JP4_3 Ch 4 Edit.docx

EXECUTING JOINT BULK PETROLEUM OPERATIONS Introduction DOD bulk petroleum inventories consist of PWRS and OS. These inventories exist to support logistic requirements and are sized to cover a range of military operations. They take into account economic resupply, safety levels, unobtainable inventor...

EXECUTING JOINT BULK PETROLEUM OPERATIONS Introduction DOD bulk petroleum inventories consist of PWRS and OS. These inventories exist to support logistic requirements and are sized to cover a range of military operations. They take into account economic resupply, safety levels, unobtainable inventory, and deliberate planning requirements. As such, they are created to provide optimal peacetime and contingency support. Two key joint bulk petroleum reports are the REPOL and POLCAP. The details of these reports are described in Chapter II, “Joint Bulk Petroleum Responsibilities.” During execution, the bulk petroleum logistician must track key reports in the planning phase and review them in the execution phase. One of these key reports is the commander’s critical information requirements. It provides the bulk petroleum logistician with the critical data the commander uses to measure success. Other key reports are friendly forces after-action reports; intelligence assessments; unit availability reports; intransit asset visibility; and HN and contracting partner capability reports. As the execution phase continues to mature and eventually conclude, all or portions of the operation will cease, and forces and equipment will be reallocated or even moved out of the theater. It is important for the bulk petroleum logistician to maintain awareness of these operations to support their proper conclusion and to assist in the reallocation of bulk petroleum resources. Joint Bulk Petroleum Logistics Execution The established infrastructure within a theater supports the supply and distribution of bulk petroleum. Stocks are moved from secure military or commercial sources to forward areas and terminals, as demand or plans require. The movement and redistribution of assets are accomplished through a joint effort involving the CCMDs, Service components, and DLA Energy, interfacing with USTRANSCOM components for product movement outside the operational area. In the early stages, the theater infrastructure may consist of only a minimal amount of HN commercial or military infrastructure supplemented by assets of a Marine air-ground task force or Army support area. Land- based customers request fuel from the Army component TSC, or another Service component organization or agency assigned as the lead Service for bulk petroleum support. The TSC provides operational oversight for bulk petroleum and normally includes a petroleum and water branch. The expeditionary sustainment command Class III and water branch is tasked to manage and account for theater bulk petroleum. It also coordinates tactical petroleum operations and QS of bulk petroleum in the theater. These organizations schedule movement of product forward based on a combination of available storage capacity (ullage), distribution assets, and planned or requested customer demands. In all theaters, direct support units may provide fuel on an area basis to some or all forces comprising a joint force or MNF. Actual procedures to accomplish the delivery of products to the end user depend on the sources of product and the conditions in the operational area. The theater normally has some HN assets available or theater support contracts (i.e., fuel sources, terminal facilities, pipelines, railways, and trucks) that should be used to the maximum extent possible to help offset US requirements. Because the capabilities of allies or coalition partners are theater unique, the JPO or SAPO is responsible for assessing these potential capabilities and integrating them into appropriate plans and operations. Figure IV-1 depicts normal land petroleum operations. Pipeline and/or Hose-Line Distribution. Pipelines are often the most economical and effective method of inland fuel distribution (e.g., the movement of bulk petroleum from base terminals and rear storage locations to the combat zone). A fully developed theater fuel distribution system may include ship discharge ports (with moorings and piping manifolds), seaside and inland fuel storage tanks, pump stations, and pipelines. Pipelines can be either the commercial-welded or coupled type or the military IPDS version. The rapidly installed type (hose-line or IPDS) is normally used for the initial phases of the operation while the more permanent commercial-welded pipe is used for later phases. Large-scale operations may justify the construction of coupled pipelines using the IPDS to move bulk petroleum forward from rear area storage locations, as illustrated in Figure IV-2. These lines may supplement existing Service or HN infrastructure pipelines. Airbases, intermediate staging bases, and operational locations deemed appropriate may also be serviced by pipeline systems when tactically feasible. The decision to deploy a tactical system should take into account the availability of resources to accomplish execution, sustainment, and security. Tactical pipeline systems require extensive commitment of resources for engineering, transportation, and security support that may be unavailable or better employed elsewhere. Hose lines may be used to service smaller or temporary, large-volume siteThese tactical transfer systems can quickly establish inland distribution of bulk petroleum. The pipeline system extends as far forward as possible, with hose-line extensions into sustainment brigade storage sites. However, the tactical plan should be considered before committing to extensive use of pipelines. Truck Distribution. In many cases, truck distribution may offer the tactical commander more flexibility in the distribution of fuel. This distribution may be accomplished through use of military, commercial assets, or a combination of both. Tactical Systems. A tactical tank farm consisting of collapsible fabric tanks is constructed at airbases or other locations, and supplied/resupplied by a myriad of systems (e.g., hose line, pipeline, railcar tankers, or tanker trucks). The airbases or other locations then employ tactical servicing systems that have hoses, pumps, and filters to issue the product to the end user. These tactical issuing locations must also have the capability to test the fuel to ensure quality is maintained. In a theater, in-place and operational tankage, on-hand product, road networks, rail lines, and easily traversed LOCs are