IT-INFRASTRUCTURE UNIT1-3.pdf

IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES Introduction to IT Infrastructure IT infrastructure is the backbone of modern organizations and technology-driven environments. It encompasses the hardware, software, network resources, and services required to manage and deliver IT solutions and sup...

IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES Introduction to IT Infrastructure IT infrastructure is the backbone of modern organizations and technology-driven environments. It encompasses the hardware, software, network resources, and services required to manage and deliver IT solutions and support business operations. A robust IT infrastructure enables organizations to efficiently store, process, and transmit data, ensuring seamless and reliable operations. What is IT Infrastructure? IT infrastructure refers to the collection of physical and virtual resources necessary for the management and execution of IT services. It includes all components that support the organization's IT operations, from data centers and servers to network devices and software applications. Key Components of IT Infrastructure  Hardware:  Servers: Powerful computers that provide services, manage resources, and host applications and databases.  Storage Devices: Hardware used to store data, such as hard drives, solid-state drives, and storage area networks (SANs).  Network Devices: Includes routers, switches, firewalls, and access points that facilitate data communication and network connectivity.  End-User Devices: Computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones used by employees to interact with the network and applications.  Software:  Operating Systems: System software that manages hardware resources and provides a platform for applications (e.g., Windows, Linux, macOS).  Application Software: Programs that perform specific tasks for users, such as email clients, office productivity suites, and enterprise applications.  Virtualization Software: Tools that create and manage virtual machines, allowing multiple virtual instances to run on a single physical server (e.g., VMware, Hyper-V).  Network:  Network Architecture: The design and layout of a network, including its topology (e.g., star, mesh), and the way data flows between devices.  Network Protocols: Standards and rules that govern data communication (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP).  Data Centers:  Facilitiesthat house critical IT infrastructure components, including servers, storage systems, and networking equipment. Data centers ensure high availability, security, and reliability of IT services.  Cloud Services:  Public Cloud: Services provided over the internet by third-party providers (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud).  Private Cloud: A dedicated cloud environment used exclusively by a single organization.  Hybrid Cloud: A combination of public and private cloud services, allowing data and applications to be shared between them. IT Infrastructure Management Effective management of IT infrastructure is essential for maintaining performance, reliability, and security. Key aspects include:  Monitoring and Maintenance: Regularly tracking the performance and health of IT systems to prevent issues and ensure smooth operation.  Security Management: Implementing measures to protect infrastructure from threats such as malware, unauthorized access, and data breaches.  Capacity Planning: Ensuring that IT resources can handle current and future demands, avoiding bottlenecks and performance issues.  Disaster Recovery and Backup: Strategies and systems in place to recover data and restore services in the event of a failure or disaster. The Role of IT Infrastructure in Business  Support Business Operations: IT infrastructure underpins the critical systems and applications that drive business processes and customer interactions.  Enable Growth and Innovation: Scalable and flexible IT infrastructure supports organizational growth and facilitates the adoption of new technologies and services.  Enhance Productivity: Reliable infrastructure ensures that employees have the tools and resources they need to perform their jobs efficiently. Trends and Future Directions  Automation: Increasing use of automation tools to manage and optimize IT operations, reducing manual intervention and improving efficiency.  Edge Computing: Processing data closer to the source (e.g., IoT devices) to reduce latency and enhance performance.  ArtificialIntelligence and Machine Learning: Integrating AI and ML to analyze data, predict trends, and improve decision-making. GOVERNMENTS USING IT INFRASTRUCTURE Governments leverage IT infrastructure to deliver services, enhance efficiency, and improve public engagement. Here’s a look at how IT infrastructure is utilized across various aspects of government operations: 1. Public Services and Administration  E-Government Platforms: Websites and applications that allow citizens to access services online, such as applying for permits, paying taxes, or renewing licenses.  