ITE01-Elective01_InstallCompSystem (1).pdf

UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) CHAPTER I COMPUTER SYSTEM Computer System A...

UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) CHAPTER I COMPUTER SYSTEM Computer System A system is a collection of elements or components that are organized for a common purpose. The word sometimes describes the organization or plan itself (and is similar in meaning to method, as in "I have my own little system") and sometimes describes the parts in the system (as in "computer system"). A computer system consists of hardware components that have been carefully chosen so that they work well together and software components or programs that run in the computer. The main software component is itself an operating system that manages and provides services to other programs that can be run in the computer. What is a computer? Computer: is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation) automatically. Modern computers: can perform generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. Computer system: is a "complete" computer that includes the hardware, operating system (main software), and peripheral equipment needed and used for "full" operation. This term may also refer to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster. Computer Basic Components 1. Input Unit: devices use to enter data to be processed 2. Output Unit: devices used to display information result 3. Central Processing Unit: the core/brain of any computer devices. a. Memory Unit: temporary storage of data b. Control Unit: manage the entire functions of a computer.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) c. Arithmetical and Logical Unit: use for mathematical calculations and arithmetic operations. TYPES OF COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO SIZE 1. Microcomputers/Personal Computers A microcomputer is also known as a personal computer. These devices can be described as general-purpose computers that are ideal for individual use. Microcomputers have a microprocessor as a central processing unit, an input unit, storage area, memory, and an output unit. Examples of microcomputers are desktop computers and laptops. These devices are usually used to make assignments, watch movies, or tackle business tasks for office work. Microcomputers are the smallest in size of all the other types of computers. Only one user can use a microcomputer at a time. These computers are less expensive and easier to use. These devices are also often equipped with a single semiconductor chip. These devices can scan, browse, print, watch videos, and perform many other tasks. 2. Minicomputers A minicomputer is a midsize, multi-processing system. Minicomputers are capable of supporting up to 250 users at the same time. Usually, these devices have two or more processors. It is common for minicomputers to be employed in institutes and departments related to accounting, inventory management, and billing. Some experts also believe that minicomputers lie somewhere between a microcomputer and a mainframe because minicomputers are smaller than a mainframe but more extensive than a microcomputer. Minicomputers are lighter in weight. These devices can easily fit anywhere and are portable. These devices are less expensive and very fast compared to their size. Minicomputers tend to remain charged for long intervals and can function in an environment without controlled operations. 3. Mainframe Computers A mainframe can be described as a costly and extensive computer system. A mainframe is usually capable of supporting hundreds and thousands of users at the same time. These devices concurrently execute various programs and support multiple simultaneous executions of programs. Mainframe computers are usually used in large organizations that need to process and manage high volumes of data - For example, telecom and banking sector industries. These computers usually have a very long life. A mainframe device can run smoothly for up to 50 years after its installation. It can also provide excellent performance with large-scale memory management. This type of computers also can distribute or share their workload among other processors or input and output terminals. When it comes to errors, then there are fewer chances of errors in these devices. However, if any error occurs, then it is quickly fixed by the system. These devices protect the stored data and any ongoing exchange of data or information. From this extensive description, it must be quite evident that mainframe computers have a lot of applications. We have created a list of some of those applications, and that list is given below. In the field of defense, mainframe computers allow defense departments to share a large amount of sensitive information with other branches of defense.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) In the retail sector, large retail organizations often have a vast customer base. This is why departments use mainframe computers to execute and handle information related to their customer management, inventory management, and huge transactions within a short period. In health care, mainframe computers help hospitals by maintaining an extensive record of millions of patients. This feature goes a long way in assisting hospitals in contacting their patients for treatment or any other appointment related to medicine or disease updates. In the field of education, mainframe devices allow large educational institutes to store, manage, and retrieve data related to admissions, courses, teachers, students, affiliated schools, affiliated colleges, and employees 4. Supercomputer Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers in the world. These computers are costly and are only employed for specialized applications that require a large number of mathematical calculations or number crunching. For example, supercomputers' tasks are animated graphics, scientific simulations, weather forecasting, geological data analysis in industries like petrochemical prospecting, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and electronic design. It is exciting to note that supercomputers can process trillions of instructions in a single second! This is mainly because these devices have thousands of interconnected processors. Also, the first supercomputer was developed in 1976 by Roger Cray. Did you know that supercomputers can decrypt your password? This task can be done to improve protection for security reasons. It also produces excellent animations and is valuable in the virtual testing of nuclear weapons and critical medical tests. A Supercomputer is also employed in NOAA's system (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). That supercomputer can execute any logical or straightforward data. They are also used for extracting useful information from data storage centers or cloud systems. An excellent example of this is the insurance companies. Supercomputers also play an essential role in managing the online world of currencies like the stock market and Bitcoin.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) CHAPTER II VARIOUS TYPE OF INPUT DEVICES Various type of Input Devices Input Devices Are the electronic parts of the computer. The input devices of Computers are used to input the user’s data or information into computers for the output results. Can be defined as an electro-mechanical device that allows a user to input the data into a computer, by usually typing on a keyboard, or by clicking a mouse, we input data into the computer. The data is processed into the main memory through the input device. The computer accepts instructions from the user and converts the received instruction into machine language. WHAT ARE THE 10 INPUT DEVICES EXAMPLES? 1. Keyboard The keyboard is probably the primary means of communicating the user with the computer system. It was also the first to be an example of input devices, at least as far as modern computers are concerned. Keyboard is one of the most prominent input devices of the computer. It operates similarly to typewriters. The keyboard is designed to input text numbers and characters. By using a keyboard, we do the entire writing work on the computer. Physically, the keyboard of a computer is rectangular. It has a set of keys or buttons arranged horizontal contains about 108 Keys, which act as electronic switches or mechanical levers, allowing us to the entry of information encoded to the computer system by pressing the keys. The 9 Types of Keyboards as per the needs and comfort of people. 