Anatomy and Physiology of Muscular System PDF

Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. Prepared by: Niña Mae L. Sumilang, RN Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. Prepared by: Niña Mae L. Sumilang, RN  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc....

Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. Prepared by: Niña Mae L. Sumilang, RN Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. Prepared by: Niña Mae L. Sumilang, RN  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe similarities and differences in Define origin, insertion, prime mover, Demonstrate or identify the different Name and locate the major muscles of the structure and function of the three antagonist, synergist, and fixator as types of body movements. the human body and state the action of types of muscle tissue and indicate they relate to muscles. each. where they are found in the body. WHO HAS MORE MUSCLES?  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. MUSCULAR SYSTEM It is an organ system which is involved There are about 600 muscles which majorly in the movement of the body. roughly half make up the human’s body weight.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. MAJOR FUNCTIONS 1. Motion and body position stabilization 2. Heat generation 3. Respiration 4. Communication 5. Regulating organ, fluid movement, and volume  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSCLE 1. Skeletal Muscle 2. Smooth Muscle 3. Cardiac Muscle  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Cardiac Visceral Skeletal Muscle Muscle Muscle Present only Weakest of all Moving the in the heart muscle tissue body parts Supplies Causes that are blood all over contraction of connected to the body organs the bone Involuntary Smooth Voluntary muscle Muscle muscle Involuntary  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. STRUCTURES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE Striated muscle 40-45% of the body’s weight Consists of skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and adipose tissue Muscles are fibers covered with fascia which is attached to the bones by _______  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. STRUCTURES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE Muscle Fibers Long slender cells Fiber – thread-like structures Each muscle consists of a group of fibers held together by connective tissue and enclosed by a fibrous sheath Cell membrane of muscle fiber is called sarcolemma Covers, supports, and separates muscles Separates fascicles from each other Surrounds each muscle fiber TENDON – Narrow band of non-elastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. APONEUROSIS – very thin layer of connective tissue than attaches muscle to bones. It resembles tendons. They bring stability and strength to the body.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLE 1. Antagonistic muscle pair 2. Contraction and relaxation 3. Muscle innervation Kinesiology – study of muscular activity and the resulting movement of the body part  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLE PAIRS The action of a single muscle or group of muscles (agonist) is opposed by that of another muscle or group of muscles (antagonist). For example, the biceps brachii flexes (bends) the elbow, and the triceps brachii extends the elbow.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION Contraction – tightening of the muscle. As the muscle contracts, it becomes shorter and thicker causing the belly (center) of the muscle to enlarge  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION Relaxation – return to its original form. As it relaxes, it becomes longer and thinner. Muscle Tone – tonus; constant tension produced by body muscles. Responsible for keeping the back and legs straight; head upright.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. MUSCLE INNERVATION Motor neurons are nerve cells that stimulate muscles to contract. It generate action potentials that travel to skeletal muscle fibers. Acetylcholine – neurotransmitter present in synaptic vesicles. Neurotransmitters stimulate or inhibit postsynaptic cells.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. WHY DO WE EXPERIENCE TWITCHING?  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. RANGE OF MOTION Change of joint position produced by muscle movements These muscle motions occur as a pair. Abduction Flexion Elevation WHAT’S THE Rotation OPPOSITE? Supination Dorsiflexion  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. RANGE OF MOTION Hyperextension – extreme extension; beyond normal limit  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. RANGE OF MOTION Levator anguli oris – raises the corner of the mouth Depressor anguli oris – lowers the corner of the mouth  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. NOMENCLATURE Location Size Shape Orientation of fascicles Origin and insertion Number of heads Function  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. LOCATION SIZE Named for their location and Broad, narrow, large, or organs near them. small Gluteus minimus Gluteus maximus Longus (long) Brevis (short)  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SHAPE ORIENTATION Shaped like a familiar object Rectus (parallel) Oblique (lie at an angle to the Deltoid, Quadratus, Teres length of structure)  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ORIGIN & INSERTION Joining the name of the place of origin to the name of place of insertion Muscle Origin – where the muscle begins Muscle Insertion – where the muscle ends; more movable end or portion of the muscle; farthest from the midline Example: Sternocleidomastoid muscle  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. NUMBER OF HEADS Biceps has two heads and triceps muscle has three heads, FUNCTION Body movements Abduction, adduction  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Flexor carpi and extensor carpi Flexion and extension of wrist Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexion and adduction of hand at wrist joint Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexes middle and proximal phalanges Flexor carpi radialis Flexion and abduction of hand at wrist joint Extensor carpi radialis longus Extension and abduction of hand at wrist Extensor digitorum Extends distal and middle phalanges at each finger Extensor carpi ulnaris Extends and adducts hand at wrist Extensor digiti minimi Extend proximal phalanx of little finger  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Flexor carpi and extensor carpi Flexion and extension of wrist Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexion and adduction of hand at wrist joint Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexes middle and proximal phalanges Flexor carpi radialis Flexion and abduction of hand at wrist joint Extensor carpi radialis longus Extension and abduction of hand at wrist Extensor digitorum Extends distal and middle phalanges at each finger Extensor carpi ulnaris Extends and adducts hand at wrist Extensor digiti minimi Extend proximal phalanx of little finger  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. orbicularis oris Muscles that Create a circular muscle that moves the lips, Orbicularis oculi Facial Expression a circular muscle that closes the eye occipitofrontalis muscle moves up the scalp and eyebrows frontalis a muscle on the forehead occipitalis A muscle on the back head epicranial aponeurosis two bellies that are connected by a broad tendon buccinator compresses the cheek corrugator supercilii the prime mover of the eyebrows  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Muscles that move the eye Extrinsic Eye Muscle Controls the movement of the eye Originate outside the eye and insert onto the outer surface of the white of the eye.