Citizen Portals: Centralized access points for individuals to interact with government services and information. 2. Data Management and Analytics  Data Warehouses: Centralized repositories where government agencies store large amounts of data for analysis and reporting.  Big Data Analytics: Tools and platforms for analyzing vast amounts of data to inform policy decisions and improve services (e.g., crime data analysis, health statistics). 3. Security and Privacy  Cybersecurity: Measures to protect sensitive government data and systems from cyber threats, including firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection systems.  Identity and Access Management: Systems for controlling access to government resources and services, ensuring that only authorized personnel and citizens can access sensitive information. 4. Infrastructure Management  Data Centers: Facilities where government servers, storage, and networking equipment are housed, often including redundant systems for reliability.  Cloud Services: Utilization of public, private, or hybrid cloud environments for scalability and flexibility in managing government IT resources. 5. Communication and Collaboration  Internal Communication Tools: Systems for government employees to communicate and collaborate, including email systems, instant messaging, and video conferencing tools.  Public Communication Channels: Platforms for disseminating information to the public, such as official websites, social media channels, and public announcement systems. 6. Operational Efficiency  Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): Systems for managing various government functions like finance, human resources, and procurement.  Workflow Automation: Tools that automate repetitive tasks and processes to improve efficiency and reduce manual errors. 7. Health and Emergency Services  Health Information Systems: Platforms for managing public health data, tracking outbreaks, and coordinating medical responses.  Emergency Management Systems: Tools for coordinating responses to natural disasters, emergencies, and other critical events. 8. Law Enforcement and Public Safety  Police Records Management: Systems for managing crime records, evidence, and investigations.  Surveillance Systems: Technologies such as CCTV and facial recognition used for public safety and crime prevention. 9. Transportation and Infrastructure  Traffic Management Systems: Technologies for monitoring and controlling traffic flow, managing public transportation, and reducing congestion.  Smart City Initiatives: Projects that use IoT and data analytics to improve urban living, such as smart lighting, waste management, and energy efficiency. 10. Education and Training  E-Learning Platforms: Systems for delivering educational content and training to government employees and the public.  Learning Management Systems (LMS): Tools for managing and tracking educational programs and certifications. 11. Legal and Regulatory Compliance  Regulatory Information Systems: Platforms for managing compliance with laws and regulations, including environmental regulations, financial reporting, and more.  Document Management: Systems for storing and managing legal documents, records, and compliance materials. 12. Public Engagement and Feedback  Survey and Feedback Tools: Platforms for collecting public opinions and feedback on government services and policies.  Community Engagement Platforms: Tools for facilitating public consultations, discussions, and participatory governance. By leveraging IT infrastructure, governments can enhance their operations, improve service delivery, and foster greater transparency and accountability. Introduction to Networking Networking is a fundamental concept in the world of computing and communications. At its core, networking involves connecting computers and other devices to share resources and information. This can be as simple as connecting two computers to exchange files or as complex as the vast networks that form the backbone of the internet. What is Networking? Networking refers to the practice of linking computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, and other devices to share data and resources. This interconnection allows devices to communicate and collaborate effectively, making it possible for users to access files, applications, and services regardless of their location. Types of Networks  Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN covers a small geographic area, like a home, office, or campus. It's typically used for connecting devices within a single building or group of buildings. Common technologies for LANs include Ethernet and Wi-Fi.  Wide Area Network (WAN): WANs span large geographic areas, such as cities, countries, or even globally. The internet is the largest example of a WAN. WANs often use leased telecommunication lines or satellite links to connect different LANs.  Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A MAN covers a city or a large campus. It's larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. MANs are often used by organizations to connect various office locations within a city.  