ITEC1420_Chapter 9 Windows Server TCP/IP PDF

MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 2012/R2, Exam 70-410 Chapter 9 Configuring TCP/IP  Objectives Describe the TCP/IP protocol and its components Define IPv4 addressing and calculate subnet masks Configure IPv4 addresse...

MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 2012/R2, Exam 70-410 Chapter 9 Configuring TCP/IP  Objectives Describe the TCP/IP protocol and its components Define IPv4 addressing and calculate subnet masks Configure IPv4 addresses Describe IPv6 addresses Define IPv6 address types Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 201 2 2/R2, Exam 70-410 © Cengage Learning 2015  An Overview of TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) - a network protocol designed to deliver packets to computers on any scale of network It is a suite of protocols that perform: – Logical addressing – Logical to physical address resolution – Name resolution – Dynamic address assignment – Efficient and reliable packet delivery – Packet sequencing – Many other tasks MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 201 3 2/R2, Exam 70-410 © Cengage Learning 2015  TCP/IP Components TCP/IP is the default network protocol installed on Windows computers, both IPv4 and IPv6 are installed by default TCP/IP-related protocols: – Domain Name System (DNS) – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and version 6 (IPv6) – Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) – Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) – Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 4 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  TCP/IP Communication When a user opens a web page, a DNS request is sent to resolve the website name to an IP address. Once the client has the IP address of the website, it then determines whether the address is on the same network or a different network. MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 5 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  TCP/IP Communication General network terms: – MAC address - the physical-layer address that’s an integral part of a network interface card (NIC). – Frame - a formatted unit of data that’s ready to be transferred to the network medium – Packet - the Network-layer unit of data used by IPv4 and IPv6 – Segment - the Transport-layer unit of data used by TCP and UDP MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 6 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  The Role of TCP and UDP The TCP or UDP header provides information to determine which application received data should be sent to. TCP and UDP use port numbers to specify the source and destination Application-layer protocols. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigns a dedicated port number to every well-known network service. Some applications use TCP and some use UDP. MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 7 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Table 1 Common TCP and UDP port numbers MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windo 8 ws Server 2012/R2, Exam 70-410 © Cengage Learning 2015  IP Operation Functions of IP: – Performs logical addressing – Ensures efficient packet delivery – Provides the information needed for packet routing MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 9 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Logical Addressing Computers running TCP/IP use both a logical (IP) and physical (MAC) address to communicate. The IP address is used to mainly find the network a computer is connected to. IP packet always has a source IP address (address of the computer that is sending the packet) and a destination IP address (address of the computer the packet is being sent to) MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 10 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Packet Routing Routing packets is a key responsibility of IP. Routers use the destination IP address in each packet to determine which network the packet should be sent to – As well as the best way to get it there MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 11 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Figure -1 Routers in an IP network MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windo 12 ws Server 2012/R2, Exam 70-410 © Cengage Learning 2015  IPv4 Addresses IP addresses are 32-bit numbers divided into four 8- bit values called octets, each octet can have a value from 0 to 255. Subnet masks are also 32-bit numbers, that serve to determine how many bits are allocated to a network ID, and how many are allocated to a host ID. MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 13 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  IPv4 Addresses Example: – 192.168.14.250 = 11000000.10101000.0001110.11111010 255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 Above shows 192.168.14.0 as the network ID, 250 as the host ID MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 14 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Binary Math How is the subnet mask used to determine the network ID? – Computers determine the network ID by doing a logical AND operation between its IP address and subnet mask. A logical AND is an operation between two binary values. AND operations can have the following results: 0 AND 0 = 0 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 1 AND 1 = 1 MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 15 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Binary Math Finding the subnet mask (cont’d) – The logical AND operation between a computer’s IP address and subnet mask looks like this: 10101100.00011111.01100100.00000110 (binary for 172.31.100.6) AND 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 (binary for 255.255.0.0) ____________________________ 10101100.00011111.00000000.00000000 (binary for 172.31.0.0) MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 16 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Converting Decimal to Binary To convert 125 to binary use the following chart and follow the directions: MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 17 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Converting Binary to Decimal The easiest way to convert an 8-digit binary number is to use the table you used in the decimal-to-binary conversion Using the binary number 11010011, you get the following: 128+64+0+16+0+0+2+1 = 211 MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 18 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  IP Address Classes IP Addresses are categorized in Classes A-E – Only IP addresses in the A, B, and C classes are available for host assignment Class A – Value of the first octet is between 1 and 127 – IP registry assigns the first octet, leaving the last three octets to be assigned to hosts – Intended for large corporations and government Class B – Value of the first octet is between 128 and 191 – IP registry assigns the first two octets, leaving the third and fourth octets to be assigned to hosts – Intended for use in medium to large networks MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 19 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  IP Address Classes Class C – Value of the first octet is between 192 and 223 – IP address registry assigns the first three octets – These networks are limited to 254 hosts per network – Intended for small networks Class D – Value of the first octet is between 224 and 239 – Reserved for multicasting Class E – Value of the first octet is between 240 and 255 – Reserved for experimental use and can’t be used for address assignment MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 20 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Private IP Addresses Due to the popularity of TCP/IP and the Internet, we are running out of unique IP addresses A series of addresses have been reserved for private networks (networks whose hosts can’t be accessed directly through the Internet Reserved addresses: – Class A addresses beginning with 10 – Class B addresses from 172.16 to 172.31 – Class C addresses from 192.168.0 to 192.168.255 The addresses in those ranges can’t be routed across the Internet MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 21 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Private IP Addresses Another type of private IP address is a link-local address. – Not assigned locally or through DHCP – Assigned automatically when a computer is configured to receive an IP address through DHCP but no DHCP service is available. Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) - another term for a link-local address Assigned in the range of 169.254.1.0 through 169.254.254.255 with a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 22 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Network Address Translation NAT allows an organization to use private IP addresses while connected to the Internet The NAT process translates a workstation’s private address (as a packet leaves the corporate network) into a valid public Internet address. MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 23 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Figure 2 Private addresses are translated to public addresses with NAT MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windo 24 ws Server 2012/R2, Exam 70-410 © Cengage Learning 2015  Classless Interdomain Routing Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) - the use of IP addresses without requiring the default subnet mask. The use of IP addresses with their default subnet masks is referred to as classful addressing. CIDR notation uses the format A.B.C.D/n where n is the number of 1 bits in the subnet mask Example: – 172.31.210.10 with a 255.255.255.0 subnet mask is expressed as 172.31.210.10/24 – The network ID is 24 bits, leaving 8 bits for the host ID MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 25 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Broadcast Domains A broadcast domain defines which devices must receive a packet that’s broadcast by any other device A broadcast is a packet addressed to all computers on the network. TCP/IP communication relies heavily on broadcast packets – DHCP and ARP use broadcasts to perform their tasks MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 26 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Subnetting Subnetting - a process that reallocates bits from an IP address’s host portion to the network portion, creating multiple smaller address spaces. Reasons to subnet: – To divide a very large network into many smaller subnetworks – To conserve IP addresses – Use the formula 2n, with n representing the number of bits you must reallocate from the host ID to the network ID. – The number of subnets you create is always a power of 2, – so if you need 20 subnets, you must reallocate 5 bits (25 = 32) because reallocating 4 bits gives you only 16 subnets. MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 27 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Calculating a Subnet Mask – You must also ensure that you have enough host bits available to assign to computers on each subnet. To determine the number of host addresses available, use the formula 2n - 2, with n representing the number of host (0) bits in the subnet mask. MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 28 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  A Pattern Emerges Table 2 Subnetwork numbers and addresses MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 29 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Determining Host Addresses Table 3 Host addresses per subnet MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 30 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Another Subnet Mask Example Figure 3 A sample network for calculating subnet mask requirements MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 31 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Supernetting Supernetting is sometimes necessary to solve certain network configuration problems and to make routing tables more streamlined. Sometimes referred to as “route aggregation” or “route summarization”. Supernetting reallocates bits from the network portion of an IP address to the host portion – Making two or more smaller subnets a larger supernet MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 32 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Configuring IPv4 Addresses Rules for IP address assignment – Every IP address configuration must have a subnet mask. – All hosts on the same physical network must share the same network ID in their IP addresses. – All host IDs on the same network must be unique. – You can’t assign an IP address in which all the host ID bits are binary 0. – You can’t assign an IP address in which all the host ID bits are binary 1. – Computers assigned different network IDs can communicate only if a router is present to forward packets MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 33 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410 Configuring Multiple IP Addresses Windows OSs allow assigning multiple IP addresses to a single network connection, via Advanced TCP/IP settings dialog box Multiple IP addresses can be useful in these situations: – The computer is hosting a service that must be accessed by using different addresses – The computer is connected to a physical network that hosts multiple IP networks MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 34 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Configuring the Default Gateway A default gateway is almost always used in IP configurations. The default gateway’s address must have the same network ID as the host’s network ID Just as you can configure multiple IP addresses, multiple gateways can be configured. MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 35 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Using Multihomed Servers A multihomed server has two or more NICs, each attached to a different IP network. Each NIC requires its own IP address for the network to which it’s connected. Reasons for this type of configuration: – A server is accessed by internal clients and external clients – A server provides resources for computers on multiple subnets of the network – A server is configured as a router or VPN server MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 36 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Using the route Command Windows computers maintain a routing table that dictates where a packet should be sent, based on the packet’s destination address Typing route print displays the routing table Results are displayed in five columns: – Network Destination – Netmask – Gateway – Interface – Metric MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 37 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  IP Configuration Command-Line Tools Other command line tools available to assist with IP configuration: – netsh – PowerShell cmdlets – ipconfig – ping – arp – tracert – nslookup Additional tools are available, but are generally used to verify correct IP configuration settings and connectivity MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 38 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Using netsh The netsh.exe is a command-line scripting utility that allows you to display or modify the network configuration of a computer that is currently running. To see a list of netsh commands, type: – netsh /? To configure the IP address of an interface named Ethernet use this command: – netsh interface ipv4 set address “Ethernet” static 10.1.1.1 255.255.0.0 To set the primary DNS server, use this command: – netsh interface ipv4 set dns “Ethernet” static 10.1.1.100 primary MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 39 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Using PowerShell Cmdlets PowerShell cmdlets for viewing and configuring IP address settings – Get-NetIPConfiguration - displays IP configuration information about your network’s interfaces – Get-NetIPAddress - view detailed IP address configuration on a specified interface – Set-NetIPInterface - used to configure DHCP client, “wake on LAN”, and router settings – Set-DnsClientServerAddress - sets the DNS server addresses used by the DNS client on the specified interface MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 40 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Using ipconfig ipconfig is usually used to display a computers IP address settings, but it can perform other tasks based on the options given: – /all – /release – /renew – /displaydns – /flushdns – /registerdns MCSA Guide to Installing and Configuring Windows Server 41 © Cengage Learning 2015 2012/R2, Exam 70-410  Using ping ping is used to test the connectivity between two computers, by sending an ICMP Echo Request packet If the destination receives the ICMP Echo Request and can respond, it’ll reply with an ICMP Echo Reply packet – Example: Reply from 192.168.100.201 bytes=32 time=