Jacqueline Urena-Bernabel's Greek and Persia Midterm Study Guide PDF

1 Greek and Persia Midterm Study Guide Greece - 1200 BCE - 323 BCE How does geography shape Greece? Vocab: See through text and Ms. Termini’s post Introduction and Myths - “Nature has created Greece as a land of trade, rather than a land of ‘self sufficiency’” - Myth: a traditional story, especi...

1 Greek and Persia Midterm Study Guide Greece - 1200 BCE - 323 BCE How does geography shape Greece? Vocab: See through text and Ms. Termini’s post Introduction and Myths - “Nature has created Greece as a land of trade, rather than a land of ‘self sufficiency’” - Myth: a traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events. - Homer and the Odyssey - Liliad author, poet and bard, around 800 BCE in East Greece - Ionia - Homeric Hymn to Demeter ​ - Writing at about the same time. Similar to Homer, these songs are sung at temples and other places of worship. Geography and Early Greeks - Greece is a peninsula with smaller peninsulas branching off the mainland. - Greece is also made up of many islands, and dominated by mountains that run to the sea. - Some important and key places in Greece are the Polis and Acropolis. - Greece is located in Europe - Rocky coasts made farming difficult, and made people settle in villages that were isolated with one another. - Greeks took to sea transportation and communication. - The Greeks became skilled shipbuilders and sailors. - As the Greeks traveled, they found resources of food and other products they needed to survive. - How is the way Greeks found food different with that of Mesopotamins, Egyptians, or Indians? Timelines and more Geography - 494 BC: Persians put down the Ionian bolt - 490 BC: Greeks defeat Persia at Marathon - During the Archaic Age, there was a political structure in 750-490 BCE - The Archaic Age was from 800-480 BC. The archaic period saw developments in Greek politics, economics, international relations, warfare and culture. It laid the groundwork for the Classical period, both politically and culturally. - The southern part of Greece is the Peloponnesus and is connected to the mainland by an isthmus. - About 2000 islands in the surrounding seas were part of Greece. - The largest island was Crete, southeast of the mainland. - Colonies of Ancient Greece spread across the seas and were located on the coasts of Northern Africa, Spain, Italy, and Asia Minor  2 Making Sense of Myth in Greek Geography - Keep in mind that the Greeks did NOT find ethics and morals from gods, but it was more of a “I do this for you, you do this for me” What are some conclusions you can draw about the Greek landscape and environment based on the story? - Influence and power of the gods resembled in this story → the Greek landscape and environment was full of many plants, crops, and fertile soil, with a nice climate. - Came an era during Greek civilization → Greeks faced many disasters (drought, arid land, unsuccessful harvest, and the possibility of the Greek civilization no longer ceasing to exist). - Evidence → Demeter’s affect on mortal life when she was angered by the gods. - At one point, Greeks moved around and/or natural occurrences caused the Greeks to experience more manageable seasons (fall, winter, spring, and summer), in which they could still grow crops and harvest food in an efficient way year-round → Greek civilization survives. - This is seen through the resolution of the story, as Zeus creates a compromise, in which Persephone stays with Hades for one third of the year, but stays with Persepohone and other mortals for two thirds of the year; Those thirds are most likely different seasons. After finally reaching a compromise, the hymn states Demeter returned crops, seeds, harvests, trees, fertile land, rain, and more things. - In the hymn, the Greeks use the gods to explain the reasons behind different natural occurrences and disasters What event is explained in this story? - The event explained in the story is the myth about Persephone and Hades, and Demeter’s journey/fight to get Persephone back, despite what the other immortal gods told her. - This story shows the dependency between immortals and mortals. -Summary: due to a compromise between Zeus and Hades, Persephone was kidnapped by Hades. Unfortunately, while Persephone did hope to be saved, it did take a while, as Demeter, who sought to look out for her, struggled to save her and, unfortunately, was not supported by the other gods. However, in her anger and fight to have her daughter returned, she no longer provided the mortals with beneficial natural resources, and caused great burdens for the Greek civilization. However, this affected the other gods, as less mortals meant less rituals and burnings, which badly affected the existence of the gods and their souls. Therefore, Zeus sent out Hermes to retrieve Persephone, but in saving her, Hades tricked Persephone into eating pomegranate seeds. Therefore, in other to reach a resolution, save human civilization and other gods, and to make Demeter cooperate, Zeus created a resolution in which Persephone would live with Hades for one third of the season, but for the other two thirds, she would be reunited with Demeter and the other immortals. What are Ancient Greek views on the gods - why are the gods worshipped? - The gods are worshipped because they all play extremely important roles in the lives of the Greeks. - They are viewed as powerful deities who have a lot of influence on individuals and the Greek civilization. What are some norms and values regarding marriage and gender relations that can be drawn from this story? - Additionally, throughout the story, most male gods are described in very dominant and powerful ways, while some of the female goddesses are just described for their beauty and some of their power. What makes Demeter and Hades powerful? - Demeter is extremely powerful, as her power affected both the mortals and the gods themselves. As stated before, when Demeter was angered by the other gods, she prevented the Greek mortals from  3 having fertile land, seeds, rain, irrigation, forms of nature, and good harvests, and took away many agricultural opportunities, causing the Greek civilization to cease to exist. As more mortals died, there were less available to offer offerings, burnings, and rituals to the other gods, taking away from the gods’ powers. - Hades is powerful, as the captivity of Persephone greatly angered Demeter, which affected all the mortals and immortals. Additionally, he bore powerful pomegranate seeds, which causes one to miss the underworld, and binded Persephone to spending one third of the year with him. Additionally, as the god of the underworld itself, he binds dead souls, and plays a great role in making sure they do not escape. - The powers and responsibilities between these two gods suggests that each plays a vital role between life and death and in a mortal’s life. Homeric Hymn to Demeter - Summary: Persephone is kidnapped by Hades and taken to the Underworld. Demeter’s sadness kills all the crops (she was the goddess of the harvest/grain and Persephone’s mother) so Hermes goes to rescue Persephone. Because Persephone ate pomegranate seeds from Hades, she must stay in the underworld for a few months of the year. Her absence means no flowers and Demeter’s loneliness kills the crops, which is why we have the seasons, winter specifically. What are key values we can take away from this? - Marriage: girls are married off, less equality, women didn’t have rights - Motherly values: Demeter won’t take anything in bribery, only her daughter → filial piety, women have more power in their older years - Hospitality: Hades offers fruit/other gifts to Persephone - Hospitality: Xenia Homer and the Odyssey What are some conclusions you can draw about the Greek landscape and environment based on the story? - “Mount Neriton’s leafy ridges shimmering in the wind. Around her a ring of islands circle side-by-side.” Greece was clearly filled with islands, as said in the slideshow Greece once had about 2000 islands. They must have been overgrown as well, judging by the word choice ‘leafy.’ - “Unsown, unplowed, the earth teems with all that they need, wheat, barley, and vines, swelled by the rains of Zeus to yield a big full-bodied wine.” Although a writer said Greece was a land of trade rather than self-sufficiency, I think it was both, since the materials/resources listed here could be used for trading but also farming and nourishment. - “Poseidon god of the earthquake smashed my ship, he drove it against the rocks at your island’s far cape, he dashed it against a cliff as the winds rode us in.” This shows the harsh ocean landscape surrounding Greece’s many islands. What are some Ancient Greek traditions and norms that are broken in this story? What are some Ancient Greek traditions and norms that are upheld in this story? - Offering to the gods: “Set our hands on the cheeses, offered some to the gods and ate the bulk ourselves.” However, this tradition is also broken, since Odysseus and his teammates ate the majority of the food rather than offering the majority, showing selfishness. - Respecting the gods: “Respect the gods, my friend” and “Must please King Zeus’ plotting heart.” The explorers uphold this value. However, the Cyclops break it: “We Cyclops never blink at Zeus,” showing his scorn for the gods.  4 - Offering ‘gifts’ to hosts: “I lifted a carved wooden bowl, brimful of my ruddy wine.” This is an act of politeness. However, the gift was used for Odysseus’ own gain rather than out of politeness, so I think his greediness breaks this tradition. - And, of course, conquests. What is Odysseus' most admirable attribute? Least admirable attribute? - Most admirable trait: Bravery. - He pursued despite the intimidating nature of the Cyclops. - Least admirable attribute: Greed for power. - He continues on his mission despite the death of many of his friends, showing how much he carelessly sacrifices to gain power and fame. What are words you would use to describe the Cyclops? - Monstrous: Due to the great size and appearance of a typical Cyclops. - Routinely: We see him do the same chores in the same order day after day. - Stubborn: He refuses to bend down to the gods despite many others doing so. - Ruthless: He brutally murders humans by cannibalism. City States (Polis): Unity and Diversity I. Intro ​ The Mediterranean and Aegean seas were as central to the development of Greek civilization as the Nile was to the Egyptians. ​ The ancient Greeks absorbed many ideas and beliefs from the older civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. ​ Greeks developed new ideas about how best to govern each individual Greek polis (POH lis) (city-state). II. Geography Shapes Greece 1. The earliest civilizations rose in fertile river valleys. There, strong rulers organized irrigation works (urban planning) that helped farmers produce food surpluses needed to support large cities. A very different set of geographic conditions influenced the rise of Greek civilization. 2. The Landscape Defines Political Boundaries a)​ Greece is part of the Balkan peninsula. Mountains divide the peninsula into isolated valleys. Beyond the rugged coast, hundreds of rocky islands spread toward the horizon. b)​ The Greeks who farmed the valleys or settled on the scattered islands did not create a large empire such as that of the Egyptians or Persians. -​ Instead, they built many small city-states, cut off from one another by mountains or water. Each included a city and its surrounding countryside. -​ Greeks fiercely defended the independence of their small city-states, and endless rivalry frequently led to war. 3. Life by the Sea a)​ While mountains divided Greeks from one another, the seas provided a vital link to the world outside.  5 -​ With its hundreds of bays, the Greek coastline offered safe harbors for ships. -​ The Greeks became skilled sailors and carried cargoes of olive oil, wine, and marble to parts throughout the eastern Mediterranean. -​ They returned not only with grains and metals but also with ideas, which they adapted to their own needs. For example, the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet to meet their needs. (Selective borrowing) b)​ By 750 B.C., rapid population growth forced many Greeks to leave their own overcrowded valleys. With fertile land limited, the Greeks expanded overseas. -​ Gradually, a scattering of Greek colonies took root all around the Mediterranean from Spain to Egypt. Wherever they traveled, Greek settlers and traders carried their ideas and culture. -​ (Checkpoint How did the sea contribute to Greek commerce? — expansion overseas, selective borrowing, and the use of ships allowed the Greeks to trade different items, while spreading their ideas and culture.) 4. Governing the City-States a)​ As their world expanded after 750 B.C., the Greeks evolved a unique version of the city-state, which they called the polis. -​ The polis was made up of a major city or town and its surrounding countryside. Typically, the city itself was built on two levels; On the top of a hill stood the acropolis, or high city, with great marble temples dedicated to different gods and goddesses. On flatter ground below lay the walled main city with its marketplace, theater, public buildings, and homes. b)​ The population of each city-state was fairly small, which helped the citizens, or free residents, share a sense of responsibility for its triumphs and defeats. -​ In the warm climate of Greece, free men spent much time outdoors in the marketplace, debating issues that affected their lives. -​ The whole community joined in festivals honoring the city's special god or goddess. -​ The rights of citizens were unequal, however; and male landowners held all the political power. 5. Types of Government Evolve Between a)​ Between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C., different forms of government evolved in Greece. At first, the ruler of the polis, like those in the river valley empires, was a king. A government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power is a monarchy. b)​ Slowly, however, power shifted to a class of noble landowners. Because only they could afford bronze weapons and chariots, these nobles were also the military defenders of the city-states. At first these landowners defended the king. In time, however, they won power for themselves. The result was an aristocracy, or rule by a hereditary landholding elite. -​ As trade expanded, a new middle class of wealthy merchants, farmers, and artisans emerged in some cities. -​ They challenged the landowning nobles for power and came to dominate some city-states. The result was a form of government called an oligarchy. In an oligarchy, power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite. 6. New Warfare Methods Shape Greece a)​ Changes in military technology increased the power of the middle class. By about 650 B.C., iron weapons replaced bronze ones.  6 -​ Since iron was cheaper, ordinary citizens could afford iron helmets, shields, and swords. b)​ Meanwhile, a new method of fighting emerged-the phalanx, a massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers. It required long hours of drill to master. Shared training created a strong sense of unity among the citizen-soldiers. c)​ By putting the defense of the city-state in the hands of ordinary citizens, the phalanx reduced class differences. The new type of warfare, however, led the two most influential city-states—Athens and Sparta—to develop very different ways of life. -​ While Sparta stressed military virtues and stern discipline, Athens glorified the individual and extended political rights to more citizens. III. Sparta: A Warrior Society 1.​ Dorians Invade a)​ Dorian invaders from the north conquered Laconia, in the southern part of the Peloponnesus (pel uh puh NEE sus). The Dorians settled here and built the city-state of Sparta. The invaders turned the conquered people into state-owned slaves, called helots, and made them work the land. -​ Because the helots greatly outnumbered their rulers, the Spartans set up a brutal system of strict control. b)​ The Spartan government included two kings and a council of elders who advised the monarchs. An assembly made up of all citizens approved major decisions. Citizens were male, native-born Spartans over the age of 30. The assembly also elected five ephors, or officials, who ran day-to-day affairs. 