not normally available. Bulk petroleum may need to be received via JLOTS operations to deliver fuel to tactical storage facilities located immediately ashore. The OPDS delivers fuel to a tactical or commercial terminal normally operated by a tactical pipeline and terminal operating unit, as reflected in Figure IV-3. The heavy expanded mobile tactical trucks, petroleum tanker trailers, and the tank rack modules, are the primary means for distributing fuel in modular brigade combat teams and support brigades. These provide the ability to rapidly establish a fuel distribution and storage capability at any location regardless of the availability of construction equipment or material handling equipment. The fuel system supply point (FSSP) provides for tactical receipt, storage, and issue of bulk petroleum. The FSSP consists of pumping assemblies, filter separators, discharge and suction hose, valves and fittings, tank volume meter, fuel additive injection assembly, flow meter assembly, wet wing defueling assembly and spill kits. The FSSP is a specially assembled group of components designed to be used by forward area personnel and can receive and issue fuel to and from USA, USAF, United States Marine Corps (USMC) and USN systems. The 800 thousand (k) FSSP is stored in Army pre- positioned stocks for contingency operations. Additionally, the modular FSSP is fielded in three different configurations (120k, 300k and 800k) systems. Some configurations have slightly different capabilities and equipment. Air Delivery. When LOCs are not secure or when operating in noncontiguous areas, Service component aircraft carrying fuel trucks, collapsible tanks, 500-gallon collapsible drums, or 55-gallon drums may be required to distribute fuel. The aerial bulk fuel delivery system (ABFDS) enables cargo aircraft to transport fuel to the tactical storage and issue systems, however, ABFDS missions are not a cost effective or efficient means of providing fuel resupply in support of large operations. Delivery amounts vary based on aircraft type, configuration, and runway capability. The tactical fuel distribution systems are typically air transportable and consist of collapsible tanks, hoses, filters, and pumps. The supply chain utilizing ABFDS is depicted in Figure IV-4. In addition, tanker and cargo aircraft can deliver fuel to airbase tactical systems depending on runway capability and the threat. Wet-wing defueling is transferring fuel from fixed-wing aircraft fuel tanks to collapsible fabric tanks or tank semitrailers. This method of bulk petroleum resupply allows the aircraft to carry an internal load of dry cargo plus aviation turbine fuel without requiring additional aircraft to provide fuel support. Wet-wing defueling can supplement other bulk petroleum delivery systems. Aircraft used in these defueling operations include the C-5, C-130, C-17, KC-10, and KC-135. CH53E and MV-22 aircraft can also provide wet-wing defueling/rapid ground refueling. Transporting fuel by air greatly limits the airlift available for other requirements and is only used when other delivery means cannot meet operational needs. Transporting fuel by air greatly increases operational costs and safety risks. Other Distribution. The pipeline system may be supplemented by other means of bulk delivery such as barges, rail tank cars, aircraft, bulk truck transports, and commercial distribution equipment provided by the host. These distribution systems are used to move products from the rear or intermediate areas to the multi-Service direct support echelons. Bulk truck transports commonly move fuel from terminals or corps area storage to the Service component direct support unit (i.e., petroleum support companies for the USA, bulk fuel companies for the USMC, base fuels flights for the USAF, and construction force units for the USN). Direct support units may be tasked to provide retail operations on an area support basis. Expanding Distribution. As theater requirements expand, IPDS may be installed depending on the volume of requirements, the expected duration of the employment, and the type of operation (e.g., foreign humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping). Other delivery means, operated either by military or commercial sources, such as tank trucks, barges, and aircraft, may be incorporated into the overall distribution system depending on road, river, or airport infrastructure. Airfield Operations. Fuels support equipment required for initial support of airfield operations will be determined based upon fuel support requirements, real estate availability, HNS, method of resupply, and other conditions. Initial support of airfield operations using refueling trucks may be sufficient at some locations. However, during Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, the USAF quickly realized the Vietnam-era air-transportable hydrant refueling system was not capable of efficiently supporting rapidly expanding aviation fuel requirements at most airfields. In order to address this situation, it deployed FORCE, which includes the use of larger diameter hoses, higher capacity pumps and filters, additive injection capability, and programmable logic control units to automatically adjust fuel flow rates and pressure requirements. The supply chain is depicted in Figure IV-5. Military Construction; Sustainment, Restoration, and Modernization; and Environmental Compliance DLA, through DLA Energy, establishes and maintains a DOD bulk petroleum distribution system and related programs in coordination with the Services and the CCMDs. DLA, Services, and CCMDs have interrelated responsibilities to plan and execute for MILCON, minor construction, operation of facilities, SRM, and environmental compliance of bulk storage and distribution facilities in support of the bulk petroleum management mission. The corresponding JPO should coordinate on SRM actions, DLA and Service-initiated MILCON affecting their AOR to ensure synchronization with contingency planning and execution. The CCMDs assist DLA with the selection and prioritization of its fuel MILCON and qualified SRM projects for petroleum facilities in their areas. The Services, after coordinating with the supported CCMD JPO, assist DLA in the selection and assignment of a priority to the petroleum MILCON projects identified for the DLA MILCON program. They also provide technical support to identify and execute projects for DLA-funded SRM and other qualified construction at the Services’ petroleum facilities. The JPO is notified of all repairs that will affect fuel storage and throughput for more than 48 hours.