a sole marker for assessing renal function.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Serum creatinine levels can be influenced by factors such as muscle mass, diet, and hydration status, which can lead to inaccurate assessments of renal function if used alone. 3\. \*\*What is a major benefit of using cystatin C over serum creatinine to estimate GFR?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Cystatin C is less affected by muscle mass and other extrarenal factors, making it a more reliable indicator of GFR, particularly in elderly or malnourished patients. 4\. \*\*List one con of using the Cockcroft-Gault formula for estimating creatinine clearance.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* The Cockcroft-Gault formula can be less accurate in patients with extremes of body size, such as those who are obese or underweight, leading to potential misestimation of renal function. \*\*Tests Used\*\* 5\. \*\*What test is commonly used to estimate GFR in clinical practice?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Serum creatinine is commonly used to estimate GFR, often calculated using formulas such as the MDRD or CKD-EPI equations. 6\. \*\*Describe the purpose of measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in assessing renal function.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* BUN is used to assess renal function as it reflects the ability of the kidneys to excrete urea, a waste product of protein metabolism, although it is less specific and sensitive compared to GFR. 7\. \*\*Which test is used to assess the concentration ability of the kidneys?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* The urine osmolality test is used to assess the kidneys\' ability to concentrate urine, which reflects the function of the nephron, particularly the loop of Henle and collecting ducts. 8\. \*\*Name one test used to assess renal function that is not influenced by muscle mass.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Cystatin C is a test used to assess renal function and is not influenced by muscle mass, providing a more accurate estimate of GFR in various patient populations. \*\*What is Meant by These Terms\*\* 9\. \*\*What is meant by 'glomerular filtration rate (GFR)'?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* GFR is the rate at which blood is filtered through the glomeruli of the kidney, serving as a key indicator of kidney function. 10\. \*\*Define 'autoregulation' in the context of renal physiology.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Autoregulation refers to the kidney\'s ability to maintain a constant GFR and renal blood flow despite changes in systemic blood pressure, primarily through adjustments in the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles. 11\. \*\*Explain the term 'filtration fraction'.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* The filtration fraction is the ratio of the GFR to the renal plasma flow, representing the proportion of plasma that is filtered through the glomeruli to form urine. 12\. \*\*What does 'tubular reabsorption' refer to in kidney function?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Tubular reabsorption is the process by which the nephron reabsorbs water and solutes from the filtrate back into the blood, essential for maintaining body fluid and electrolyte balance.