2. Daily Life Ruled by Discipline a)​ From childhood, a Spartan prepared to be part of a military state. Officials examined every newborn, and sickly children were abandoned to die. Spartans wanted future soldiers and the future mothers of soldiers to be healthy. -​ Ex of the Spartans military discipline (opposing Athens)At the age of seven, boys began training for a lifetime in the military. -​ Extra Info: While Ares is loved in Sparta, he didn't have any actual important cults there b)​ They moved into barracks, where they were toughened by a coarse diet, hard exercise, and rigid discipline. This strict and harsh discipline made Spartan youths excellent soldiers. -​ Ex: To develop cunning and supplement their diet, boys were even encouraged to steal food. If caught, though, they were beaten severely. c)​ Their dress code further added to their discipline. Persia - 559 B.C.E. to 331 B.C.E. What helped the Persian Empire gain strength? How did these rulers assert their power? Achaemenid Empire - The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 B.C.) was also called the First Persian Empire - It was the largest empire that the ancient world had seen, extending from Anatolia and Egypt across western Asia to northern India and Central Asia. Important Rulers of the Empire  7 - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) - ruled Persian Empire from 559-530 BCE (became an empire in 550 when they took over Media) - absolute authority, claimed to have blessing of the gods - cultural pluralism - Darius - ruled Persian Empire from 522-486 BCE - continued cultural pluralism - divided the empire into 20 satrapies - Launched war against the Greeks to stop city-states from revolting- lost - Xerxes - Son of Darius - vowed to teach Greeks a lesson after Battle of Marathon, started another war with the Greeks - NOTE: DARIUS AND XERXES BOTH CREATE INSCRIPTIONS How was the Persian Empire Organized - Trade was important and the royal road was its central nervous system - Merchants were guaranteed safety and access to markets. - Once a year, all citizens of Persia traveled to Persepolis for taxation and to pay homage to the emperor. - Loyalty was central to the success of this empire - The emperor appointed governors or satraps to administer the empire - These men often intermarried with the people they were responsible for. - They insured their safety and well-being and collected taxes. Why would cultural pluralism be useful in running an empire? -Cultural pluralism: when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their cultural identities, whereby their values and practices are accepted by the dominant culture, provided such are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society. - This would be useful in running an empire because it gave the Persian empire access to expertise resources, enhanced cultural exchange, and propaganda and legitimacy How might Zoroastrianism have helped to unite the empire? How did this religion inspire other religions? (SCROLL DOWN) - Key Questions: What is Zoroastrianism? Persian Empire: Read Ways of the World on the Persian Empire from p.101-104. 1.​ Irrigation System - Allowed for more agricultural activity and technological production 2.​ Canal Linking the Nile and the Red Sea - Greatly expanded commerce and enriched Egypt 3.​ Adaptation to foreign customs - Expansion of their empire and selective borrowing 4.​ Imperial Bureaucracy - Maintained the empire itself 5.​ Elaborate Imperial Centers - Reflected the immense wealth and power of the Persian empire 6.​ Predictable Taxes - Affects and benefits the economy, but is still organized 7.​ Standardized Coinage - Affects the economy with an organized form of currency  8 1.​ Administrative system- Satraps were placed in each province, and in further reaches of the empire, imperial spies were scattered. This helped show a greater sense of imperial presence and demanded the Persians to bend to their rulers. 2.​ Using selective borrowing- the Persians greatly respected other cultures and often admired them, and Persian tendency to view other cultures as models and borrow their ways helped create the foundation for an incredibly strong empire, fortifying their bureaucracy and court life as well as creating a sense of respect and welcomeness. 3.​ Infrastructure- the general standardization and new structures helped Persia become a thriving and strong empire on the whole and in its individuals. The standardized coins and taxes helped expand commerce, as well as the new canal that linked the Nile and the Red Sea. A ‘royal road’ helped greatly increase commerce and eased communication. 4.​ Imperial system- The Persian Imperial System was greatly larger than previous ones in both size and power, and was able to complete conquests efficiently, allowing for more cultural representation throughout the empire. 5.​ Respect- the respect the Persians had for non-Persian cultural traditions helped increase the state’s authority. The great representation helped individuals feel more included and drawn to their ruler. 6.​ Royal decree- introduced elaborate rituals to honor the kings as well as brought honor and prestige to the title of the ‘King’ as they were true monarchs. 7.​ Elaborate imperial centers- these reflected the great wealth and power the Persians had amassed, and drew great attention across the empire to workers and materials while also giving the impression of the strong imperial authority. Write a short paragraph explaining why you chose your top three choices. What makes these the most important achievements of the Persian Empire? My top three choices were the achievements of the Persian Empire’s irrigation system, their structural canal linking the Nile and the Red Sea, and the empire’s quick adaptation to foreign customs. These are the most important achievements of the Persian Empire because these achievements increased agricultural productivity and technological production, they expanded commerce and enriched the Egyptian economy, and the achievements expanded the empire, while allowing the empire to practice selective borrowing for their own benefit. Overall, all of these achievements brought extremely important benefits that are essential when it comes to an empire successfully sustaining itself. Zoroatism What evidence indicates that Zarathustra saw Ahura Mazda as the sole creator of the universe? - Within Zarathustra’s hymn to Ahura Mazda, he refers to him in ways that suggest that Ahura Mazda is the greatest deity of utmost power that should be worshipped. The praise and reference to Ahura Mazda contains evidence such as, “Who is the Father of Right? Who determined the path of sun and stars? Who is it by whom the moon waxes and wanes again?Who upheld the earth beneath and the firmament from falling? Who the waters and the plants? Who yoked swiftness to winds and clouds? What artist made light and darkness? What artist made sleep and waking? Who made morning, noon, and night, that call the understanding man to his duty?...” Within each example, Ahura Mazda is referred to when describing the creation of qualities and characteristics on Earth that affect people’s daily lives. In this case, according to Frederick Ferre’s characteristics of religion, Zarathustra uses the idea of religion and Ahura Mazda to  9 explain the idea and meaning of human history, the problem of evil (concerning the Liar), ethics, and a concept of the world. How does each person's life become a microcosm of the battle between Ahura Mazda and the Liar? - Each person’s life becomes a microcosm of the battle between Ahura Mazda and the Liar because the paths each person follows can contribute to a path of righteousness, or can contribute to a path of evil destiny. While it is believed that, in the end, Angra and his deavas will be defeated, some people may have souls afflicted by the deavas, while others will follow the Truth and the path of righteousness under their faith of Ahura Mazda. That is important, as this suggests that the whole universe is engaged in this competition between good and evil. How do we know that Zarathustra believed Ahura Mazda would ultimately triumph over evil? - We know that Zarathustra believed Ahura Mazda would ultimately triumph over evil because he believed under the right path, one can follow the influence of Good Thought, the Peity, and other spiritual entities that had always been created by Ahura to fight the battle against evil and the Liar. This gives insight as to why Zarathustra taught his disciples that Ahura