1. Gaming Keyboard 2. Wireless Keyboard 3. Flexible Keyboards 4. Multimedia Keyboard 5. Mechanical Keyboard 6. Ergonomic Keyboard 7. Laptop Keyboard 8. Hand Keyboard 9. Virtual Keyboards The buttons of the input devices of the computer’s keyboard is divided into: 1. Alphanumeric 2. Functions keys 3. Numeric keys 4. Special purpose keys 5. Cursor keys 6. Modifier keys  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 2. Mouse The Mouse is the input device of the computer, also known as a pointing device. It is, along with the keyboard, one of the most widely used examples of input devices today. It is also known as cursor moving device as it allows you to move different types and shapes of cursor like arrow, hand, vertical bar onto the screen. Its function consists of detecting the movement when being moved on a flat surface and inputting this information so that the CPU interprets it and, thus, the mouse pointer imitates the movement on the computer screen. A Mouse that can have 2 or 3 buttons and a scroll on the upper side. Like Left, Right, and Middle key Roller. The use of Mouse is to control the computer, create images, and other essential functions. With the help of a mouse, we can control our PC without even a keyboard. However, with the development of technology, the Mouse has come to be used without wiring for more efficiency. The 9 different Types of Mouse. 1. Optical Mouse 2. Wireless Mouse 3. Laser Mouse 4. Gaming Mouse 5. Trackball Mouse 6. 3D Mouse 7. Mechanical Mouse 8. Ergonomic Mouse 9. Stylus (Pen mouse) 3. Joystick The joystick is another input devices examples that is a vertical stick-shaped device that looks like a movable vertical handle. With the help of these computer input devices, we can move the cursor in any direction on the screen. It most of all resembles a gear lever or an aircraft control stick. Most often it contains buttons, switches, sliders. The button is usually at the top of it which is used to select the option indicated by the cursor. It is more convenient to control the joystick in various simulators. For example, to control video games, training simulators, helicopters, and other equipment with a similar control system. However, many gamers have no idea that they are using the wrong word for their favorite controller. After all, a joystick and a gamepad are different things. It is often used by children to play games on the computer because this is an easy way to teach children to use computers. Although the keyboard or mouse can play all computer games, some games require playing at a fast pace. So, in this case, gamers by using joystick do not feel uncomfortable playing such games. Advantages The user can play more comfortably because there are fewer buttons, but he has the necessary ones to carry out the different tasks. It has fundamental buttons for some functions. As they also consist of elementary buttons for other actions, whether direct from the simulators, game, or multimedia. In the case of some games, joysticks can facilitate play, such as FIFA and PES. They are compact, comfortable, and mostly small.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 4.Trackball The trackball is a pointing device like a mouse but a bit different input device of a computer. It has a raised ball and some buttons. Naturally, while holding, you have your thumb on the ball, and your fingers are on the button, which is used by manually rotating the fingers. Advantages of Trackball Over Mouse 1. Scroll: It is an external roller that allows you to rotate up and down, thus smoothly moving the screens, in addition to having the function of a button since it can be pressed to keep the screen moving. 2. Function buttons: These side buttons allow programming, to perform specific functions in the Internet browser or for particular tasks that the user wishes. 3. Trackball: Means track-sphere. It is built into specific wireless mouse models; It has the function of giving movement to the screens at 360 ° and not only from top to bottom like the Scroll, very practical for use in video games for graphic designing applications. The uses of trackballs became very common in laptops and computers because they easily fit into the case, as it occupies relatively less space to use. They are considered more accurately durable than a mouse, which is why they are still used a lot. People with mobility problems often use trackballs as an input device, since a trackball’s trackball is more comfortable to manipulate and the buttons can be activated without affecting the position of the pointer. 5. Digital Camera A digital camera is a photographic input device in which the image or video is recorded on a CCD system and stored in digital form in memory cards. It can not only capture and digitize an image but also record sound and shooting parameters. The digital camera allows us to take a photograph and immediately create a document in standardized formats for the computer or other devices. The digital camera uses its CCD sensor or Charge Coupled Device as its focal plane. The cameras are used by both people who are interested or not in photography to capture memorable moments and professional photographers. Advantages of digital camera Images recorded (input) with a digital camera can be displayed on the screen immediately. Thousands of photos can be stored in a small memory card. To free up space in it, stored images or videos can also be deleted. In some digital cameras, it is also possible to crop images as required. 6. Scanner A scanner is a digital input device that is used to scan hard copy images, printed text, and objects and then convert it to a digital format. How we use the printer to extract prints in different colors. Similarly, we can scan any documents to save on the computer. It is also known as the Xerox machine. Image scanners are used in a variety of domestic and industrial applications such as design, gaming, reverse engineering, and testing.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) Since the document converts into an image in digital form so that it can store on the computer or can be edit, its best advantage is that the user does require to type the information. The possibility of errors in capturing such information has been reduced. 7. Bar code Reader / Barcode Scanner A barcode reader device is used to input data from a barcode. It is used to read the bar code printed on any product by code bar. Barcode reader detects existing data in barcodes by hitting beams of light on barcode lines. In such a way, information obtains. Barcode systems and readers proved to be very helpful in businesses. With the help of a barcode, big companies can track their products. You can quickly know the Prices and Stocks Level from the bar code. Companies use this in their Computer Centralized System to increase their efficiency and productivity. The Barcode Scanner scans the data that can be saved very quickly on the computer. This saves both time and physical exertion. And the chances of mistakes have been reduced. Barcode scanners are examples of input devices used mostly in commercials. 8.OCR The full form of OCR is “Optical Character Recognition “. This technology used to read numbers, letters, or symbols in digital format. The characters and symbols can read through the light source. OCR is commonly used to recognize text by scanning documents in digital form. You can check to live here Online OCR. While OCR technology was initially designed to recognize printed text written by typewriters, it can also be used to identify and verify the book written by hand. OCR uses mostly in the following fields: Banking Cloud Storage Invoice automation Form automation Information retrieval Healthcare 9. Biometric Machine / Biometric-scanner-input-device A Biometric system is an example of input device of a computer that identifies a person through biometric sensors. With the help of a biometric machine, a person’s details can be identified by their face, finger, eyes, voice, or thumb impression. It is mainly used for security purposes to prevent unauthorized from entering a specific area. It is used as attendance for employees/students in institutions. Since biometric sensors are operating with accuracy, they are widely used in many institutions. Types of biometric devices 1. Face scanner: It is used to recognize a person’s face. It measures the distance between one’s mouth, eyes, and nose, sufficient to identify a person. 2. Hand scanner: Used to scan a person’s palm to identify a person. 3. Finger scanner: It scans the fingerprint of a person to identify a person and his details. 4. Retina/iris scanner: It is used to identify a person by scanning his Eyes.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 10. Microphone Mics or microphones are examples of input devices. Through this, we can send recorded or live sound to a compute microphone. The microphone is used in a voice recorder, online chatting, singing, etc. A microphone is a device that converts sound vibration into an electronic signal which listens through speakers. Such applications and software have significantly contributed to the filmmakers. The significant benefits of mics are that they are minimal and cheap and have good response sensitivity. Nowadays, microphones are also being used as speech recognition software. This means that we do not have to type but speak and the words that were spoken appear in our document, which we knew as The Speech Input Device. CHAPTER III VARIOUS TYPE OF OUTPUT DEVICES Various of types of Output Devices Output Devices: Output devices are the electronic parts of the computer. A computer’s output devices are those part of computer hardware equipment that converts the information into readable form. It can be text, graphics, audio, or video. Output devices examples can be defined as “when the computer receives various types of data and instructions through input devices like a keyboard (by typing) and mouse (by cursor and clicking), etc. and processes it and gives results through the output devices like Monitor and printer, etc”. Output devices show the results of data processed in a computer. Monitor and printer are two mainly used output devices examples. These outputs take the device into machine signals and convert them into human language. Let’s see other output devices. 