ITN Module 11: IPv4 Addressing PDF

Module 11: IPv4 Addressing https://youtu.be/w5_FOkER48c?si=MtKv-hb0A6K706J6 Introduction to Networks v7.0 (ITN) Module Objectives Module Title: IPv4 Addressing Module Objective: Calculate an IPv4 subnetting scheme to efficiently segment your network. Topic Title...

Module 11: IPv4 Addressing https://youtu.be/w5_FOkER48c?si=MtKv-hb0A6K706J6 Introduction to Networks v7.0 (ITN) Module Objectives Module Title: IPv4 Addressing Module Objective: Calculate an IPv4 subnetting scheme to efficiently segment your network. Topic Title Topic Objective IPv4 Address Structure Describe the structure of an IPv4 address including the network portion, the host portion, and the subnet mask. IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast and multicast IPv4 addresses. Types of IPv4 Addresses Explain public, private, and reserved IPv4 addresses. Network Segmentation Explain how subnetting segments a network to enable better communication. Subnet an IPv4 Network Calculate IPv4 subnets for a /24 prefix. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2 11.1 IPv4 Address Structure © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3 IPv4 Address Structure Network and Host Portions An IPv4 address is a 32-bit hierarchical address that is made up of a network portion and a host portion. When determining the network portion versus the host portion, you must look at the 32-bit stream. A subnet mask is used to determine the network and host portions. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4 IPv4 Address Structure The Subnet Mask To identify the network and host portions of an IPv4 address, the subnet mask is compared to the IPv4 address bit for bit, from left to right. The actual process used to identify the network and host portions is called ANDing. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 5 IPv4 Address Structure The Prefix Length A prefix length is a less cumbersome method used to identify a subnet mask address. Subnet Mask 32-bit Address Prefix The prefix length is the number Length of bits set to 1 in the subnet 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /8 mask. 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /16 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /24 It is written in “slash notation” therefore, count the number of 255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /25 bits in the subnet mask and 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /26 prepend it with a slash. 255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /27 255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /28 255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /29 255.255.255.252 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 /30 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6 IPv4 Address Structure Determining the Network: Logical AND A logical AND Boolean operation is used in determining the network address. Logical AND is the comparison of two bits where only a 1 AND 1 produces a 1 and any other combination results in a 0. 1 AND 1 = 1, 0 AND 1 = 0, 1 AND 0 = 0, 0 AND 0 = 0 1 = True and 0 = False To identify the network address, the host IPv4 address is logically ANDed, bit by bit, with the subnet mask to identify the network address. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 7 IPv4 Address Structure Video – Network, Host and Broadcast Addresses This video will cover the following: Network address Broadcast Address First usable host Last usable host © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 8 IPv4 Address Structure Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses Within each network are three types of IP addresses: Network address https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-a-network-address/ Host addresses Broadcast address https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/server/know-how/broadcast-address / Network Portion Host Host Bits Portion Subnet mask 255 255 255 0 255.255.255.0 or /24 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 Network address 192 168 10 0 All 0s 192.168.10.0 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000000 First address 192 168 10 1 All 0s and a 1 192.168.10.1 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000001 Last address 192 168 10 254 All 1s and a 0 192.168.10.254 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111110 Broadcast address 192 168 10 255 All 1s 192.168.10.255 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111111 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 9 11.2 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Unicast Unicast transmission is sending a packet to one destination IP address. For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a unicast packet to the printer at 172.16.4.253. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Broadcast Broadcast transmission is sending a packet to all other destination IP addresses. For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a broadcast packet to all IPv4 hosts. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 12 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Multicast Multicast transmission is sending a packet to a multicast address group. For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a multicast packet to the multicast group address 224.10.10.5. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13 11.3 Types of IPv4 Addresses © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 14 Types of IPv4 Addresses Public and Private IPv4 Addresses As defined in in RFC 1918, public IPv4 addresses are globally routed between internet service provider (ISP) routers. Private addresses are common blocks of Network Address RFC 1918 Private Address Range and Prefix addresses used by most organizations to assign IPv4 addresses to internal hosts. 10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 Private IPv4 addresses are not unique 192.168.0.0/16 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 and can be used internally within any network. However, private addresses are not globally routable. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15 Types of IPv4 Addresses Routing to the Internet Network Address Translation (NAT) translates private IPv4 addresses to public IPv4 addresses. NAT is typically enabled on the edge router connecting to the internet. It translates the internal private address to a public global IP address. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 16 Types of IPv4 Addresses Special Use IPv4 Addresses Loopback addresses 127.0.0.0 /8 (127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254) Commonly identified as only 127.0.0.1 Used on a host to test if TCP/IP is operational. Link-Local addresses 169.254.0.0 /16 (169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254) Commonly known as the Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses or self- assigned addresses. Used by Windows DHCP clients to self-configure when no DHCP servers are available. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 17 Types of IPv4 Addresses Legacy Classful Addressing RFC 790 (1981) allocated IPv4 addresses in classes Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8) Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 – 191.255.0.0 /16) Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 – 223.255.255.0 /24) Class D (224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0) Class E (240.0.0.0 – 255.0.0.0) Classful addressing wasted many IPv4 addresses. Classful address allocation was replaced with classless addressing which ignores the rules of classes (A, B, C). © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 18 Types of IPv4 Addresses Assignment of IP Addresses The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages and allocates blocks of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs). RIRs are responsible for allocating IP addresses to ISPs who provide IPv4 address blocks to smaller ISPs and organizations. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 19 11.4 Network Segmentation © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20 Network Segmentation Broadcast Domains and Segmentation Many protocols use broadcasts or multicasts (e.g., ARP use broadcasts to locate other devices, hosts send DHCP discover broadcasts to locate a DHCP server.) Switches propagate broadcasts out all interfaces except the interface on which it was received. The only device that stops broadcasts is a router. Routers do not propagate broadcasts. Each router interface connects to a broadcast domain and broadcasts are only propagated within that specific broadcast domain. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 21 Network Segmentation Problems with Large Broadcast Domains A problem with a large broadcast domain is that these hosts can generate excessive broadcasts and negatively affect the network. The solution is to reduce the size of the network to create smaller broadcast domains in a process called subnetting. Dividing the network address 172.16.0.0 /16 into two subnets of 200 users each: 172.16.0.0 /24 and 172.16.1.0 /24. Broadcasts are only propagated within the smaller broadcast domains. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 22 Network Segmentation Reasons for Segmenting Networks Subnetting reduces overall network traffic and improves network performance. It can be used to implement security policies between subnets. Subnetting reduces the number of devices affected by abnormal broadcast traffic. Subnets are used for a variety of reasons including by: Location Group or Function Device Type © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23 11.5 Subnet an IPv4 Network © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24 Subnet an IPv4 Network Subnet on an Octet Boundary Networks are most easily subnetted at the octet boundary of /8, /16, and /24. Notice that using longer prefix lengths decreases the number of hosts per subnet. Prefix Length Subnet Mask Subnet Mask in Binary (n = network, h = host) # of hosts /8 255.0.0.0 nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh 16,777,214 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /16 255.255.0.0 nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh 65,534 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /24 255.255.255.0 nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh 254 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25 Subnet an IPv4 Network Subnet on an Octet Boundary (Cont.) In the first table 10.0.0.0/8 is subnetted using /16 and in the second