Mazda required all humans to join in the cosmic struggle against Angra Mainyu. Although in duality and coeternal with Ahura Mazda, the Liar is considered to be nowhere near Ahura’s equal. Therefore, despite Angra’s efforts, the great entities of Ahura Mazda would prevail and guide one through a path of righteousness in order to defeat Angra and his deavas in the end. Does Zarathustra see his faith as only one of many paths to the truth or is it the Truth? - Zarathustra sees his faith as the Truth, as he believes that Ahura Mazda is the Great Deity that created everything on Earth, and has entities that help one go down a righteous path without embracing Angra and his deavas. He believed that Ahura Mazda was the sole and only God of creation and the supreme deity of the universe, and that Ahura was the source of all goodness alone, which was worthy of the highest worship. Therefore, suggesting that his faith in Ahura Mazda was the Truth. What is promised to those who serve Ahura Mazda faithfully?' What about those who do not accept and serve this god? - To those who serve Ahura Mazda faithfully, they will go down a path of righteousness, while soon achieving the promise of Welfare and Immortality, as well as receiving ten mares, a stallion, and a camel. Under Ahura’s faith, one will not go down the horrible path of the Liar, nor experience the forces of evil. Those who do not accept and serve this god will most likely follow a path of evil destiny, and will likely experience the sins and miseries of the universe, rather than experiencing a righteous path. How might Zoroastrianism have helped to unite the empire? How did this religion inspire other religions? →OPEN THIS VERY IMPORTANT LINK→ IMG_8803.HEIC IMG_8802.HEIC IMG_8801.HEIC What helped the Persian Empire gain strength? How did these rulers assert their power? Persepolis—What can the artifacts of this city tell us about the Persian Empire? - Persepolis is an emblem of the mighty power of the Persians. - The ruins of the Empire’s capital lie in the province of Faz in southern Iran. - The Archimania dynasty was established in 550 BC and became a vast empire stretching throughout  10 Persepolis, Persepolis itself taking 60 years to build during the reign of the 3 kings. - It was named the Gate of all Countries, because subject nations of the Empire would pass through it when visiting the kings (this goes back to the adaptability of the Persians!) - Within Persepolis, there are structures of bulls, which are the symbol of God’s support. - Persepolis was living proof of the culmination of the cultures. - The irrigation system was called the Canat, and an underground water network distributed the water to villages and farms. This allowed arid land to become more fertile without drying up. - The Persian Empire eventually clashed with Greece when Alexander the Great closed in on Persepolis and burnt it down in 330 BC. - The throne Hall records show many different pieces of evidence about the Persian empire at the empire's height. - Phoenician alphabet - Ethiopians jugs from africa - Equestrian people of Cynthia contributed to military - Ivories and gold from India - Camels were a token of loyal to Aracosia - Afghanistan's Aeni Dynasty rose to power, and became a mighty and power empire that lasted over two centuries. Archaic Greece (800-500 – Around before the rising Persian Empire) In a Nutshell Homer - By the time we start to see references to Homeric poems, the Homeric poems are traditional and somewhat religious. - Archaic Greece used the Homeric poems to illustrate points, derive rules, and the poetry was generally part of an everyday Greeks' intellectual baggage. - The Greeks thought of Homer as their history. They realized that there was a discontinuity between their society and Homeric society and called the time depicted in Homeric poems and other heroic sagas "the heroic age." Polis Emergence - In the Archaic age, the Greek polis emerges. The word polis is the root of our word "political," and is usually translated as "city-state," presumably because generally a polis consisted of a concentration of people in a little city and surrounding territory. - Ex: Sparta, were more a collection of villages. - City states are not completely and uniquely Greek - The "mythology" of the city-state, that is, the way the Greeks came to think of their organization, was uniquely Greek and it is what influenced later ages. - What actually happened is probably a combination of factors including colonization, rising wealth, new ideas about territory, monumental building (temples), geographical situations (each valley with its plain formed a nice political unit), funeral practice changes - It may be that the act of colonization spurred on the formation of a more tightly defined governmental system that was the polis. It is clear that the Greeks exported their governmental systems to their colonies. Colonization wave and Changes  11 - From about 750 on, the great intense wave of colonization occurred, probably not much caused by overpopulation, but by acquisitiveness, curiosity, and ambition. - In that same time, writing was reintroduced, coinage began, and stone temples began to be built (Note: they were not palaces). - Formal organs and rules of authority evolved in various places at various times laws and regulations began to usurp tradition. - There were few kingdoms (except in Sparta). - In Athens, the Basileus ("King") became largely a religious officer. These kings’ disappearance were not dramatic, as they were most likely just merely petty kings in the first place and their disappearance was not dramatic. - The assemblies and councils, all informal in the Homeric poems, became formal. - Fixed rules arose for selection and rotation of officers. Organization and Daily Life - The typical Greek community was small and independent. - It had an agora (marketplace and assembly ground) - It also had an acropolis (citadel to which the people could retreat in case of war). - It also had a territory that may have been clearly marked by outpost sanctuaries (some were, some were not). - Most had some sea frontage, and the sea was their road-system (Royal Road?) - In addition to the polis as an organizing unit, there were leagues (called "amphictyonies") of groups of city-states here and there in Greece. - There was likely one around the oracle at Delphi, there may have been one around Lefkandi, the Ionians of Asia Minor had a 12-city one. - These larger organizations were religious and served to unify quite loosely groups of Greeks. Keep in mind that we should NOT picture Greek religion as one single religion, but it nonetheless tied the Greeks together — Various versions of each god were worshipped at different places. - The Greeks appear to have tolerated these discrepancies well. Many poleis had some claim to religious importance, and they vied with each other. - Apollo was worshipped at Delos and Delphi in irreconcilable ways. - Eleusis and Sicily claimed to be the place where Demeter gave humans the gifts of agriculture. - Delos and Delphi both claimed Apollo. - Dodona and Crete both claimed Zeus. - Athens particularly claimed Athena as a patroness. [Open this link to read about the mythology between Athena and Poseidon's competition to become the city-state’s patron!: Link] - The myths gave the cities a history of sorts. The nobles claimed descent fromx gods or heroes, their festivals, cults, and beliefs were locally unique but tied into the overall system of Greek mythology with Zeus at the head and a group of "Olympians." - (As Herodotus the historian says "(Hesiod and Homer) first fixed for the Greeks the genealogy of their gods, gave the gods their titles, divided among them their honors and functions, and defined their images." (Herodotus II.53) That is Herodotus' opinion, and is not entirely correct, but it attests the Greeks' belief in their own religious unity in spite of a plurality of local traditions that were not all reconcilable with each other.) Unification of Greece  12 - The temples that began to be built in the Archaic era were not houses of worship, - but rather housed the cult statue and held the treasury and cult objects. - They also served as centers for games (the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean). - In addition to temples, other arts began