1. Monitor / Led monitor Monitors are the most crucial output devices of a computer. Without it, the computer is incomplete. The monitor is a versatile device of the computer for the visual display of all types of information. The monitor is designed to display symbolic and graphical information. It shows all the data and information as Soft Copy on its screen. It acts as an interface between the CPU and the user. A cable is connected with a video adapter set up with the computer’s motherboard to display the data. Anyone can view Files, photos, videos, texts, graphics, and tables in real-time through the monitor. Files, photos, videos, texts, graphics, and tables can be viewed in real-time through the monitor. They are increasingly being produced thinner in width and with advanced technologies such as LED, plasma, or liquid crystal. This output device comes in different sizes: 15, 17, 19, 21 inches measured on its diagonal. However, the monitor screen of laptops is much thinner and smaller.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) There are basically 5 types of Monitor 1. CRT Monitors (Cathode Ray Tube) 2. LCD Monitors (Liquid Crystal Display) 3. LED Monitors (Light Emitting Diode) 4. OLED Monitors (Organic Light Emitting Diode) 5. Plasma Monitors 2. Printer A printer is an electronic external output device of the computer used to print digital information on paper as a hard copy. Since the main task of printers is to convert the data from soft copy to hard copy on the computer. The printer prints the files stored in a computer(data can be in text form), it can be small or big as per the page size. Printers are used to print signs, office documents at offices, homes, PPT, and business establishments. The resolution or clarity of images produced by a printer is measures in DPI (dots per inch) resolution. The more dots per fleas a printer has, the better quality can be printed and seen more clearly. Usually, the printer is connected to a computer with a data cable or only a wireless connection with wifi. At present, many digital printers are featured with the latest wireless technologies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or cloud. Due to this, it becomes easier to complete the printing task. The shortcut way of printing the documents is by pressing Ctrl + P command. The Printers generally use paper and various inkjet or laser systems. 3. Plotter machine A plotter is an output device that prints graphics with high-quality images in many color formats. It is analogous to a printer but has more advanced features. The plotter allows us not only for graphic design but also to print large maps, architectural drawings, large-format printing, create pictures, 3D postcards, advertising signs, charts, and various designs of the internal structure of building machines. The printer prints only on paper, but the plotter can print on cardboard, fabric, film, and other synthetic materials. Some unique models allow you to print on T-shirts, bags, other lightweight clothing, and even round objects such as cups. Plotters are different from printers because they are more accurate, faster with high-resolution graphics. That’s why plotters are used by Engineers and architects fields as engineering applications, where accuracy is mandatory. Printers design the pictures as per the commands given by the computer user. In this case, pens are used to draw multicolor plotters using different color pens. The plotter is used to obtain high-quality drawing graphs on large paper. It is mainly used in engineering, building construction, city planning, map, etc. In the case of buying, A plotter is very expensive as compared to printers.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 4. Multimedia and Screen Projector The multimedia screen projector is also an output device. A multimedia projector is a miracle of technology, and it is a beneficial and multi-functional device. In the conditions of having a limited area like an apartment, you can organize a home theater because the image’s projection allows us to view the video on the screen over the entire wall. Using the projector for educational purposes, projects, data graphs, or showing documentaries makes it possible to broadcast video in a comprehensive format to understand information by viewers better. Using a projector, we can cast information like Audio, video, images, and animation from the laptop/computer to the big screen simultaneously. That’s why it is widely used in office Presentations that make parenting more lively and exciting. Since the output results by a multimedia projector are displayed on a large screen, it can be seen by a vast gathering of people in a meeting/conference room, classroom, or even in the hall. Video quality is highly dependent on the specifications of the multimedia projector and screen properties. The canvas should have high reflectivity, and then the screen quality will be more precise and much sharper. For example, if you want to present your PPT in front of thousands of people, then you don’t need to hesitate. You need a projector that will display all your presentation data on a big screen on the wall. 5. Speakers A speaker is a hardware output device connected with a computer to produce the audio. The sound produced by computer speakers is made by a hardware component whose name is a sound card that is pre-installed with the computer. The word “speaker” is not a technical term. The real name of the device is “dynamic head.” This Speaker can now be found on many devices, for example, on a TV, radio, telephone, children’s toys, and others. The audio signal is sent through the computer’s sound card to produce the sound coming from a computer speaker. Many LAPTOP already has the inbuilt Speaker at the upper end of the keyboard. The Speaker is inbuilt with the motherboard is called Internal Speaker. One can need an external speaker separately when producing the sound from the computer in a more loud way. 6. Headphone Headphones are also known as earphones. Headphones are output devices with which you can listen to any sound signals transmitted by an electronic device. These are hardware devices that produce audio privately after being connected to smartphones or computers through a wireless connection. The primary purpose of using headphones or earphones is to listen to the audio privately, mainly in a crowd, and avoid disturbing others. The headphone takes the audio input from the sound card (any connected device) and converts it into audio output in the form of wave sound. Many headphones or earphones are launched with advanced technology and superior sound technology in today’s digital world. These headphones connect to any musical device with a jack port of 3.5MM. Some Advantages of Headphones over Speakers: High sound quality, availability to purchase headphones is much cheaper than a specific speaker system, isolation from external sound signals, while using this accessory, no noise is created for strangers that comfort others.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 7. Sound Card Sound cards are the output devices of computers that are installed inside a computer. To produce any computer’s sound, you need to need a sound card, external or internal (built-in). An external sound card allows you to generate higher quality and is necessary for surround and clear sound, to get sound without noise and distortion when recording it. With the help of an internal sound card, it becomes possible to listen to music through speakers or headphones connected to a PC, and if this is the only thing that you need, then it is enough. Most of the sound cards have at least one analog input line and one stereo output line connection. These connectors are typically 3.5 mm minijacks. These are the size of most headphones that we use. Some sound cards also support digital audio input and output, using a standard TRS (tip-ring-sleeve) connection or an optical audio port, such as the Toslink connector. Although all computer does not require a sound device to function as they are included on every machine in some form or another, it can be either installed in an expansion slot or built into the motherboard. 