Personal Area Network (PAN): PANs are very localized networks, typically covering a few meters. They are used for connecting personal devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops. Bluetooth is a common technology for PANs.  Key Networking Concepts  IP Addressing: Every device on a network is assigned a unique identifier called an IP address. This address allows devices to locate and communicate with each other.  Protocols: Networking protocols are standardized rules and conventions for communication between devices. Common protocols include TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which forms the basis of the internet, and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), which is used for web browsing.  Routers and Switches: Routers are devices that route data between different networks, such as between a home network and the internet. Switches are used within a network to direct data to the appropriate device.  Network Security: Ensuring the safety of a network is crucial. Network security involves protecting the network from unauthorized access, data breaches, and other threats. Common security measures include firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection systems. How Networks Work Networks use a combination of hardware (physical devices) and software (protocols and applications) to function. Data is transmitted in packets, which are small chunks of information. When a device wants to send data to another device, the data is broken down into packets, sent across the network, and reassembled at the destination. The Role of Networking in Modern Life Networking plays a critical role in our daily lives, enabling everything from basic email communication to complex cloud computing services. It supports various applications, including:  The Internet: Connecting billions of devices worldwide, enabling access to information, services, and social networking.  Cloud Computing: Providing on-demand computing resources and services over the internet.  Business Operations: Facilitating communication, data sharing, and collaboration within and between organizations. Conclusion IT infrastructure is a critical element of modern organizations, providing the foundation for technology-driven operations and services. Understanding its components and management practices is essential for ensuring that IT systems are effective, secure, and capable of supporting business goals. Understanding networking is essential for navigating the modern digital world. Whether you're a casual user or a professional, knowing the basics of how networks operate can help you troubleshoot issues, optimize performance, and appreciate the technology that powers our connected lives.  Unit 2. Network Connection 1 CONTENTS Network Connection & Type of Network Connection Network Configuration Network Devices Other Network Considerations Cabling and Media 2 NETWORK CONNECTION Network connections are crucial for enabling communication between devices in a network. They can be categorized into several types based on how they connect and the technology they use. 3 Types of Network Connections Wired Connections Ethernet: Standard: Common standards include Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, and Cat7, supporting speeds from 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps and beyond. Cabling: Uses twisted pair cables (e.g., Cat5e for 100 Mbps, Cat6 for 1 Gbps, Cat6a/Cat7 for 10 Gbps). Connectors: RJ45 connectors are typically used. Use Case: Ideal for stable, high-speed connections in environments like offices and data centers. 4 Types of Network Connections Fiber Optic: Types: Single-mode and multi-mode fibers. Cabling: Fiber optic cables use light to transmit data, providing high-speed and long-distance connectivity. Use Case: Suitable for high-bandwidth applications and long-distance connections, such as between buildings or data centers. 5 Types of Network Connections Coaxial Cable: Standard: RG-6, RG-59. Use Case: Traditionally used for cable TV and Internet connections. Less common for new network installations but still used in some areas. Wireless Connections Wi-Fi: Standards: Include 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6). Frequency Bands: Operates on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, with Wi-Fi 6 introducing additional improvements in 6 performance and efficiency. Types of Network Connections Use Case: Common in homes, offices, and public spaces for flexible, mobile access to the network. Bluetooth Versions: Ranges from Bluetooth 2.0 to 5.4, with improvements in speed, range, and energy efficiency. Use Case: Short-range connections for peripherals like keyboards, mice, and headsets, or for IoT devices. 