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Muscles that move mastication the lower jaw Chewing in anatomical terminology masseter the main muscle used for chewing because it elevates the mandible to close the mouth, temporalis Assists masseter and retracts the mandible  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Muscles that move genioglossus originates on the mandible and allows the tongue the tongue to move downward and forward styloglossus originates on the styloid bone, and allows upward and backward motion palatoglossus originates on the soft palate to elevate the back of the tongue hyoglossus originates on the hyoid bone to move the tongue downward and flatten it COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Digastric muscle Muscles of the work to elevate the hyoid bone and larynx when one swallows anterior neck Stylohyoid muscle moves the hyoid bone posteriorly, elevating the larynx Mylohyoid muscle lifts and helps press the tongue to the top of the mouth. Geniohyoid muscle depresses the mandible in addition to raising and pulling the hyoid bone anteriorly Omohyoid muscle depresses the hyoid bone Sternohyoid and throhyoid muscles elevates the larynx’s thyroid cartilage sternothyroid depresses hyoid to create different tones of voice. COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Muscles that move the head Digastric muscle work to elevate the hyoid bone and larynx when one swallows Stylohyoid muscle moves the hyoid bone posteriorly, elevating the larynx Mylohyoid muscle lifts and helps press the tongue to the top of the mouth.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Muscles of the Posterior Neck and the Back splenius muscles originate at the midline and run laterally and superiorly to their insertions splenius capitis inserts onto the head region splenius cervicis extends onto the cervical region. COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. external oblique Muscles of the closest to the surface, extend inferiorly and medially internal oblique abdomen extending superiorly and medially transversus abdominis arranged transversely around the abdomen, linea alba a white, fibrous band that is made of the bilateral rectus sheaths bilateral that joins at the anterior midline of the body. rectus abdominis originate at the pubic crest and symphysis, and extend the length of the body’s trunk. tendinous intersections bands of collagen fibers quadratus lumborum stabilize the rest of the body and maintaining posture.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Intercostal muscle external intercostal aid in inspiration of air during breathing because when they contract, they raise the rib cage, which expands it internal intercostal used for expiration because they draw the ribs together to constrict the rib cage innermost intercostal act as synergists for the action of the internal intercostals COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Muscles of the levator ani pelvic floor consists of two skeletal muscles most important muscle of the pelvic floor because it supports the pelvic viscera resists the pressure produced by contraction of the abdominal muscles aid in defecation and to the uterus to aid in childbirth COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Muscles of the urogenital triangle perineum The anterior which includes the external genitals anal triangle The posterior which includes the anus compressor urethrae and sphincter urethrovaginalis function to close the vagina deep transverse perineal muscle that plays a role in ejaculation.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Muscles that position the Anterior Posterior pectoral girdle Muscle Muscle subclavius trapezius pectoralis rhomboid minor major serratus rhomboid anterior minor  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Deltoid - creates the rounded lines of the Muscles that move shoulder; facilitates flexing and medial the humerus rotation; extension and lateral rotation Subscapularis - originates on the anterior scapula and medially rotates the arm Infraspinatus - abduct the arm laterally rotate the arm Teres major - extends the arm assists in adduction and medial rotation of it. Teres minor - laterally rotates and extends the arm Coracobrachialis - flexes and adducts the arm Rotator cuff - musculotendinous cuff  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Muscles that move the forearm triceps brachii and anconeus the extensors pronator teres, pronator quadratus and supinator the pronators biceps brachii crosses the shoulder and elbow joints to flex the forearm supinating the forearm at the radioulnar joints flexing the arm at the shoulder joint brachialis provides additional power in flexing the forearm brachioradialis can flex the forearm quickly or help lift a load slowly.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Gluteal Region Muscles That Move the Femur psoas major and iliacus makes up the iliopsoas group gluteal group some of the largest and most powerful muscles in the body gluteus maximus the largest in gluteal group gluteus medius deep to the gluteus maximus gluteus minimus deep to the gluteus medius and the smallest of the trio  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Muscles that move the feet and toes anterior compartment of leg they act to dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle joint lateral compartment of leg the function of the muscles is eversion – turning the sole of the foot outwards posterior compartment of leg produce ankle plantarflexion and toe flexion, with exception of the popliteus which acts on the knee  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. MEDICAL SPECIALTIES Orthopedic Surgeon – treats injuries and disorders involving joints, muscles, tendons Rheumatologist – treats disorders that involve inflammation of connective tissue including muscles Neurologist – treats cause of paralysis and similar muscular disorders  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. MEDICAL SPECIALTIES Orthopedic Surgeon – treats injuries and disorders involving joints, muscles, tendons Rheumatologist – treats disorders that involve inflammation of connective tissue including muscles Neurologist – treats cause of paralysis and similar muscular disorders COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. THANK YOU!