table, a /24 mask. Subnet Address Host Range Subnet Address (256 Possible (65,534 possible hosts per Broadcast (65,536 Possible Host Range Broadcast Subnets) subnet) Subnets) (254 possible hosts per subnet) 10.0.0.0/16 10.0.0.1 - 10.0.255.254 10.0.255.255 10.0.0.0/24 10.0.0.1 - 10.0.0.254 10.0.0.255 10.1.0.0/16 10.1.0.1 - 10.1.255.254 10.1.255.255 10.0.1.0/24 10.0.1.1 - 10.0.1.254 10.0.1.255 10.2.0.0/16 10.2.0.1 - 10.2.255.254 10.2.255.255 10.0.2.0/24 10.0.2.1 - 10.0.2.254 10.0.2.255 … … … 10.3.0.0/16 10.3.0.1 - 10.3.255.254 10.3.255.255 10.0.255.0/24 10.0.255.1 - 10.0.255.254 10.0.255.255 10.4.0.0/16 10.4.0.1 - 10.4.255.254 10.4.255.255 10.1.0.0/24 10.1.0.1 - 10.1.0.254 10.1.0.255 10.5.0.0/16 10.5.0.1 - 10.5.255.254 10.5.255.255 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 - 10.1.1.254 10.1.1.255 10.6.0.0/16 10.6.0.1 - 10.6.255.254 10.6.255.255 10.1.2.0/24 10.1.2.1 - 10.1.2.254 10.1.2.255 10.7.0.0/16 10.7.0.1 - 10.7.255.254 10.7.255.255 … … … 10.100.0.0/24 10.100.0.1 - 10.100.0.254 10.100.0.255.................. 10.255.0.0/16 10.255.0.1 - 10.255.255.254 10.255.255.255 10.255.255.0/24 10.255.255.1 - 10.2255.255.254 10.255.255.255 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 26 Subnet an IPv4 Network Subnet within an Octet Boundary Refer to the table to see six ways to subnet a /24 network. Prefix Length Subnet Mask Subnet Mask in Binary # of # of hosts (n = network, h = host) subnets /25 255.255.255.128 nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nhhhhhhh 2 126 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /26 255.255.255.192 nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnhhhhhh 4 62 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /27 255.255.255.224 nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnhhhhh 8 30 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /28 255.255.255.240 nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnhhhh 16 14 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /29 255.255.255.248 nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnhhh 32 6 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /30 255.255.255.252 nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnhh 64 2 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27 Subnet an IPv4 Network Video – The Subnet Mask This video will demonstrate the process of subnetting. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 28 Subnet an IPv4 Network Video – Subnet with the Magic Number This video will demonstrate subnetting with the magic number. https://youtu.be/QaxQ66tv26E?si=2Yxr1hf0vNjEcrYy © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 29 Subnet an IPv4 Network Packet Tracer – Subnet an IPv4 Network In this Packet Tracer, you will do the following: Design an IPv4 Network Subnetting Scheme Configure the Devices Test and Troubleshoot the Network © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30 11.7 Subnet to Meet Requirements © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 31 Subnet to Meet Requirements Example: Efficient IPv4 Subnetting In this example, corporate headquarters has been allocated a public network address of 172.16.0.0/22 (10 host bits) by its ISP providing 1,022 host addresses. There are five sites and therefore five internet connections which means the organization requires 10 subnets with the largest subnet requires 40 addresses. It allocated 10 subnets with a /26 (i.e., 255.255.255.192) subnet mask. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32 11.8 VLSM © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 33 VLSM Video – VLSM Basics This video will explain VLSM basics. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 34 VLSM Video – VLSM Example This video will demonstrate creating subnets specific to the needs of the network. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 35 VLSM IPv4 Address Conservation Given the topology, 7 subnets are required (i.e, four LANs and three WAN links) and the largest number of host is in Building D with 28 hosts. A /27 mask would provide 8 subnets of 30 host IP addresses and therefore support this topology. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 36 VLSM IPv4 Address Conservation (Cont.) However, the point-to-point WAN links only require two addresses and therefore waste 28 addresses each for a total of 84 unused addresses. Applying a traditional subnetting scheme to this scenario is not very efficient and is wasteful. VLSM was developed to avoid wasting addresses by enabling us to subnet a subnet. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 37 VLSM VLSM The left side displays the traditional subnetting scheme (i.e., the same subnet mask) while the right side illustrates how VLSM can be used to subnet a subnet and divided the last subnet into eight /30 subnets. When using VLSM, always begin by satisfying the host requirements of the largest subnet and continue subnetting until the host requirements of the smallest subnet are satisfied. The resulting topology with VLSM applied. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 38 VLSM VLSM Topology Address Assignment Using VLSM subnets, the LAN and inter-router networks can be addressed without unnecessary waste as shown in the logical topology diagram. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 39