8. Video Card Computer Video cards are internal inbuilt hardware output devices. Every PC user, especially gamers, knows very well that a video card is one of the essential components of a computer and laptop. So that while playing videos and games, the cards do not get slow down, they work stably, and everything goes smoothly. A video card or video adapter is part of a computer and laptop. This device is responsible for processing data – machine code and translating it into an accessible image. In simple words, the video adapter is engaged in the output process of translating the program code into a user-friendly image on the monitor, TV, or any other display. Nowadays, To work in professional video processing programs, playing high definition games, 3D modeling, designing videos, and 3D games with elevated details, you need an external video card. 9. GPS GPS is a space-based satellite navigation output device that determines the time and location information in all weather conditions and allows you to find the desired object on the map, whether it is situated in any place on the Earth. The main output of GPS is Providing location, weather conditions, and also tracking. Almost every modern person has used GPS navigation on their smartphone or tablet, even laptops too. The need for GPS can arise at any time for people of different professions and different occupational needs. This GPS is a satellite- based navigation system made up of a network of 24 Satellites placed in the orbit of the Earth by the Department of Defense. GPS was initially designed by the USA to use for military applications. This system provides significant capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users across the world. But in the 1980s, the government made this system available for everyday people. GPS can work in any weather, in any place of the world, up to 24 hours a day. Simultaneously, the best point is that you do not have to pay any subscription fees or setup charges. It is free to use the GPS.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 10. Speech Synthesizer Speech synthesizers are special output devices examples consisting of many modules that provide the ability to convert typed texts into sentences voiced by a human voice. A speech synthesizer is a response mechanism that collects the vowels and then provides the output in sounds. There is a mechanism in this system by which we can pre-record using required vowel codes with a set of instructions in a voice response device. Speech synthesizers are mainly used when studying foreign languages, listening to texts on the pages of books, creating vocal parts, issuing search queries in the form of voiced phrases, etc. The voice response device arranges the voice’s response in the appropriate sequence and transmits it as output. CHAPTER IV VARIOUS TYPE OF STORAGE DEVICES Various types of Storage Devices Storage Devices: Computers utilize a variety of storage devices and media in order to read and write data. Without permanent or temporary storage, a computer wouldn’t function as expected. Most machines would be completely useless without a place to store digital data. Everything from the operating system to programs and individual files exist on storage after all. The early days of computer memory featured magnetic tape and floppy disks. Now things like hard drives, solid state drives, cloud storage services etc are used more often. In general, storage device types can be separated into two broad categories: 1. Permanent 2. Temporary TYPES OF PERMANENT STORAGE DEVICES MAGNETIC STORAGE TYPES 1. Hard Disk Drive A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile storage medium. Non- volatile data remains on a given device unless rewritten or deleted. In hard drives, an electromagnet creates positive or negative charges on the disk surface. The charges create binary code read as the rotating disk and actuator arm work in conjunction. Data is read along concentric circles, known as tracks, and sectors, known as wedges. Currently, hard disks remain in regular use but their popularity is diminishing. HDDs come with a variety of benefits, including high storage capacities and overall low cost, that’s why they are mostly used for backup and archiving purposes. Alternative forms of storage often cost more for similar storage capacities. Hard drives include mechanical parts, though, so they wear down over time and are susceptible to sudden data loss from impact damage. Many hard drives feature fast read/write speeds, but other faster storage types are available today. Mechanical HDDs have a rotating head, that is why you will see specs like 7.5K RPM or 10K RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) on HDD devices. Typical Storage Capacity: 500 GB to 4+ TB  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 2. Magnetic Tape Device The Eckert-Mauchly UNIVAC I system originally used magnetic storage device tapes back in 1951. Surprisingly enough, magnetic tape is still used today and sees regular improvements. Data is written onto magnetic tape through various means. It’s possible to write data onto magnetic tape along its length or width, though. At this point, magnetic tape is used in academic fields and countless other situations such as backup storage systems. Specialized equipment is required to read magnetic tape. For ordinary consumers, magnetic tape might seem like an outdated technology. Researchers continue to develop magnetic tape for commercial use. Tape features higher storage capacities than hard drives, and they’re more reliable than HDDs. They feature a similar overall cost compared to similar hard disks as well. In fact, some analysts predict that the use of magnetic tape will continue to grow and expand. Tape could replace hard drives in commercial settings moving forward. 3. Floppy Disks Generally speaking, floppy disks existed as storage devices from 1971 to 1999. The disk drives required to read floppy disks are no longer included in mainstream computers. Finding a working floppy disk drive outside of industrial settings can prove challenging in some cases. Nonetheless, floppy disks relied on a magnetic disk that could be read and written via read/write heads. Various motors and the floppy disk drive are required in order to access data on floppy disks. In the past, floppy disks came with the benefit of being affordable and relatively fast. They supplemented a computer’s main storage device well and usually they were used to boot-up a computer (e.g older computers using MSDOS operating system could boot-up using a floppy disk). Most floppy disks held less than two megabytes of data. Unfortunately, floppy disks maxed out at 240 MB of storage space. Although floppy disks are used in industrial settings, consumers often consider them extinct and obsolete compared to hard drives. Floppy disks were manufactured in various sizes over the years. FLASH STORAGE TYPES 4. SSD (Solid State Drive) Solid state drives rely upon NAND flash memory to deliver blistering read/write speeds. Transistors are wired in series on a given circuit board, meaning SSDs lack moving parts. For that reason, data can be accessed immediately and without much noise or heat. A computer’s operating system accesses the storage drive, and SSDs come in both internal and external configurations. Faster read/write speeds lead to better load times, a faster operating system, and other benefits. Typically, SSDs cost more money than HDDs with similar storage capacities. They cannot be beaten on read/write speeds or longevity, though. Solid State Drives degrade in memory quality over millions of write operations, but they’re not susceptible to damage like hard drives. Plus, they’re quieter than hard  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) drives and come in smaller form factors. Portable devices achieve better battery life due to the non- mechanical function, which is always a desirable result. Typical Storage Capacity: 120 GB to 1+ TB 5. USB Flash Drive Like SSDs, USB Flash Drives rely upon NAND flash memory. These devices are designed to be portable, pocketable storage solutions. They plug into a computer’s USB port and feature fast read/write speeds. In simple terms, flash drives are best used as ultraportable storage devices. Flash drives provide an excellent solution for moving files from one device to another quickly. They’re often used as backup devices for large amounts of data as well. The benefits of USB flash drives speak for themselves. These devices are extremely portable and feature no moving parts, so the data is secure. Also, a variety of storage capacities are available on the market, although capacities over 256 GB are uncommon. It doesn’t help that flash drives are expensive compared to HDDs, which feature much higher capacities at lower prices. Such memory sticks serve a variety of purposes, and it never hurts to keep one lying around. Typical Storage Capacity: 8 GB to 256GB (Maximum 2 TB) 6. SD Card SD Cards rely upon flash memory and are designed for portable devices such as cameras, smartphones etc. Most laptops and many smartphones feature SD Card readers. For sizing options, manufacturers offer full-size SD, miniSD, and microSD cards with various capacities. Full-size SD cards often slot into desktop PCs and laptops. Cameras and smartphones or tablets often accommodate miniSD or microSD cards. SD cards are categorized by their read/write speed, which can vary 12.5 megabytes per second to 3,938 MB/s. Like USB flash drives, SD Cards are portable and easy to pocket. Smaller capacities