ITC Reviewer.pdf

# REVIEWER ## (Introduction to Computing) ### History of Computers: * **Abacus or "Soroban" - (5,000 years ago by the Chinese)** * First manual calculating device to count large numbers. * **Pascaline or "Arithmetic Machine" (1442 - Blaise Pascal)** * Box with 8 movable wheels with each...

# REVIEWER ## (Introduction to Computing) ### History of Computers: * **Abacus or "Soroban" - (5,000 years ago by the Chinese)** * First manual calculating device to count large numbers. * **Pascaline or "Arithmetic Machine" (1442 - Blaise Pascal)** * Box with 8 movable wheels with each wheel having ten teeth 0-9. * Calculate taxes. * Similar to old rotary phone. * **Leibniz device or "Step Reckoner" (Gottfried Wilhelm)** * Designed 1671 * Built 1673 * Carries out multiplication by repeated addition and shifting * Decimal form * **Baggage Machine (1791-1871)** * Charles Baggage (Father of Modern Calculator) * **Difference & Analytic Engines** * Difference engine has 2 designs: 1st in 1821 designed to calculate and tabulate polynomial functions. * Also the first complete design for automatic calculating engines. * Improved design (1847-1849) improved version of the first one. * **Analytical Engine (1834)** a general-purpose programmable computing engine. Used punched cards. This engine has many essential features in the modern digital computer. * **Hollerith Machine (1888 Herman Hollerith)** * Consists of electrically operated components that captured and process data by reading holes on paper punched cards. * Census * Sorting table * **Harvard Mark I or the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)** * Electromechanical computer * Design - Howard Aiken * Built - IBM (1944) * First to solve arbitrary mathematical problem * Inspired by the Baggage Machine * Used punched tape and card devices, calculate and print mathematical tables. * **Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)** * WWII * Eng. J. Presper Eckert Jr, John Mauchly * Conditional branching. * Used to compute the values of artillery range table. ### Terms: * **Von Neumann Architecture** * John von Neumann - 1954 * Stored program computer concept. * Control unit, Arithmetic & Logic unit, Memory unit, registers, I/O. * **UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER (UNIVAC)** * Built by the same team as ENIAC. * 1947-1951. * Government & business. * Tabulate 1950 population census. * Tabulate 1954 economic census. * **Transistors and Microprocessors** * **Transistor** - 1956 * Replace vacuum tubes. * John Barden, William Shockley, Walter Braittain * **Microprocessor** * First microprocessor Intel 4004 - 1971. * 1968 - INTEL. * **IPO - Input, Process, Output** * **CPU - Central Processing Unit (microprocessor)** * **VM - Virtual Machine** * Virtual - kumakuha ng space * Virtual box = Virtual Machine * **Printer**: * 1. **Non-impact** * Inkjet * Laser * 2. **Impact** * 80 * 132 * Line printer * **LED - Light Emitting Diode** * **LCD - Liquid Crystal Display** * **Capacity**: * 1. **Low cap** * **HD** - 2. **High cap** * **Made frag** * **SSD - di na need i-detrag** * **Linux - same sa ssd** * **Program** - Set of instructions. * **Operating System** - Kapag wala hindi gagana. * **Interface** * a. **DOS** * **Command line interface** * **Graphical user interface** * b. **Windows 95** * c. **Linux** * d. **Android** * e. **IOS** * **Application** * a. **Word processing** * PPT * Word * b. **Spreadsheet** * Excel * c. **Presentation** * d. **Database** ## Licensing: 1. **Proprietary** * No source code 2. **FOSS** * Free open source software. 3. **Programming software** * B - Beginners * A - All purpose * S - Symbolic * I - Interaction * C - Code ## **NUMBER SYSTEMS**: * **Decimal** * 0-9 * N10 * **Octal** * N8 * **HEXADECIMAL (N16)** * Simula sa: 1-9 * 10 - A * 11 - B * 12 - C * 13 - D * 14 - E * 15 - F * **Binary (N2)** * 0, 1 ### **Min = Base - 1** ### **Max = Base - 1** * "Basta max nya is kung anong base - 1. Kapag din sa calculation or counting bawal lumampas sa max" ### **Division:** * We divide by the target base until it reaches 0 (whole number) * Usually sa base 2. **Example**: | | Q | R | |---|---|---| | 26/2 | 13 | 0 | | 13/2 | 6 | 1| | 6/2 | 3 | 0 | | 3/2 | 1 | 1| | 1/2 | 0 | 1 | **110102** * **Whole number = pataas (we won't stop dividing hanggang di maging 0 yung quotient.)** **Example:** | | Q | R | |---|---|---| | 26/16 | 1 | 10 | | 1/16 | 0 | 1 | * **A = 10** * **16** ### **Multiplication:** * Multiply by the base until zero (fraction) (going down) **Example:** | | Product | |---|---| | 0.25 x 2 | 0.5 | | 0.5 x 2 | 1.0 | * **PW - whole number** **0.01** * **if ayaw nya ma zero hanggang 4 times lang** * **if zero na dito stop na** ### **Combined**: **Example:** 1. **107.5 N8** * **107 N8 (Divide whole number)** | | Q | R | |---|---|---| | 107/8 | 13 | 3 | | 13/8 | 1 | 5 | | 1/8 | 0 | 1 | | 0.5 N8 | 4 | 4 | **153.48** * **Power of the Base (Base 10 to any Base: Any Base to Base 10)** * **Nn NIO** * **N2 NIO** * **N8 N10** * **NNIO** * Lina muna i convert base 10 bago sa ibang base. * **Visualization:** * **Example:** * 1100100.010101 N2 * → * 2-3 2-2 2-1 D 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 * → * 2*2-3 = 0 * 0*2-2 = 0 * 1*2-1 = 4 * 0*20 = 0 * 1*21 = 2 * 0*22 = 0 * 1*23 = 8 * 0*24 = 0 * 1*25 = 32 * **100** **100.3359375 N10** * **Example:** * 3C.12 N16→N10 * C = 12 x 160 = 12 * 3 x 161 = 48 * 1 x 16-1 = 0.0625 * 2 x 16-2 = 0.0078125 * **40.703125 N10** ### **Addition & Subtraction:** **Example:** * **348** * **+ 278** * **638** * **- 8 - 7 = 17 (kasi isa lang na base)** * **+ 17** * **- 3 + 16 = 13 (base)** * **232 16** * **+ 2** * **274 16** * **16 + 16 = B** **Direct** | | | |---|---| | **1011 11002** | **7** | | **+ 1001 10112** | | | **1010 101112** | | | **20252** | | | **1010 1011 01112** | | | **10111100** | | | **1011 10112** | **why 10 yong 1 + 1? ** | | **0010 1010 11112** | | | **= 343** | | | **100 = 188** | | * **- kasi go back tayo sa table decimal 2 convert into binary is 10.** * **- 1 + 1 + 1 = 11** * **- If mag borrow 2 ilalagay since sa base tayo.** * **-7-1 = calculate lang yong value ng 1** **Inditect** | | | | |---|---|---| | 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 | 185 N2 ? | 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 | | **- 128** | | | | **27 - malapit sa 25** | **Ano mas malapit sa given?** | | | **11 - malapit sa 11** | | | | **3 - malapit sa 3** | | | | **- 2** | | | | **- 1** | | | | **- 0** | | | **155 1001 1011 2 ?** * **kasi yong may sinubtract lang or malapit sa answer yone magkakardi ng 1.** **- KIM -**