to unify Greece. - Homeric poets traveled, and Homeric poems seem to have been pan-Hellenic (of, concerning, or representing all people of Greek origin or ancestry) - Towards the end of the Archaic era, in the second half of the 6th century, Athens captured the pottery market for most of the territory settled by Greeks: that shows a large and wide-spanning trade network - Mythological and other scenes were often depicted on the pottery from Athens, which will have further reinforced the unity of Greeks. - In all of this, although there certainly were preeminent leaders and aristocratic families, the temples, the art, and the culture was not like that of a palace culture of say Babylon. - There was not a strict hereditary succession, and the government and culture did not revolve around any single individual. - The Greeks thought of Homer as their history. They realized that there was a discontinuity, and called the time depicted in Homeric poems and other heroic sagas "the heroic age." Athens and Sparta Guiding Questions: How are Athens and Sparta different from each other? How are they each different from the other city-states? (Make a compare and contrast chart) Vocab: Tyranny in the Greek Polis - The aspirations of new industrialization and commercialization laid the groundwork for the rise of tyrants in the 7th and 6th centuries. - Greek tyrants were rulers who came to power in an unconstitutional way; a tyrant was not subject to the law. Many tyrants were actually aristocrats who opposed the control of the ruling aristocratic faction in their cities. - The support for the tyrants, however, came from the new rich who made their money in trade and industry, as well as from poor peasants who were becoming increasingly indebted to landholding aristocrats. - Both groups were opposed to the domination of polítical power by aristocratic oligarchies (oligarchy means "rule by the few"). - Once in power, the tyrants built new marketplaces, temples, and walls that not only glorified the city but also enhanced their own popularity. - Tyrants also favored the interests of merchants and traders. Despite these achievements, however, tyranny was largely extinguished by the end of the sixth century BCE, as the Greeks believed in the rule of law, and tyranny made a mockery of that ideal. - Though tyranny didn’t last, it played a significant role in the evolution of Greek history by ending the rule of narrow aristocratic oligarchies. Once the tyrants were eliminated, the door was opened to the participation of new and more people in governing the affairs of the community - This trend culminated in the development of democracy in some communities, in other states expanded oligarchies of one kind or another managed to remain in power. The Greeks  13 exhibited a variety of their governmental structures, the most important being Sparta and Athens. Sparta - Located in the southeastern Peloponnesus, Sparta, like other Greek states, faced the need for more land. Instead of sending its people out to found new colonies, the Spartans conquered the neighboring Laconians and later, beginning around 730 BCE, undertook the conquest of neighboring Messenia despite its larger size and population. - Messenia possessed a large, fertile plain ideal for growing grain. After its conquest in the seventh century BCE, the Messenians, like the Laconians earlier, were reduced to serfdom-they were known as helots (HEL-uts), a name derived from a Greek word for "capture"— and forced to work for the Spartans. - But the helots drastically outnumbered the Spartan citizens (some estimates are ten to one) and constantly threatened to revolt. To ensure control over them, the Spartans made a conscious decision to create a military state. (Subsection) New Sparta - Between 800 and 600 BCE, the Spartans instituted a series of reforms that are associated with the name of the lawgiver Lycurgus (ly-KUR-guss) (see "The Lycurgan Reforms*). Not sure that Lycurgus ever existed, but made reforms: the lives of Spartans were now rigidly organized and tightly controlled (“spartan”: "highly self-disciplined"). - Age 7: Boys were taken from mothers and put under control of the state. They lived in military-style barracks, where they were subjected to harsh discipline to make them tough and given an education that stressed military training and obedience to authority. - Age 20: Spartan males were enrolled in the army for regular military service. Despite marriage, they continued to live in the barracks and ate all their meals in public dining halls with their fellow soldiers. (Meals: famous Spartan black broth consisted of a piece of pork boiled in blood, salt, and vinegar) - Age 30: Spartan males were recognized as mature and allowed to vote in the assembly and live at home, but they remained in military service until the age of sixty - Impact on women: Separation from husbands (until 30): Spartan women lived at home, and separation gave Spartan women greater freedom of movement. Spartan women had greater power in the household than elsewhere in Greece. - Permitted to own and inherit land. Could supervise large estates. - Encouraged to exercise and remain fit to bear and raise healthy children. - Like the men, Spartan women engaged in athletic exercises in the nude. - Many Spartan women upheld the strict Spartan values, expecting their husbands and sons to be brave in war. (STORY: The story is told that as a Spartan mother was burying her son, an old woman came up to her and said, "You poor woman, what a misfortune." No." replied the mother. because I bore him so that he might die for Sparta, and that is what has happened, as I wished.) The Spartan State - The reforms reorganized the Spartan government, creating an oligarchy. Two kings from different  14 families were primarily responsible for military affairs and served as the leaders of the Spartan army on its campaigns. - A group of five men, known as the ephors (EFF-urz), were elected each year and were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all citizens. - A council of elders, composed of the two kings and twenty-eight male citizens over the age of sixty decided on the issues that would be presented to an assembly. - This assembly of all male citizens did not debate but only voted on the proposals put before it. The assembly elected the council of elders and the ephors. - To make their new military state secure, the Spartans deliberately turned their backs on the outside world. Foreigners, who might bring in new ideas, were discouraged from visiting Sparta. Nor were Spartans, except for military reasons, allowed to travel abroad, where they might pick up new ideas dangerous to the stability of the state. - Spartan citizens were discouraged from studying philosophy, literature, or the arts, as those were subjects that might encourage new thoughts. - The art of war was the Spartan ideal, and all other arts were frowned on. - Sixth century: Sparta used its military might and fear to gain greater control of the Peloponnesus by organizing an alliance of almost all the Peloponnesian states. - Sparta's strength enabled it to dominate this Peloponnesian League and determine its policies. By 500 BCE, the Spartans had organized a powerful military state that maintained order and stability in the Peloponnesus. - Raised from early childhood to believe that total loyalty to the Spartan state was the basic reason for existence, the Spartans viewed their strength as justification for their militaristic ideals and regimented society. Athens - By 700 BCE, Athens had established a unified polis on the peninsula of Attica. Although early Athens had been ruled by a monarchy, by the seventh century BCE it had fallen under the control of its aristocrats. - These aristocrats possessed the best land and controlled political and religious life by means of a council of nobles, assisted by a board of nine officials called archons. While there was an assembly of full citizens, it possessed few powers. - Near the end of the seventh century BCE, Athens faced political turmoil because of serious economic problems. - Increasing numbers of Athenian farmers found themselves sold into slavery when they were unable to repay loans they had obtained from their aristocratic neighbors, pledging themselves as collateral. Repeatedly, there were cries to cancel