are available at competitive pricing compared to flash drives and other memory. They’re best used as portable device storage or for transferring files between devices. Otherwise, higher capacity cards cost a far more amount of money, and they’re not suitable for running programs or operating systems on computers. A better solution for portable devices and storage might not be available. Typical Storage Capacity: 2 GB to 32 GB and Beyond OPTICAL STORAGE TYPES 7. CD Compact Disks (CDs) are known as optical storage devices. The disks feature microscopic pits and bumps that disk drives read as binary data. While running in an optical disk drive, CDs rotate at a constant speed. A laser glides over the surface of the disk to read the binary data. An optical lens reads this data and sends it to the computer or laptop being used. Depending on the disk type, CDs can be read only or read/write capable. CDs typically contain audio and other small amounts of data. Storage capacity is limited to 700 MB, so they’re not suitable for high definition video storage. Luckily, CDs cost very little money and take up very little space. They’re prone to scratches that render the disk unreadable, which leads to reliability problems. Not all computers and laptops feature an optical disk drive today, either. Better disk-based storage options are available. Typical Storage Capacity: 700 MB  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 8. DVD Of course, DVDs look like CDs because they’re identical in size. All DVDs feature a spiral track with more data capacity than a CD, though. The DVD drive utilizes a finer laser to read data due to the higher density. In essence, DVDs work exactly like CDs but with higher storage capacities. Dual layering is a process with DVDs that further increases storage capacity. Large amounts of data, including standard definition video, can be stored on DVDs without a problem. The average DVD features 4.7 GB of read/write data today. DVDs have been supplanted by BluRay Disks, so they’re often considered obsolete. Regardless, DVDs are affordable and feature decent storage capacity. Computers from a decade ago typically featured a DVD drive by default. That’s not necessarily the case in 2020, so DVDs should be avoided unless absolutely necessary. Typical Storage Capacity: 4.7 GB 9. BluRay Disks The king of optical storage is the BluRay Disk. Once again, BluRay disks look like a standard CD or DVD. Even more data is packed into the spiral tracks of the disk. An even more specialized violet laser reads the binary data on the disk’s surface. BluRay disks feature layering technology to increase capacity like DVDs. With that in mind, a BluRay may feature storage capacity anywhere from 25 GB to 128 GB although the most popular capacity sizes are 25GB (single layer) or 50GB (double layer). BluRay disks cost more than CDs and DVDs but should be considered the gold standard of optical media. Multiple high-definition movies and other data can be loaded onto a BluRay. Based on capacity alone, BluRay disks make more sense than other optical media solutions. BluRay disk drives don’t come standard on all computers, but they’re quite affordable to buy and install. Typical Storage Capacity: 25 GB to 128 GB ONLINE STORAGE 10. Cloud Storage Cloud Storage relies upon data stored on servers accessible at all times over the Internet. Data might be stored on multiple servers to ensure 100% uptime and reliability. To access cloud storage, a computer needs access to the internet and a cloud storage provider. Companies like Amazon, Google, and others offer cloud storage solutions. Data is always accessible and synced from the server to individual devices. Cloud data is essentially always available via the internet. Since cloud storage is, in theory, always accessible, it’s convenient. A computer with an internet connection should be able to access data within seconds. Location doesn’t matter with cloud storage, and a fast connection means instant access. However, cloud storage is typically offered as a service and costs more money based on overall data storage needs. Unavailable internet connections render cloud storage useless, and the overall security of such storage is sometimes questionable (although there are cloud storage services that offer encryption of data as well).  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) TYPES OF TEMPORARY STORAGE 11. RAM (Random Access Memory) Unlike the previously covered storage devices, RAM is volatile data. Data stored in RAM is constantly cycled in and out and disappears after power is removed. A computer’s CPU accesses RAM, which acts like a middleman between the CPU and non- volatile storage devices. Otherwise, a computer would operate too slow for comfort by relying on non-volatile storage alone. Any data stored in RAM is available to the CPU in quick fashion, acting like the working memory for the CPU. RAM directly affects the performance of a given computer. Most computers need 8 GB of RAM in order to function fast and smooth. Sometimes, 16 GB or more is required for intensive use cases. RAM is quite expensive compared to other storage types but serves an invaluable purpose. A quality RAM module leads to better PC performance and faster loading speeds in various applications. 12. ROM (Read Only Memory) As the name suggests, this type of memory can only be read from the computer but you can’t write any data to it. Another important characteristic is that ROM does not lose its data when the power is off (i.e it is non-volatile data). ROM is usually used to store critical and essential data that helps to power-up a computer system and to perform an initial hardware test and setup. After the computer powers up, it starts using other types of storage such as hard disk, RAM etc. An example of ROM is the BIOS of the computer (Basic Input Output System) which initializes the hardware and helps to start-up the whole computer system. 13. Cache Memory CPUs feature cache memory embedded in the processing chip. Cache memory is faster than RAM but features much smaller storage capacity. In a basic summary, such memory stores program instructions and similar data a CPU needs to access immediately. This particular setup allows a computer to run faster and process tasks more efficiently. The cache memory handles the minute compute instructions in nanoseconds. CHAPTER V VARIOUS TYPE OF GPU Various of types of GPU What Is a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)? GPU stands for graphics processing unit. You’ll also see GPUs commonly referred to as graphics cards or video cards. Every PC uses a GPU to render images, video and 2D or 3D animations for display. A GPU performs quick math calculations and frees up the CPU to do other things. Whereas a CPU uses a few cores focused on sequential serial processing, a GPU has thousands of smaller cores made for multi-tasking and is found in the best graphics cards for gaming. What Does a GPU Do?  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) The graphics processing unit, or GPU, has become one of the most important types of computing technology, both for personal and business computing. Designed for parallel processing, the GPU is used in a wide range of applications, including graphics and video rendering. Although they’re best known for their capabilities in gaming, GPUs are becoming more popular for use in creative production and artificial intelligence (AI). GPUs were originally designed to accelerate the rendering of 3D graphics. Over time, they became more flexible and programmable, enhancing their capabilities. This allowed graphics programmers to create more interesting visual effects and realistic scenes with advanced lighting and shadowing techniques. Other developers also began to tap the power of GPUs to dramatically accelerate additional workloads in high performance computing (HPC), deep learning, and more. What Are GPUs Used For? Two decades ago, GPUs were used primarily to accelerate real-time 3D graphics applications, such as games. However, as the 21st century began, computer scientists realized that GPUs had the potential to solve some of the world’s most difficult computing problems. This realization gave rise to the general- purpose GPU era. Now, graphics technology is applied more extensively to an increasingly wide set of problems. Today’s GPUs are more programmable than ever before, affording them the flexibility to accelerate a broad range of applications that go well beyond traditional graphics rendering. 1. GPUs for Gaming 2. GPUs for Video Editing and Content Creation 3. GPU for Machine Learning There are two different types of GPUs: 1. Integrated GPUs: are located on a PC’s CPU and share memory with the CPU’s processor. 