7 Types of Network Connections Cellular Networks Standards: Include 4G LTE, 5G. Use Case: Provides network connectivity over long distances, often used for mobile devices and remote locations. Network Configuration IP Addressing Static IP: Fixed address manually assigned to a device. Dynamic IP: Assigned by a DHCP server, which automatically assigns addresses from a pool. 8 Network Configuration Subnetting Divides a larger network into smaller, manageable sub- networks. Helps optimize network performance and security. Routing Routers direct traffic between different networks, such as between a home network and the internet. Static Routing: Manually configured routes. Dynamic Routing: Routes are learned and updated automatically using protocols like OSPF, BGP. 9 Network Devices Router: Connects different networks and routes data between them. Switch: Connects multiple devices within the same network, managing data traffic efficiently. Access Point (AP): Provides wireless connectivity to wired networks. Modem: Modulates and demodulates signals for internet connectivity, often integrated with routers in consumer equipment. 10 Other Network Considerations Network Security Firewalls: Hardware or software that filters incoming and outgoing network traffic. Antivirus and Antimalware: Software tools to detect and remove malicious software. Encryption: Protecting data transmitted over the network (e.g., WPA2/WPA3 for Wi-Fi). 11 Other Network Considerations Network Performance Bandwidth: The maximum data transfer rate; higher bandwidth allows for faster speeds. Latency: The delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction; lower latency is better for real-time applications. Congestion: High network traffic can slow down performance; solutions include network upgrades and quality of service (QoS) settings. 12 Other Network Considerations Network Management Network Monitoring: Tools and software for tracking network performance and usage. Quality of Service (QoS): Techniques to prioritize certain types of traffic to ensure performance for critical applications. Load Balancing: Distributing network traffic across multiple servers to optimize performance and reliability. 13 Cabling and Media Cabling and media are fundamental aspects of networking and telecommunications, enabling data transmission between devices. Types of Cabling Twisted Pair Cabling: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Commonly used in Ethernet networks. It’s cost-effective but susceptible to interference. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Provides better protection against interference and crosstalk by including shielding around the pairs of wires. 14 Types of Cabling Coaxial Cabling: Used for cable television and some network connections. It has a central conductor, an insulating layer, a metallic shield, and an outer insulation layer. It’s known for its durability and resistance to interference. Fiber Optic Cabling: Uses light signals to transmit data, which allows for very high-speed and long-distance communication. Fiber optic cables come in two types: 15 Types of Cabling ⚬ Single-mode: Designed for long-distance communication with a small core and a laser light source. ⚬ Multi-mode: Designed for shorter distances with a larger core and an LED light source. NETWORK MEDIA Ethernet: A common networking technology that uses twisted pair cabling (usually Cat5e, Cat6, or Cat6a) or fiber optics. Ethernet standards vary in speed and distance, such as 16 10/100/1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet) or 10 Gbps. NETWORK MEDIA Wi-Fi: Wireless networking technology using radio waves. It provides flexibility and mobility but can be subject to interference and varying performance based on distance and obstacles. Bluetooth: A short-range wireless technology used for connecting devices like keyboards, mice, and headsets. It operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. 17 Connector Types RJ45: Commonly used for Ethernet connections in twisted pair cabling. RJ11: Typically used for telephone connections. LC, SC, ST: Types of connectors used in fiber optic cabling, each with different designs for connecting fibers. BNC: Used in coaxial cables for video and radio frequencies. 18 Installation Considerations Cable Management: Properly organizing cables to avoid physical damage and interference. Shielding and Grounding: Ensuring cables are shielded and grounded to minimize electromagnetic interference. Testing: Verifying cable performance and connectivity with tools like cable testers and network analyzers. 19 Thank you for listening! 20  UNIT 3: 01/21 DEFINING NETWORK WITH OSI MODEL  02/21 The OSI model CONTENTS Network Cabling Networking Tools Wireless Network  OSI MODEL 03/21 The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand and standardize the functions of a networking system. It divides the communication process into seven distinct layers, each with specific responsibilities.  Physical Layer (Layer 1) 04/21 OSI MODEL Function: Deals with the physical connection between devices. It includes the hardware technologies used to transmit raw bit streams over a physical medium. Components: Cables, switches, network interface cards (NICs), and other hardware. Responsibilities: Signal encoding, transmission, and reception. Defines the electrical, optical, and mechanical characteristics.  