the debts and give land to the poor. The Reforms of Solon - The ruling Athenian aristocrats responded to this crisis by choosing Solon, a reform-minded aristocrat, as sole archon in 594 BCE and giving him full power to make changes. - Solon canceled all land debts, outlawed new loans based on humans as collateral, and freed people who had fallen into slavery for debts. - He refused to carry out land redistribution — failed to deal with the basic cause of the  15 economic crisis. - Solon's political measures were also a compromise. Though aristocratic power wasn’t eliminated, they opened the door to the participation of new people (the non aristocratic wealthy) in the government. - Solon's reforms did not solve Athens's problems. Aristocratic factions continued to vie for power, and the poorer peasants resented Solon's failure to institute land redistribution. Internal strife finally led to the very institution Solon attempted to avoid tyranny. - Pisistratus, an aristocrat, seized power in 560 BCE; Pursuing a foreign policy that aided Athenian trade. Pisistratus remained popular with the mercantile and industrial classes. - Athenians rebelled against his son and ended the tyranny in 510 BCE. Although the aristocrats attempted to reestablish an aristocratic oligarchy, Cleisthenes, another aristocratic reformer, opposed this plan and, with the backing of the Athenian people, gained the upper hand in 508 BCE. The Reforms of Cleisthenes - Cleisthenes created the Council of Five Hundred, chosen by lot by the ten tribes in which all citizens had been enrolled. The council was responsible for the administration of both foreign and financial affairs and prepared the business that would be handled by the assembly. - This assembly of all male citizens had final authority in the passing of laws after free and open debate - Cleisthenes's reforms had reinforced the central role of the assembly of citizens in the Athenian political system. - The reforms of Cleisthenes created the foundations for Athenian democracy. More changes would come in the fifth century, when the Athenians themselves would begin to use the word democracy to describe their system - By 500 BCE, Athens was more united than it had been and was on the verge of playing a more important role in Greek affairs. City-States Notes 1) Thebes -​ Slogan: Come over to Thebes, we’ve got connections and power! So, if you want something, we’ve got it! -​ We are on good terms with the gods Dionysus and Apollo, which we share with Delphi, and our hero is very brave. -​ However, Thebes is decently religious, and isn’t very quid pro quo. -​ We have very good connections for trade, with Athens and as far as Egypt, even! The rivalry we have with Athens is not as important as silver! (also we are more powerful than Athens, so it doesn’t matter) -​ We are the most powerful polis at the time, leading the Boeotian league! -​ Government: -​ Oligarchy -​ The Boeotian League: -​ A confederacy organized into 11 districts with each comprising one or more city states. -​ The federal council was probably divided into four panels, each convening for one year in Thebes.  16 -​ Thebes dominated the league, holding control over four leagues and supplying the best contingent to the federal army. -​ Religion: -​ Thebes’ patron god is Dionysus, but we also have a close relationship with Apollo. -​ Thebans have a close relationship with Delphi, so both of us worship the same gods! -​ However, if you were to move here, you’d have to be as religious as you once were. -​ Hercules was also born here, and is one of our heroes! -​ He was righteous later in life, and his labors did so much for the people! -​ ADD STORY !! -​ Economy: -​ Thebes thrives on its easy access to farming grounds and trading routes in local plains as well as by sea. -​ Since our polis is situated in a low, flat plateau; our agriculture is set very conveniently within our area. -​ The flat ground also allows us to travel and trade efficiently. -​ Goods traded include precious metals like gold and silver, ivory, wool, and bronze tools. -​ Social Structure -​ Hierarchy (listed in order from highest to lowest): -​ Oligarchy -​ Rich landowning Aristocrats -​ Made laws that they were the only ones that could own land -​ Men -​ Poor Farmers -​ Artisans + Traders -​ Laborers -​ Likely not paid much -​ Women -​ Very few rights -​ Same categories as men but less rights -​ Couldn’t: own land, vote, inherit (property, money, etc.) -​ Their role was to stay home and take care of the children -​ Children (Under 18) -​ Slaves/Foreigners -​ Foreign Policy -​ After 700 BCE, Thebes was in constant rivalry with Athens and Sparta for regional dominance. -​ However, Thebes had more land than Athens and Sparta, and was more powerful. -​ Despite the tension, Thebes still needs gold and silver, the Lavrion mines in Athens (Where most silver is mined, and some gold) require us to trade with Athens and Sparta despite the rivalry. -​ Thebes’ also has connections further from home, The Kingdom of the Kush, located in present day Egypt and Sudan is a place that we can trade with for ivory. -​ Culture and Customs -​ Olympics -​ While Thebes did not ever host the Ancient Greek Olympics, it was an active participant. Thebes sent representatives to the 680 B.C., 616 B.C., and 516 B.C. olympics. -​ Known Competitors  17 -​ Kleonidas of Thebes won the 616 B.C. Ancient Olympics olympics stadion event -​ Pagondas of Thebes won the 680 B.C. Ancient Olympics olympics tethrippon event (chariot racing with four horses) -​ Oracle: Cult of Trophonius -​ located within the city of Lebadeia, a city within Boeotia. -​ A circular basement on the mountain with a manmade chasm. -​ A descender shall lie in the chasm and ascend to trophonius and return with newfound knowledge -​ Story: After Trophonius ran with his brother’s cut off head, he was swallowed by the ground in Lebaedia. He continued living underground as an oracular god. 2) Argos -​ Slogan: ARGOS, All About Art And Hera -​ (everything mentioned below) -​ Government: -​ The social hierarchy is (sometimes) lenient to mobility. Slaves given certain circumstances may gain more rights under the oligarchy. -​ Religion: -​ Blessed by the queen of the gods, Argos has one of the most important Heraion in Greece -​ A popular oracle in archaic Greece is circulating around Argos, {You might not even have to travel all the way to Delphi for predictions!} -​ Argos has profound religious connections: it was named after a son of Zeus, it was patronized by Hera (queen of the gods, goddess of women), and it was the birthplace of famous hero Perseus {Argos is blessed and sustained by the gods}. The Argive Heraion clearly shows Greek-style architecture. -​ Economy: -​ It’s located between two mountains on the sea. The land's fertility creates good resources for farming (stock) and trade. -​ A strong economy through standardized silver coinage, new hoplite military innovations, and good revenue from stock and land. -​ Social Structure -​ The social hierarchy is (sometimes) lenient to mobility. Slaves given certain circumstances may gain more rights under the oligarchy. -​ Foreign Policy -​ Argos is protected by a military of skilled soldiers, as well as devout citizens who have fiercely defended their land before. -​ Argos had a long-standing system of renting out land so that revenue could help pay for the city's defences and public buildings such as temples and cultural centers -​ The invention of military hoplite tactics allowed for agile fighting that called for close range, perfect to fight Persian archers. -​ Argos celebrates their victories over Sparta in the olympic games -​ -​ Culture and Customs -​ The theater of argos is the largest theater in greece. -​ Home to many influential and revered artists -​ Telesilla of Argos (5th century BCE): lyric poet -​ Listed by Antipater as one of the great Nine Female Lyric Poets of Greece {Argos is a  18 Polis that has flourishing and accomplished artists} -​ Battle of Sepeia with the Spartans the argos army is totally destroyed-Telesilla learns about it and then organizes the women, youth, and elders and wins {Argos has strong community and is able to protect the Polis} -​ Argos is home to two of Greece's most famous sculptors who innovated bronze sculptures and created many famous works. (Polykleitos and Polymedes). Their sculptures are perfect representations of how the Greek were more focused on form compared to Persia’s emphasis on color. 