2. Discrete GPUs: live on their own card and have their own video memory (VRAM), so that the PC doesn’t have to use its RAM for graphics. Many graphics cards today run on GDDR SDRAM, which stands for graphics double data rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory. Further variations, from worst to best performance, are: GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, GDDR5X, GDDR6 and GDDR6X. Different GPU manufacturers: 1. Intel 2. Nvidia 3. AMD/ATI 4. Matrox 5. Adreno 6. Qualcomm 7. PowerVR  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) CHAPTER VI VARIOUS TYPE OF CPU Various types of CPU (Central Processing Unit) Central Processing Unit: A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program. The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over time, but their fundamental operation remains almost unchanged. Principal components of a CPU include the arithmetic–logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic and logic operations, processor registers that supply operands to the ALU and store the results of ALU operations, and a control unit that orchestrates the fetching (from memory), decoding and execution (of instructions) by directing the coordinated operations of the ALU, registers and other components. Most modern CPUs are implemented on integrated circuit (IC) microprocessors, with one or more CPUs on a single IC chip. Microprocessor chips with multiple CPUs are multi-core processors. The individual physical CPUs, processor cores, can also be multithreaded to create additional virtual or logical CPUs. What is CPU? CPU or Central Processing Unit is a processor which helps the computer to executes the data and instructions for the user. It processes all the data and instruction is received through the software or hardware which is running on the computer. The CPU contains the circulatory which is needed to process and executes the results. It is known as the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and is also known as the Central Processor which is place on a motherboard. That’s why it is the most important component for a computer and also we know the CPU as the brain of the computer. Types of CPU (Central Processing Unit) The Central Processing Unit is Categorized by the number of CORES and THREADS. These two things describe how much the CPU is powerful and how much low. The work of the core is to perform the tasks. These tasks depend on the core(How much core it has) let’s take an example CPU A has 1 core and CPU b has 2 cores. So, the CPU A has core 1 it means it perform only one or a minimal task but on the other hand The CPU B has core 2 that mean CPU B perform more tasks than CPU A. And, the threads are the virtual components that divide the physical CPU cores into virtual multiple cores. Example If CPU has 1 core it means that have 2 threads, And the CPU has 4 core it means that have 8 threads. This is because when we open some software and applications that time it creates a thread that will help the computer to perform all the tasks in a specific period of time. In the market There is two tough competitors of Processor/CPU are there: 1. INTEL (Integrated Electronics) Corporation 2. AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) Corporation  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) Six different types of CPU are there: 1. Single – Core CPU 2. Dual – Core CPU 3. Quad – Core CPU 4. Hexa – Core CPU 5. Octa – Core CPU 6. Deca – Core CPU 1. Single-Core CPU: CPU which has core 1 it is known as Single – Core CPU. And its thread is 2. This is the oldest form of CPU which is low power. 2. Dual-Core CPU: CPU is a combination of two Single Core CPUs where it has 2 core and 4 threads. It is the first Multi-Core CPU that is powerful than the single-core CPU. 3. Quad-Core CPU: The word “Quad” means 4, which means it has 4 four core and 8 threads. Which is moreover powerful than the previous core CPU. In Quad Core CPU’s It divides all the work between four CPU Cores. 4. Hexa-Core CPU: CPU that has another level of Performance which makes our work easier and smoother than the Quad-Core CPU. This CPU it has 6 core and 12 threads. Complete all the tasks rapidly and also make the faster clock speed, working time, application and software opening time, and performance. 5. Octa-Core CPU: CPU has 8 Core and 16 threads. This means Its performance, application and software workload, clock speed, Rendering Time, etc. and many other things are getting to the next level of performance. Obviously, it is better than the Hexa Core CPU. 6. Deca-Core CPU: This CPU is the king of performance than the previous Core of CPUs. It has 10 core and 20 Threads. It gives us the killer, super-duper performance. I do not need to tell you about this Deca Core CPU Performance guess yourselves how much this CPU is Powerful.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) CHAPTER VII INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT Inside the System Unit Computer System Components A modern PC is both simple and complicated. It is simple in the sense that over the years, many of the components used to construct a system have become integrated with other components into fewer and fewer actual parts. It is complicated in the sense that each part in a modern system performs many more functions than did the same types of parts in older systems. This section briefly examines all the components and peripherals in a modern PC system. Here are the components and peripherals necessary to assemble a basic modern PC system: 1. Motherboard 2. Processor (CPU) 3. Memory (RAM) 4. Case/chassis 5. Power supply 6. Floppy drive 7. Hard disk 8. CD-ROM, CD-RW, or DVD-ROM drive 9. Video card 10. Sound card 1. Motherboard: The motherboard is the core of the system. It really is the PC; everything else is connected to it, and it controls everything in the system. 2. Processor: The processor is often thought of as the "engine" of the computer. It's also called the CPU (central processing unit). 3. Memory (RAM): The system memory is often called RAM (for random access memory). This is the primary memory, which holds all the programs and data the processor is using at a given time. 4. Case/chassis: The case is the frame or chassis that houses the motherboard, power supply, disk drives, adapter cards, and any other physical components in the system. The case is covered in detail in Chapter 21, "Power Supply and Chassis/Case." 5. Power supply: The power supply is what feeds electrical power to every single part in the PC. 6. Floppy drive: The floppy drive is a simple, inexpensive, low-capacity, removable-media, magnetic storage device. 7. Hard drive: The hard disk is the primary archival storage memory for the system. 8. CD-ROM/DVD-ROM: CD-ROM (compact disc read-only) and DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc read- only) drives are relatively high-capacity, removable media, optical drives.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 9. Video card: The video card controls the information you see on the monitor. 10. Sound card: It enables the PC to generate complex sounds. CHAPTER VIII COMPUTER MOTHERBOARDS Computer Motherboards Parts of a Motherboard All of the gadgets we see on the computer are either directly or indirectly connected to the motherboard. As a result, the motherboard is sometimes referred to as the computer's "backbone" or "spine." Parts of the Motherboard 1. RAM Chip and RAM Slot 2. CPU Chip and Socket 3. PCI Slots 4. ROM Chip 5. Accelerated Graphics Port 6. North Bridge 7. SouthBridge  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 8. CMOS Battery 9. Power Supply Plug 10. Parallel Port 11. Serial Port 12. SATA and PATA Connector 13. USB Port 14. DVI Port 15. RJ-45 Port 16. HDMI Port 17. FDD Connector 18. Optical Drive Audio Connector 19. 1394 Headers 20. F Audio Connectors 21. Heat Sink 22. Switches and Jumper 23. Microphone port, headphone port, subwoofer port, guitar port, DVD player port, stereo receiver port 24. Capacitor 25. Transistor 26. VRMs 27. Mounting Screw Hole 28. Power, Reset, SW, LED Pins 1) RAM chip and RAM Slot: It is also referred to as the primary memory. RAM (random access memory) is a type of temporary data storage device found in computers and other electronic devices. One important thing to know about RAM is When the power is switched off, the data in RAM is deleted. In layman's terms, RAM is analogous to short term memory.RAM forgets its content as soon as power is off, and the Information stored in short-term memory will get lost after a few days. RAM supports bidirectional data transfer from the CPU to memory during a write operation and from RAM to the CPU during a read operation. It acts as a bridge between the CPU and other devices such as HDDs, CDROMs, and PEN drives. RAM is named after the fact that any memory address in RAM can be accessed directly from any location. Data in any memory location can be accessed if the row and column numbers are known. DRAM, SDRAM, DDR, SRAM, CMOS RAM, VRAM, and other types of RAM are available on the market. RAM in the PC market typically ranges from 2 GB to 16 GB. 2) CPU Chip and Socket: CPU is an abbreviation for Central Processing Unit. Computers and other electronic devices sometimes refer to the central processing unit (CPU) as their "brain" because it handles all of the device's decision-making functions. All of the components and peripherals are either directly or indirectly connected to the CPU. The primary role of the CPU is to perform basic arithmetic, logical, and input/output functions.