Introduction to Linguistics PDF

(‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺲ ﺁﺭﺵ ﺁﻗﺎﺑﺰﺭﮔﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﺨﺎﻧﯽ )ﺩﮐﺘﺮﯼ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ Introduction Linguistics is the study of language. Phonetics and phonology is the branch of linguistics which deals with the human speech sounds. Phonology: Phonology is the study of the sounds of a particular language (e.g., English). In phono...

(‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺲ ﺁﺭﺵ ﺁﻗﺎﺑﺰﺭﮔﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﺨﺎﻧﯽ )ﺩﮐﺘﺮﯼ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ Introduction Linguistics is the study of language. Phonetics and phonology is the branch of linguistics which deals with the human speech sounds. Phonology: Phonology is the study of the sounds of a particular language (e.g., English). In phonology, it matters whether sounds are contrastive or not, that is, whether substituting one sound for another gives a different or contrastive meaning. For example in English, [r] and [l] are two different sounds - and the words "road" and "load" differ according to which of these sounds is used. Phonologists describe the contrastive consonants and vowels in a sound system of specific language. They are also interested in syllables, stress, rhythm, tone, and intonation of a specific language. Phonetics: The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. Our main interest will be in articulatory phonetics, which is the study of how speech sounds are made, or articulated. Other areas of study are acoustic phonetics, which deals with the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air, and auditory phonetics (or perceptual phonetics), which deals with the perception, via the ear, of speech sounds. Phonology vs Phonetics: Phonetics and phonology, both are important subfields of linguistics dealing with speech sounds. Phonology is essentially the description of the system and patterns of speech sounds in a particular language but phonetics covers the domain of speech production, its transmission and reception in general. Phoneme and phone: A phoneme is the smallest meaning - distinguishing sound unit in the abstract representation of the sounds of a language. While the phoneme is the abstract unit or sound type (in the mind), there are many different versions of that sound type regularly produced in actual speech (speaking). We can describe those different versions as phones. (‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻮﺷﺶ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﯽ )ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ‬ Accent and dialect Languages have different accents: they are pronounced differently by people from different geographical palaces, from different social classes, of different ages and different educational backgrounds. The word accent often confused with dialect. We use the word dialect to refer to variety of a language which is different from others not just in pronunciation but also in such matters as vocabulary, grammar, and word order. Differences of accent, on the other hand, are pronunciation differences only. Accent (e.g., British English vs American English) Dialect (e.g., American English vs Scottish English) Human sounds (consonants and vowels): Human sounds are divided into two broad categories: consonants and vowels. A consonant is a speech sound in which air is at least partly blocked, but vowel is a sound in which there is no obstruction found and the air passes through the cavity freely. Moreover, a consonant is classified in terms of the places and manners of articulation and voicing whereas a vowel is classified in terms of the position of tongue, the part of tongue and lip-rounding. https://t.me/Linguistics_TEFL