3) Delphi -​ Slogan: Come to Delphi to be wealthy (in knowledge)! -​ Government: -​ We were originally governed by the Amphictyonic League, but our religious priests slowly took power. -​ We are not controlled much by the government, since we are a free religious sanctuary. -​ Also, we have a strong economy in trade and are relaxed governmentally and politically. -​ Religion: -​ We are home to many religious sites, and we are always guarded by Apollo, our patron god. -​ Coming here will greatly increase your success as the gods will be on your side. -​ Everyone needs to come here for important advice. We mean, everyone. City state leaders, kings, princes, generals, explorers. -​ Economy: -​ Our economy is related to the Oracle and religious temples. -​ Many visitors arrive bringing gifts for the gods in hopes of achieving success. We also trade with places such as Crete, Lydia, and Syria. -​ Also, we have a strong economy in trade and are relaxed governmentally and politically. -​ Social Structure -​ Everyone needs to come here for important advice. We mean, everyone. City state leaders, kings, princes, generals, explorers. -​ Foreign Policy -​ We defeated the city-state of Krisa in the First Sacred War, helped by the gods that we honored. -​ We have no enemies as other city-states all come here for religious help. -​ Culture and Customs -​ Home to the beautiful Mount Parnassus, we are a religious sanctuary, home to the great oracle, Pythia, and the Temple of Apollo. -​ We are the center of the world, as proclaimed by Zeus. -​ Unlike others, we have no enemies as other city-states all come here for religious help. -​ Guided by Apollo, we are the center of the Amphictyonic League, and we organize the Pythian games every year. -​ Unlike other religious sanctuaries such as Olympia, we are our own city, fully autonomous, and while here, you can rest easy - there probably won't be a war. -​ During the season of the pilgrimages, we need you to help maintain the facilities. -​ Also, those with religious importance should come because we always need more priests to help with interpreting the Oracle and offer sacrifices to Apollo. -​ Furthermore, during the winter, Dionysus comes to make Delphi his sanctuary. -​ This often overlooked part of Delphi needs people to please the god of liveliness. -​ Our culture is flourishing, as we host the Pythian Games and are the subject of multiple  19 myths. 4) Olympia -​ Slogan: The city-state of peaceful power, competitive influence, opportunity, and glory; the cultural heart of Greece—home to the Olympics, with Zeus’ blessing. -​ (everything mentioned below) -​ Government: -​ Many Greek city-states transitioned from monarchies to oligarchies, where power was held by a council of oligarchs (small group of wealthy men; Greek word - “few”; many were aristocrats), instead of a king. -​ Aristocrats were wealthy landowners who held significant political power and were members of the most powerful class in ancient Greek society. -​ Politics were present at the ancient Olympics in many forms. Some valuable political deeds were recorded at Olympia. For example, an inscription on a victory statue honored the Pantarces of Elis for winning in the Olympic horse-races, making peace between the Achaeans and the Eleans, and negotiating the release of both sides' prisoners of war. -​ Olympia was also an important place for announcing political alliances, like treaties. -​ Religion: -​ The Olympics stemmed from divine reverence to the gods and were intertwined deeply with religion and mythology. -​ Legend: King Oenomaus made a race to challenge Hippodamia’s potential suitors. Pelops, in love with Hippodamia, sabotaged the King’s chariot. In his honor, Pelops held chariot races, inspiring the Olympics. Pelops was included in later rituals. -​ The Sacred Procession: This began at Elis, ending at the Sanctuary of Zeus. It included the athletes, the Hellanodikai, and more. -​ The Olympic Oath: On the first day, athletes and others assembled at an altar, where they testified to meeting the Olympic requirements. -​ Sacrifice and Feast: At the Altar of Zeus, priests slaughtered 100 oxen. Leftovers were eaten at a banquet, giving the banqueters a closer connection with the divine. -​ The Closing Ceremony: The games ended with another procession from the Temple of Hera to Zeus. Branches from the Kotinos Kallistephanos were used for victory crowns, showing how victory was only possible because of divine support. -​ Olympia’s religion was the Greek Pantheon of Gods. Zeus was the dominant religious figure, with his temple and the Olympics. -​ The Kronion Hill was the first site of worship for Kronos. Other gods were worshipped, such as Gaia, Themis, and Aphrodite. -​ The Kings of Elis were entwined with the gods. Salmoneus, Aethlius, and Pelops demonstrated the power of the human spirit, while Endymion, Epeius, Aetolus, and Paeon show the importance of family ties. Amphimachus, a king of Elis, showed bravery in the Trojan War, and Thalpius and Oxylus, leaders of the Eleans in the same conflict, demonstrated teamwork. -​ Economy: -​ General Information: While Olympia was not primarily known for producing goods or trade, Olympia was best known as the site of the Olympic Games. -​ Olympia is located near the western coast of the Peloponnese peninsula of southern Greece, near a point where the Alpheus (Alfios) and Cladeus (Kladios) rivers meet. Therefore, Olympia had fertile land, which allowed for olive trees to grow. This additionally allowed the culture surrounding the Olympics to thrive, as Olive wreaths were awarded to victors of the Olympic Games.  20 -​ Horse Breeding: Due to the fertile land and rainfall, such areas near the rivers made Elis famous for its many many horses, cattle, and flax. Horse breeding soon became one of the most defining features of Elis, and greatly contributed to the economy. The horses were also extremely important when it came to chariot races in the Olympics and transportation for all other polis, and were signs of wealth among the Greeks and Elis. -​ Social Structure -​ In Olympia, men were mostly in power. They were the ones who judged (Hellanodikai) and were showcased at the Olympics. -​ Women and slaves were not able to attend or participate for the most part. -​ Olympic winners won a crown and a leaf, along with fame and glory, opportunistic to those who could compete. -​ Women did eventually participate in the Olympics in a foot race, Heraia, but women were traditionally tied down into marriage, the most important event in their lives, and the home. -​ Slaves were also able to compete in the competition under their masters names, but could not have their own independent name when competing. -​ Foreign Policy -​ Elis had colonies, and being the administrative center of a union of smaller townships, it was divided into several districts, each operated by a separate clan. -​ Sailing from Cyllene, a port in Elis, the exiled Messenians founded colonies in Sicily and Italy after the Second Messenian War (660-650 BCE). -​ Olympia though, as a sanctuary site, did not go to war with other city states. -​ They were considered neutral ground under the Olympic Truce, “Ekecheiria;” offered refuge from violence and promoted peace -​ Although not during 800-500 BCE, Elis went to war with Sparta during the “Elean War” around 400 BCE (because of tension over control between surrounding territories and the Olympic Games Elis hosted) // Sparta emerged victorious, taking control of certain territories and forcing Elis back into the Peloponnesian League. -​ Culture and Customs -​ History: Olympia was a sanctuary site in the West Peloponnesus. Elis was an independent polis, controlling most of Olympia. The Olympic Games, held in honor of Zeus, were founded in 766 BC. Hellenistic religion and mythology were key to the culture and customs of Elis, as the Olympics are thought to be founded based on a myth of Heracles. In 572 BC, Elis officially gained full control of the Games and Olympia, by conquering the Pisatians, who initially hosted the Olympic Games and received all the benefits. -​ Influence: The winning athletes were able to assert dominance upon rival