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 3) PCI Slots and PCI Chip: PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnected and is an attached hardware component of the motherboard that enables you to connect various hardware components such as modems, disk controllers, NIC cards, Sound Cards, graphics cards, SSD add-on cards, RAID cards, and additional USB and serial ports without having to add or replace the motherboard. If your motherboard only has a limited number of ports and slots for connecting various types of hardware devices, such as graphics cards (AGP ports), you can connect these cards using PCI slots and gain the same advantage as if they were installed on the motherboard. Similarly, if your computer system only has a limited number of USB ports and you want more, you can buy a USB PCI card to add more USB ports to your system. Prior to the introduction of PCI in 1992, ISA and EISA were used for the same purpose. Later in 2004, the PCIe slot was invented, and it has now replaced PCI, AGP, and ISA slots. 4) ROM Chip: ROM is nonvolatile storage whose content will not get erased even after power is cut off. Content stored in ROM is impossible or very difficult to modify. The BIOS information is kept in ROM, which is only a few KB in size and tells how to start, what to do when it starts, which driver to load, CPU fan speed information, boot sequences information, system date time, and so on. 5) AGP Slot and Chip: AGP Slot (Accelerated Graphics Port Slot) is a type of expansion slot similar to a PCI slot, although it is mostly used for graphics cards. Intel was the first to introduce it in 1996. This expansion slot is easily identifiable because it is usually brown in colour. 6) North Bridge: North Bridge is also known as Memory Controller Hub or Host Bridge. It is the motherboard's primary controller, directing traffic to and from the CPU. As a result, the northbridge chip has an impact on the computer's performance. Because it performs a lot of processing, it usually comes with a heatsink. Characteristics of North Bridge: a. It connects southbridge to the CPU. b. It handles and communicates faster components on the motherboard like Main Memory, AGP, PCIe, ROM, and CPU. c. It acts as a controller for bus speed on the motherboard. d. Generally, it does lots of work with the CPU, so it is located near to the CPU generally with the heatsink. e. It is a core component and is directly connected to the CPU. f. In some processors of Intel, all the functioning of northbridge is performed by the CPU.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 7) South Bridge: The southbridge is an IC chip that manages and controls IO functionality on the motherboard. It does not have direct communication with the CPU, unlike Northbridge. It typically handles low-speed devices due to its slower communication speed. The CPU sends an instruction to the northbridge, which then sends it to the southbridge. It is linked to the PCI bus, ISA buses, IDE buses, audio, serial devices such as a mouse, keyboard, USB ports, and so on, as well as a SATA hard disk connector. In size, it is smaller than the northbridge. And in some southbridge, we can find a heatsink attached to it. 8) CMOS Backup Battery: CMOS stands for "Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor" and is found in both laptop and desktop PCs in the form of a small circular coin. CMOS stores a variety of system data such as the current system clock, date, time, pulses, commonly used hardware settings, BIOS configuration settings, BOOT sequences, BIOS master/admin password, GPU, and virtualization settings, power management, and so on. They can save those sets for a longer period of time, ranging from 2 to 10 years. Because it is constantly holding all of the above-mentioned settings, CMOS works even when your system is turned off. CMOS is also called CMOS RAM, COS-MOS, and NVRAM(Non-Volatile RAM) in the market. It is also called the RTC(Real Time Clock) of the computer system because even computer is shut down it is able to store all the required information that the system required to boot the system next time. More About CMOS a. CMOS chips were first introduced in the IBM computer. b. CMOS is a low-power technology chip so it lasts longer. c. CMOS can store usually up to 256 bytes of information. d. CMOS battery in laptop and desktop PC is 3V e. CMOS battery life lasts 2 to 10 years (source: hp store) f. Commonly used CMOS battery in PCs is a CR2032 lithium coin cell 9)Power Supply Plug: The primary function of the Motherboard's Power Supply plug is to supply power to the Motherboard and its attached components and peripherals. power-supply Box provides power to the motherboard and devices like HDD, CDROM, Floppy etc a. 24 (20 + 4) ATX power supply: In modern PCs, ATX power supply is provided which is a 24 Pin(20 + 4) Main Power Supply Connector (Older Pcs only have 20 Pin) b. 4 Pin or 8 Pin Connector: This port in the motherboard is to provide dedicated power to the CPU. Older PCs may not have this Plugin motherboard but modern computers can do lots of work like overclocking so, a dedicated cable is provided to the CPU. 8Pin connector can be split into two and each split part can be used as a 4 pin connector. c. PCI-Express 6-Pin or 8-Pin Connector: This is required to power the PCI-E port.PCI-E slot required 75W power to operate.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) THE older PC does not have this. d. Molex: Molex pin is 4 power pin which is required to supply power to older CDROM and hard drives. Molex is nowadays used for Case Fan. (some have some do not have) e. Berg: It is used for floppy drives in much older PCs. f. SATA power supply: Modern hard drives and CDROM uses SATA cable for power. In the motherboard, it is an L-shape port and so its cable is connected to the SATA port in one way only. In motherboard, it has 15 pins. It provides features of hot-swappable hard drives ie. plug and play hard drive features. 10) SATA and PATA Port and Connector: PATA is an acronym that stands for Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment. It is a ribbon cable with 40 pins that is used to connect mass storage devices such as hard disks (HDD or SSD) and optical drives to a computer. Western Digital and Compaq introduced it in 1986. Every PATA cable has two or three connectors, one of which is connected to the adapter interfacing and the others to secondary storage devices. In modern computers, it is not used. It is outdated technology and is replaced by SATA Technology Serial Advanced Technology Attachment is an abbreviation for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. It is a 7-pin cable that is shorter and more powerful than the PATA connector, and it serves the same purpose. SATA's first version was released in 2000. 11) eSATA Port: Some computer also has an external SATA port. It is used to connect external secondary devices like external HDDs and CD Rom. It is much faster than the USB 3.0 port. 12) eSATAp Port: eSATAp is a port that supports both USB devices and eSATA.It is power over eSATA. 13) SCSI Port: SCSI is an abbreviation for Small Computer System Interface. It has the ability to connect up to 16 peripheral devices via a single bus, including one host adaptor. As a result, you can connect a scanner, CD ROM, Zip drive, and hard drive to a single SCSI cable chain. It is more expensive but performs better than IDE. It is now being phased out. It was available prior to the introduction of the IDE. 14) Parallel Port: A parallel port is used to transfer data through multiple communication channels in parallel. Printers, scanners, Zip drives, external HDDs, tape backup devices, external CD ROMs, and other similar devices.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 15) Serial Port: With a serial port, only one bit of data gets transferred at a time. It is found in an older PC to connect older keyboards, PDAs, external modems. 16) PS/2 Port: PS/2 port was popular in older desktop PCs.But now it is obsolete. 1. PS/2 (green color ) is for the mouse. 2. PS/2 (purple) is for the keyboard. 