Data Link Layer (Layer 2) 05/21 OSI MODEL Function: Provides node-to-node data transfer and handles error correction from the Physical Layer. Components: Network switches, bridges, MAC addresses. Responsibilities: Framing, addressing, error detection and correction (e.g., CRC), and flow control. It ensures reliable data transfer across the physical network.  Network Layer (Layer 3) 06/21 OSI MODEL Function: Handles packet forwarding, including routing through different networks. Components: Routers, IP addresses. Responsibilities: Logical addressing, routing, and packet forwarding. It determines the best path for data to travel across networks.  Transport Layer (Layer 4) 07/21 OSI MODEL Function: Ensures reliable data transfer between end systems and manages data flow control and error recovery. Components: Protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Responsibilities: Segmentation, reassembly, connection management (TCP), and error recovery. It ensures complete data transfer without errors.  Session Layer (Layer 5) 08/21 OSI MODEL Function: Manages sessions or connections between applications. Components: APIs, session protocols. Responsibilities: Establishing, maintaining, and terminating sessions. It handles session establishment, maintenance, and synchronization.  Presentation Layer (Layer 6) 09/21 OSI MODEL Function: Translates data between the application layer and the network format. Components: Data translation services, encryption, and decryption mechanisms. Responsibilities: Data translation, encryption, compression, and format conversions (e.g., ASCII to EBCDIC, encryption).  Application Layer (Layer 7) 10/21 OSI MODEL Function: Provides network services directly to end-user applications. Components: Application protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS. Responsibilities: End-user services and interface, application-level protocols, and data manipulation (e.g., web browsing, email). TYPES NETWORK CABLING 11/21 Twisted Pair Cables Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Commonly used in Ethernet networks. Categories include Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, Cat7, and Cat8, each offering different speeds and performance levels. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Provides shielding to reduce electromagnetic interference. TYPES NETWORK CABLING 12/21 Coaxial Cables Description: Used less frequently today but still in use for certain applications like cable TV. Types: RG-6 (for broadband) and RG-59 (for lower frequency). TYPES NETWORK CABLING 13/21 Fiber Optic Cables Single-Mode Fiber (SMF): For long-distance communication. Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF): For shorter distances and often used in local area networks (LANs). Connectors: SC, LC, ST, MTP/MPO. TYPES NETWORK CABLING 14/21 Fiber Optic Cables Single-Mode Fiber (SMF): For long-distance communication. Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF): For shorter distances and often used in local area networks (LANs). Connectors: SC, LC, ST, MTP/MPO. NETWORKING 15/21 TOOLS Cable Testers Function: Check cable integrity, detect faults, and verify connectivity. Network Analyzers Function: Capture and analyze network traffic to troubleshoot performance issues. Crimping Tools Function: Attach connectors to cables. NETWORKING 116/21 TOOLS Punch Down Tools Function: Install network cables into punch-down blocks or patch panels. Network Scanners Function: Identify devices on the network, check configurations, and detect vulnerabilities.  WIRELESS NETWORK 17/21 Wireless networks use radio waves to connect devices without physical cables, offering flexibility and ease of deployment. KEY COMPONENTS Access Points (APs) Wireless Routers Function: Provide Function: Combine the wireless connectivity functions of a router to devices within a and an access point to network. Can be provide both wired standalone or and wireless integrated into a connectivity. router.  WIRELESS NETWORK 18/21 Wireless networks use radio waves to connect devices without physical cables, offering flexibility and ease of deployment. KEY COMPONENTS Wireless Adapters Function: Allow devices without built- in wireless capability to connect to a wireless network. WIRELESS NETWORK WIRELESS STANDARDS 19/21 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax 802.11a: Operates in the 5 GHz band, up to 54 Mbps. 802.11b: Operates in the 2.4 GHz band, up to 11 Mbps. 802.11g: Operates in the 2.4 GHz band, up to 54 Mbps. 802.11n: Operates in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, up to 600 Mbps. 802.11ac: Operates in the 5 GHz band, up to several Gbps. 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6): Improved efficiency, higher speeds, and better performance in crowded environments. WIRELESS NETWORK 20/21 Security Measures: WPA/WPA2/WPA3: Security protocols to protect wireless networks. WPA3 offers enhanced security features. Considerations: Coverage: Ensure adequate coverage by strategically placing access points. Interference: Minimize interference from other wireless devices and physical obstructions.  21/21 THANK YOU!