polis, as they represented the religious and political activities of their own polis. The games also allowed politicians to announce their alliances with other polis. The Olympic Truce was established in Elis, which protected athletes from current disputes and conflicts between all polis during the Games. (Many major political affairs were postponed because of this). Elis’s athletes usually won the games and would receive extreme glory. The Games allowed the polis’ political system to dominate Classical and Hellenistic Greece. The majority of the judges, Hellanodikai, were selected from ruling families in Elis. -​ Oracles: Under Elis’ influence, Olympia was home to an oracle to Zeus. Many athletes visiting Olympia’s great oracles in order to learn more about their chances in the Games. Symbols of Zeus and the influence of the weather could be found in many forms of art and architecture, as well as symbols of thunderbolts and eagles on common currency. There were, additionally, Cults of Zeus, and sanctuaries for worship, festivals, and oracles. There existed the most prestigious oracles, such as the Olympian oracles of Zeus. According to Pausanias, there are also two oracles to Gaia.  21 -​ Different Areas: The archaeological sites are of “cultural significance.” Within the Altis, there is the Temple of Zeus and the Heraion. The worship of the other gods, (Gaia, Themis, Kronos, Aphrodite, Kronos and Pelops) were valued. There is also the Pelopion sanctuary, based on the mythological hero Pelops, (whose myth contributes to the Olympics). The Prytaneum is a building near the Altis where the Olympic victors feasted together. The Temple of Zeus, the largest Greek Doric temple, has a gold and ivory statue of Zeus. A chariot race between Pelops and Oenomaus, the battle of Lapiths and Centaurs, and the Twelve Labours of Heracles is shown. There exists the Kronion Hill, a place of worship to Kronos. 5) Corinth -​ Slogan: LIVE THE CORINTHIAN DREAM // PEACE: PROSPERITY: POSEIDON -​ Unlike other city states, we have not been in any major conflict and have been a trading center for our over 4000 years of existence. -​ If you don’t connect with Corinth, or Greek landscape and culture in general, Corinth has colonies in Italy, so you can experience a new country while still feeling at home. -​ Because all of our colonies and central location, we are able to trade a very wide variety of resources, and manage one of the largest trading centers in all of Greece. This is why Corinth has one of the largest economies in all of Greece, and has goods fit for kings. -​ Government: -​ Monarchy/Oligarchy: Bacchiadae Family -​ 1073-657 BCE -​ Tyranny: Cypselus & Periander -​ 657-550 BCE -​ The Bacchiadae Family ruled as a tightly knit community with only around 200 people. Although the Bacchiadae were the royal family, they ruled as both a Monarchy and an Oligarchy. -​ In 657 B.C, Cypselus was encouraged by a reading by the Oracle of Delphi to overthrow the Bacchiadae. Cypselus along with his son Periander ruled for around a century, and became known as the Cypselid Dynasty. Our government has been relatively stable compared to other city states, so you needn’t worry about bad rulers. -​ Religion: -​ We bear the might of the sea! Calling all shipmen and sailors, come to Corinth and have our patron god Poseidon bless you and your future voyages! Sacrifice service available at his sanctuary in Isthmia. -​ Calling all scholars! Seek the knowledge of Apollo, son of Zeus at his Temple. The largest Temple of Apollo Greece has ever seen! -​ Questions? Complaints? Light a yellow smoke signal and blow it north, only in strong winds. We are not responsible for any injuries that may occur. -​ Economy: -​ Indulge in economic prosperity in seaside Corinth. We produce the most magnificent handiwork in all the land and have visitors from throughout the Mediterranean -​ Black Figure Pottery: Beginning in 800 BC, we have been producing magnificent black figure pottery, famous throughout Greece -​ Trading Powerhouse: Our location between the mainland and Peloponnese allows us to bring in goods from all over -​ Entertainment: Problems at home? We have hetairai ready to accommodate your urges (for a price of course) -​ Hetairai: Companionship and other…services -​ Multiple Ports: Visit any one of our 4 ports connecting us to the wider Mediterranean. -​ Expansive Agora: Marketplace and meeting place.  22 -​ Social Structure -​ We have a simple social structure, with a very wealthy landowning upper class, a working middle class, consisting mainly of farmers, a working lower class composed mainly of artisans and merchants, and a slave class to work and assist you during your time at Corinth. -​ Foreign Policy -​ We also have power over many colonies! -​ Corinth has many colonies; including all throughout Greece and even in certain parts of Italy, specifically Syracuse, Sicily. -​ Culture and Customs -​ More interested in the past than the present? Learn about the origin of our city, the one and only Fountain of Peirene! According to legend, the well was created when pegasus, ridden by a hero named bellerophon, struck the earth with his hoof. The source of water, according to legend, are the tears of a nymph named Peirene crying for her dead son. -​ In our city-state, the job market is wide open! We, as owners of the Ismuth of Corinth, as well as a checkpoint on a trader’s path north, provide a variety of jobs for artisans and merchants looking to sell their wares. -​ In your leisure time, you can go to the theatre, socialize at the Agora, and worship at the temples! In Class City-State Notes Shared Characteristics - Foreigners often at bottom → slaves for the future of their families - Economic Ascendency → Colonial expansion, desire for Greek art - Greek Pantheon → deity and people - Social Structure → Patriarchal (oligarchies) - Trade + Connections - Arts + Culture - All spoke Greek - Colonies - Games - Xorta: Area surrounding poleis where farmers live and provide nourishment Unity among the Greeks - Acropolis: “Highest City.” - Agora: Commercial and market place. Seat of government. - Stoa: Covered markets - City (fort) and surrounding territory (horta), typically small area - Populations generally under 10,000 people Dialect and Language - Dialect: Regional variation of a language - Language: Form of communication - usually mutually agreed upon by powerful people - ALL spoke in Greek, but had their own dialect Defining Terms: Empire and Polis → Persepolis - Empire:  23 - Polis/City-State - Independent - Not interested in becoming part of the Persian Empire (keep in mind Persepolis! Also keep in mind that since they already have their own rivalries, who’s to say they want to submit to the Persian Empire? - The Greeks traded with many civilizations besides themselves. - Sparta and Athens important to Persians defeat Sparta → unique, on a valley, no defensive Spartan Armor - Its spartan because their armors were not decorative, simply just bronze Menelaion: Temple to Menelaus and Helen - Menelaus in the liliad, marries Helen of Troy. - Trojan war → Greeks triumph and destroy troy Temple to Artemis Orthia - Important in rise of young men in sparta - Artemis is the goddess of virgins, hunt, and archery Uniqueness of sparta - On a valley - No defensive wall - Developed as a rigid and highly militarized city-state. Ted Ed- This Is Sparta - Current values of sparta: discipline, cunningness, bravery and loyalty in war, loyalty to spartan deals (no foreigners), etc. - Unlike other city-states, Sparta found walls unnecessary - Forbidden for Spartans to Keep records - Purpose of existence: Serve sparta - All spartans were meant to be mentally sharp, physically Strong, and emotionally resilient - Prized physical perfection - Boys trained for war → had to - Piaomastegosis → Altar at Temple to Artemis - Taught to read, write, and dance - spartan girls went to school and learned a variety of sports, as it was believed healthy women produced healthy Soldiers - Absolute allegiance → only death in war and giving birth were given tombstones - Agoge = school/Training center CHECK THE PRIMARY SOURCES FROM CLASS TOO TIMELINE  24 Places to Know IMPORTANT POSSIBLE ESSAY QUESTIONS -​ Compare and contrast your city state to another -​ Compare your city state to Sparta -​ Talk about Spartan Values