17) USB Port: Universal Serial Bus is the abbreviation for Universal Serial Bus. Its transfer rates are faster than the PS/2 connector, hence we don't see a PS/2 port on recent computers. USB ports come in a variety of shapes and sizes, including: a. Type A b. Type B c. Type C d. Type A Mini e. Type B Mini f. Type A Micro g. Type B Micro h. Type B Micro USB3 18) RJ-45 Port: Register Jack is abbreviated as RJ. It resembles a telephone jack, but it is slightly larger. RJ45 is also known as an Ethernet port because it is used to connect a computer to the internet. The RJ 45 port is used to connect to the Local Area Network via a twisted pair ethernet cable. The Ethernet cable has a connector that is connected to the RJ45 port. 19) HDMI port: HDMI is an abbreviation for High-Definition Multimedia Interface. It was created in the year 2002 AD. It appears to be a USB port, but it is much larger in size. HDMI is a digital interface that allows audio and video data to be transmitted in a single cable to digital devices such as a digital TV, projector, gaming console, computer, mobile devices, digital camera, cable box, blu ray player, and so on. 20) Audio Port: Most desktop computer nowadays comes with 3 to 6 port. a. Green Color Port is a Line Out which is for headphones and stereo speakers. b. Pink /Light Pink Port for Microphones input. c. Light Blue Port is line In which is for mp3 players, DVD players, CD players, stereo receivers, turntables, electric guitar, and VCR audio outputs. d. Dolby Audio Black Port for rear speaker. e. The orange/yellow port is the Center/Bass Channel which is for the subwoofer 21) Heatsink: Heatsinks use a thermal conductor to reduce heat generated and prevent overheating from hardware components like CPU, GPU, northbridge, southbridge, RAM modules, etc. In general, that component that generates heat required a heatsink. CPU has to perform a large number of tasks every second. While performing large tasks, it beings to generate heat and if heat is not maintained then the processor will destroy  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) itself. Also, at the top of the heatsink will have a FAN and this FAN helps to cool down the heat sink. There is also an Air coolant Heatsink. But in the market, we will have a liquid coolant heatsink as well generally used in a high-end gaming environment, servers, and datacenter. 22) Switches and Jumper: Switches and jumpers are used to reconfigure the circuit onto an existing circuit board in a reversible way. Jumper also called Jumper Shunt is a small circuit board used to close, open or bypass part of an electronic circuit. 2 Types of Jumpers a. Closed Stage Jumper: If the plug is pushed down over two pins, the jumper is referred to as jumpered. b. Opened Stage Jumper: If there is no plug into the pin then it is an open stage. Caution: Before adjusting jumper configuration make sure that the system is turned off otherwise system may get damaged. 23) Capacitor: A capacitor is an electronic device used for filtering, decoupling, and timing the circuit in the motherboard. There are more capacitors in the motherboard which mostly does decoupling functionality, so those capacitors are called decoupling capacitors. A decoupling capacitor is used for stabilizing power in each IC used in the system. It comes with various voltage levels like 3.3 V, 5 V, and 12 V. Suppose a circuit needs 5 V input than before that circuit there will be capacitors in parallel which allow up to 5 V to pass to that circuit. 24) Transistor and MOSFET: Transistor is used in most of the components of motherboard for various purposes like controlling the amount of current or voltage in the component, amplification/modulation electronic signal, switching of an electronic signal and electrical power. Today's motherboard has SMD (Surface Mount Device) transistor which uses Surface Mount Technology (SMT). They are found mounted in the motherboard. MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) is the most widely used transistor in motherboards. 25) Diode: The motherboard in your laptop and the mobile phone both have SMD Diodes that are mounted on the motherboard. The diode's primary function is to allow current to flow in only one direction, much like a one-way street. It aids in the conversion of voltage spikes in the motherboard by converting alternating current (AC) voltage spikes to direct current.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 26) VRMs: VRMs stands for Voltage Regulator module. VRMs are electronic circuits located near the CPU and their main work is to provide steady and consistent voltage to the processor. As the Power supply unit converts external voltage eg. 240 volts to 12V or 5 V, this voltage is again taken by VRMs first and then again step down and regulates these voltages and provides the continuous required power to the processor. It is especially important for overclocking a CPU or GPU. 27) Mounting Screw Hole: Mounting holes let us mount our motherboard to a surface. You simply have to pick a screw size that matches the size of mounting holes in your motherboard, find a surface to which it will be mounted and drill accordingly. TYPES OF MOTHERBOARDS Types of Motherboards Motherboards are present in Desktop, Laptop, Tablet, and Smartphone and the components and functionalities are the same. But the size of the components and the way they are accommodated on the board varies due to space availability. In desktops, most of the components are fitted inside the sockets provided on the board and it is easy to replace each of them separately, whereas in Laptops/Smartphones some components are soldered on the board, hence it is difficult to replace/upgrade. Though different motherboards have varying capabilities, limitations, features, Physical size/shapes (form factor), they are identified/grouped/categorized mostly by their form factors. Each manufacturer has come out with its form factor to suit the design of computers. Motherboard manufactured to suit IBM and its compatible computers fit into other case sizes as well. Motherboards built using ATX form factors were used in most of the computers manufactured in 2005 including IBM and Apple. The six different types of Motherboards 1. Extended ATX (EATX) Motherboard: These are slightly longer variants of the standard ATX motherboards. These motherboards can only be fitted inside casings that are labeled for EATX. Usually, the PC cases that are built for ATX motherboards, support EATX form factors as well. With a dimension of 12 x 13 inches, these motherboards provide ample space to keep other components cool. Although EATX motherboards can be used for common desktop works, they are mainly used in workstations and servers. These types of motherboards are designed to support multiple GPUs and hold up to 8 RAM slots sometimes. 2. Standard ATX (ATX) Motherboard: Perhaps, this is the most common form factor that can be fitted in PC cases that are compatible with either ATX or EATX motherboards. Although the dimensions of such motherboards are usually (12 x 9 inches), this can be slightly changed based on the manufacturer. These types of motherboards offer enough space between components for better airflow and can be used for heavy workloads. 3. Micro ATX (MATX) Motherboard: This type of motherboard is the smaller evolution of the ATX form factor. With a measurement of 9.6 x 9.6 inches, these motherboards can be placed in more compact cases. Although the positions of mounting holes are different from a standard ATX because of the change in measurements, these form factors can be easily set up into regular ATX cases. And combining with the PCI, ISA, AGP slots; these motherboards can support up to 4 expansion slots. These types of form factors are available for both Intel and AMD processors.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) 4. Mini ITX (MITX) Motherboard: The dimension of the Mini ITX motherboard is a matter of discussion since it’s only 6.7 x 6.7 inches. This type of motherboard was designed with the aim of low power consumption. However, the application of usage has been expanding due to the benefits that are rare in other form factors. For industrial applications, vehicle embedded systems, IoT, and other relevant applications; the Mini ITX form factor is becoming a standard format. 5. Nano ITX (NITX) Motherboard: Motherboards having Nano ITX form factors can be seen on smart entertainment devices like smart TVs, PVRs, media centers, in-vehicle computers, and more. These peculiar types of motherboards measure 4.7 x 4.7 inches. Being small, these form factors are effective for low power consumption. These types of motherboards have not yet become very popular for desktop computers. However, we assume it will not be too late for this to happen with the advancement of growing technology. 6. Pico ITX (PITX) Motherboard: Can you imagine this is 75% smaller than the Mini ITX form factor? Thus, it makes this form factor the smallest type in the whole motherboard system. The measurements of the Pico ITX form factor are 3.9 x 2.8 inches. Pico ITX motherboards run on x86-based platforms and developed by VIA so that they can innovate tiny and smart IoT devices. Like Mini ITX motherboards, these also consume low power thus making them an excellent choice for developing embedded system applications.  UNIVERSIDAD de DAGUPAN SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION ITE01 Elective 01 (Installation of Computer System) A Brief Comparison Table of All Types of Motherboards Intel and AMD CPU Sockets Below we break down the consumer CPU sockets for current and prior generation Intel and AMD desktop CPUs. CPU CPU Socket Compatible CPU Market Brand Name Chipsets Intel 10th Gen Core LGA 2066 X299 Mainstream 12th Gen Core Z690, H670, B660, Intel LGA 1700 Mainstream H610 10th Gen Core Z490, H470, B460, Intel LAGA 1200 Mainstream 11th Gen Core H410 8th Gen Core Z390, Z370, Q370, Intel 9th Gen Core LGA 1151 H370, B365, B360, Mainstream H310 AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3000 sTRX4 TRX40 HEDT Ryzen Threadripper 2000 AMD TR4 X399 HEDT and 1000 Ryzen 5000, 3000, 2000, and 1000X570, X470, AMD AM4 Mainstream X370, B550, B450, B350, B450, A320, X300, A300