Joints of the Upper Limbs (3) PDF

Joints of the upper limbs  Joints of the upper limb  Joints of the upper limb are divided into 2 groups: girdle joints and joints of the movable part.  Sternoclavicular joint is a synovial articulation between the sternal end of the clavicle and clavicular notch of th...

Joints of the upper limbs  Joints of the upper limb  Joints of the upper limb are divided into 2 groups: girdle joints and joints of the movable part.  Sternoclavicular joint is a synovial articulation between the sternal end of the clavicle and clavicular notch of the sternal manubrium. It is saddle, multiaxial joint, which contains additional element – articular disc.  Ligaments:  Sternoclavicular anterior and posterior ligg.(capsular)  Interclavicular lig.(capsular)  Costoclavicular lig. (extracapsular)  Acromioclavicular Joint is a synovial articulation between the acromial end of the clavicle and acromion of the scapula. It is gliding, multiaxial joint.  Ligaments:  Acromioclavicular lig. (capsular)  Coracoclavicular lig.(exstracapsular), which is divided into 2 parts: trapezoid lig. and conoid lig, attached to the clavicle. Acromioclavicular joint  SHOULDER - GLENOHUMERAL JOINT  The glenohumeral joint is a synovial articulation between the head of the humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula. It is ball and socket, multiaxial joint.  Additional elements: glenoid labrum, which surrounds glenoid fossa. Four bursae are associated with the shoulder joint. They are the subscapular bursa, subdeltoid bursa, subacromial bursa and subcoracoid bursa. Ligaments: Coracohumeral lig., glenohumeral superior, middle and inferior ligg.(capsular)  Tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle passes through the joint cavity.  Glenohumeral dislocations - The glenohumeral joint is the most mobile but least stable joint of the body, and dislocations are frequent. Rotator cuff muscles provide the greatest stability, supporting the joint anteriorly, posteriorly, and superiorly, but inferior support is lacking.  The majority of dislocations (90%) occur inferiorly, although most are labeled “anterior” dislocations based on the position of the displaced humeral head relative to the glenoid. These injuries can damage the axillary nerve and lead to a flattened shoulder profile.  Bursa is a sac-like structure presents in some synovial joints. - they are located between: - muscle and bone, tendon and bone, ligament and bone. Function of bursa: - to reduce the mechanical friction between two structures relative to each other ex:. between bone and extracapsular ligament. Subacromial bursa (shoulder joint)  Elbow Joint( Hinge, complex joint) It is made up of three separate synovial joints contained within a single joint capsule: 1. Humeroulnar joint (Hinge, trochlea and trochlear notch) 2. Humeroradial (ball-and socket, capitulum and head of the radius) 3. Radio-ulnar proximal joint (Pivot, radial ) Ligaments: Anular radial lig., collateral ulnar and collateral radial lig.  Elbow Joint – Hinge joint Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament Radial (lateral) collateral ligament Radial anular lidament  Radiocarpal joint is is a synovial articulation between the distal end of the radius and the carpal bones (scapoid, lunate, triquetrum). It is ellipsoid biaxial joint.  Additional elements: articular disc, which seperates the ulna from the joint.  Ligaments: collateral carpal ulnar, collateral carpal radial, radiocarpal dorsal and radiocarpal palmar ligg., ulnocarpal palmar lig.  Intercarpal joints are: mediocarpal joints, intecarpal joints, carpometacarpal joints.  Metacarpophalangeal joints(ball-and-socket, except I joint, which is hinge), interphalangeal proximal and distal joints.