ITLSA1 - Lesson 1 (1).pptx

LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM ITLSA1 LESSON 1 – History of Linux OVERVIEW  The History of Linux  Ubuntu Linux  What is Linux  The Linux Graphical User Interface The History of Linux  Unix:  Time-sharing operating system kernel controlling computer resources.  Rewritten...

LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM ITLSA1 LESSON 1 – History of Linux OVERVIEW  The History of Linux  Ubuntu Linux  What is Linux  The Linux Graphical User Interface The History of Linux  Unix:  Time-sharing operating system kernel controlling computer resources.  Rewritten in C in the 1970s for portability.  Initially engineer-focused, lacked user-friendliness on desktops.  Unix-based OSs:  Derived from the original Unix Operating System.  Share features and principles of the original Unix.  Offer benefits of Unix alongside modern features:  Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) like GNU.  Support for multimedia applications.  VPN and firewall support, among others. The History of Linux  Unix-like operating systems:  Not necessarily derived from the original Unix OS but mimic its behavior.  Include improvements available in open-source software (OSS).  Share design principles and features of Unix but not its proprietary code or specific implementations entirely. The History of Linux  Unix Evolution:  Introduced to UC Berkeley in the mid-1970s, further developed by staff and students.  Minix and Linux:  Minix, an educational Unix version for Intel PCs, developed by Tanenbaum in the 1980s.  Linux was created by Torvalds in 1991 as a hobby, providing a Unix- like OS for personal computers.  Torvalds created a logo for Linux in the shape of a penguin, named Tux. The History of Linux  Linux Development:  First real version released in 1994, lightweight and fast.  Runs on various hardware beyond Intel-based PCs.  Linux Distributions:  Various distributions developed from the Linux kernel, including Mint, Fedora, Ubuntu, Debian, and openSUSE.  GNU Project and GPL:  GNU project promotes free software development.  GPL ensures freedom to share, modify, and distribute software, integral to Linux development.  Ubuntu Linux Origins o Founded in 2004 by Mark Shuttleworth, owner of from Canonical Ltd with a group of open-source developers. o Aimed to create a new Linux-based desktop operating system. o Built on a strong Debian foundation and the GNOME desktop environment. Releases o First release in October 2004 as Ubuntu version 4.10, known as Warty Warthog. o Follows a naming convention with alliterative names like Breezy Badger, Edgy Eft, Feisty Fawn, Trusty Tahr, and Jammy Jellyfish. Philosophy o Name derived from the African phrase "Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu," meaning "a person is a person through people." o Aimed at bringing the philosophy of Ubuntu (humanity towards others) to the software world. Variations o Other variations include Gobuntu, Edubuntu, Xubuntu, and Kubuntu, each tailored for specific use cases or user preferences. What is Linux  Linux is a multi-user, multitasking operating system.  It is capable of: o Managing resources o Controlling input and output o Managing storage space o Detecting equipment failure o Maintaining system security What is Linux  Multitasking in Linux: o Linux can handle multiple programs simultaneously, leading to more productive resource usage. o Pre-emptive multitasking: Operating system controls task allocation and clock cycles, rather than applications.  Multi-user functionality: o Linux allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously. o Users share computer resources, enabling collaboration and resource sharing. o Expensive equipment like printers can be shared among users.   Linux Features: o Operating system responsible for managing hardware What is o resources and software applications. Multitasking: Handles multiple programs simultaneously, utilizing resources efficiently. Linux o Multi-user: Allows multiple users to access and share system resources simultaneously, including printers. o Interactive: Users can enter commands at the shell, and the system responds accordingly. o Demand-paged virtual memory system: Runs programs requiring more memory than installed RAM. o Security: Built-in security features. o Full 32- or 64-bit memory access. o Compatibility: Can coexist with other operating systems on the same disk. o Extensive hardware compatibility: Supports a wide range of hardware configurations. o Unix-like: Written from scratch, retaining Unix functionality with additional features. What is Linux  Linux Usage:  Personal workstation: Can be standalone or networked, compatible with Windows for file sharing.  Server: Acts as a file/print server with powerful multitasking abilities, used by ISPs for internet services.  Three Main Parts of Linux:  Kernel: Heart of the OS, communicates directly with hardware, manages resources, schedules programs, controls file system and I/O, tracks user logins.  Shell: Provides interface between user and kernel, graphical or command-line shells available (e.g., Bourne, C, tcsh, bash).  Utilities and Applications: Executable programs for specific tasks, customizable to user needs. The Linux Graphical User Interface  The Linux GUI is created using a system called X Windows.  Not to be confused with Microsoft Windows.  X Windows is a system that provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for Unix-like operating systems, consisting of an X Server for display management and a window manager for additional GUI features and customization. The Linux Graphical User Interface X Windows and Linux X Server: GUI: The X Window system provides a Sets up graphics display, tracks mouse configurable GUI for Linux, separating movements, keystrokes, and windows. the interface from the windows. Communicates with hardware via Linux Requires two components: X Server kernel. and window manager. Common X Servers include XFree86, X Server controls display, input/output, Metro-X, and Accelerated-X. while window manager provides menus, borders, etc. The Linux Graphical User Interface Window Provides additional GUI features like colour backgrounds, window borders, and menus. Highly customizable, allowing users to choose appearance and functionality. Manager: Examples include FVWM, Afterstep, IceWM, Enlightenment. Interaction X Servers and window managers communicate in a predefined manner. Applications can run on one machine but display output on another, suitable for networked and environments. Desktop environments like GNOME and KDE offer integrated systems with consistent look and feel, Flexibility: handling cross-application data embedding. END OF LESSON 1