IT Fundamentals Lecture 1 PDF

Fundamental of Information Technology Lecture 1 Presented by: Dr. Asmaa Hammad  Agenda Information Technology Fundamentals 2  Rules  Evaluation  Introduction to Information technology...

Fundamental of Information Technology Lecture 1 Presented by: Dr. Asmaa Hammad  Agenda Information Technology Fundamentals 2  Rules  Evaluation  Introduction to Information technology  Hardware Basics  Rules Information Technology Fundamentals 3  Information Technology Fundamentals 4  What is Information Technology? Information Technology Fundamentals 5  Information technology (IT) is the study or use of systems (especially computers and telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, and sending information.  IT is the industry that relates to the management of data, communications / connectivity, and the technology infrastructure that supports it.  So, the big areas of IT infrastructure are computing power (servers and clients), storage, networking switches / routers, and of course the Internet backbone.  Other aspects of IT include but are not limited to Internet security, cloud computing, cloud services, Big Data, backup and recovery, wireless networking, etc... but these are subsets of the original definition in the first paragraph.  What is Information Technology? Information Technology Fundamentals 6  Although information technology is a diverse term yet the most prominent invention unforgettable in the eyes of many is “Computers”.  Starting from their early applications such as calculation to today’s highly technical one.  What is Computer? Information Technology Fundamentals 7  A computer is a programmable electronic device. It takes data through input devices. It processes the data according to a sequence of instructions provided in the form of a program. The result is called the output and given through some output device.  Computer Components? Information Technology Fundamentals 8  A computer works with the help of its components.  The components of a computer consists of: Hardware Software Instructions enabling the Is the physical components computer to do the tasks we which you can see with your need. eyes, touch with your hand. Otherwise known as programs or applications 9 Hardware  Hardware Components? Information Technology Fundamentals 10 Hardware Input devices Processing Output devices  Input devices Information Technology Fundamentals 11  Input Devices : is a device that enables the user to enter data into a computer.  Some of the Commonly used input units used in a computer system are as follows:  Keyboard  Scanner  Mouse  Graphic Tablet  Joy Stick  Microphone  Light pen  Magnetic Ink Card  Track Ball Reader (MICR)  Barcode Reader  Optical Character  Optical Mark Reader (OMR) Reader (OCR)  Input devices Information Technology Fundamentals 12  Processing Information Technology Fundamentals 13  Processing is the procedure that transforms raw data into useful information  Processing refers to the actions that a computer takes to execute commands a user makes.  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Information Technology Fundamentals 14  It is the important part of any computer system.  It is also called as “brain of the computer”, ”central processor”, “main processor” or simply “processor”.  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Information Technology Fundamentals 15  CPU functions are primarily classified as:  FETCH: fetches every instructions from memory.  DECODE: convert the instructions into machine readable format.  EXECUTE: execute the instructions and perform calculations.  STORE: result after execution is stored in memory and given as output.  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Information Technology Fundamentals 16  Three different types of CPU:  Single Core CPU:  these CPUs only have a single core that performs different operations. This means that it can only process one operation at a single time that is not suitable for multitasking.  Dual-Core CPU:  Dual-Core CPUs contain two cores. Each core is responsible for the execution of instructions. Therefore they can execute more than one operation at a time. The core can handle execution of two operations simultaneously thereby overcoming the drawback of Single Core CPU.  Quad-Core CPU:  A quad-core processor contains a chip with four independent cores. These cores read and execute various instructions provided by the CPU. Quad Core CPU increases the overall speed of programs.  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Information Technology Fundamentals 17  What is CPU Performance?  CPU performance is how fast a computer’s processor can complete the task. It is measured by the number of instructions completed in one second.  Its performance depends on the processor’s clock speed.  Clock speed: rate at which a processor can complete a processing cycle. It is typically measured in megahertz or gigahertz.  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Information Technology Fundamentals 18  Parts of CPU  Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU)  Control unit  Memory unit  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Information Technology Fundamentals 19 . Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)  ALU is divided into 2 units:  Arithmetic Unit(AU)  Logic Unit(LU)  Arithmetic unit performs all arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, division, multiplication.  Logic unit performs all logic operations like comparing, selecting, matching, and merging of data.  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Information Technology Fundamentals 20  Control unit (cu)  It controls the operations of all parts of the computer.  CU does not carry out any actual data processing operations and does not store data.  Major functions of CU:  Controls the transfer of data and instructions.  Fetch instructions from memory.  Communicates with input-output devices..  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Information Technology Fundamentals 21  Memory unit  It stores data, instructions and intermediate results.  It is also known as “internal storage”, “primary storage”, “RAM”, or “main memory”.  It gives data to other parts of computer.  Its size affects speed, power, and performance.  There are two types of memory in the computer, which are primary memory and secondary memory..  Types of Computer Memory Information Technology Fundamentals 22 Memory Primary Secondary memory memory Magnetic Ram Rom Hard Disc DVD USB disks  Types of Computer Memory Information Technology Fundamentals 23  Primary Memory  This is the main memory of the computer.  It is fixed on the motherboard of the computer.  Primary memory is the only type of memory which is directly accessed by the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored in the primary memory and executes them.  Types of Computer Memory Information Technology Fundamentals 24  Primary memories are of two types. They are:  RAM (Random Access Memory)  ROM (Read Only Memory) RAM ROM  Types of Computer Memory Information Technology Fundamentals 25  RAM  RAM is a computer’s temporary or volatile memory, which exists as chips on the motherboard near the CPU.  It stores data or programs while they are being used and requires power.  Types of Computer Memory Information Technology Fundamentals 26  ROM  ROM is a memory that usually stores the permanent data and instructions that the manufacturer has put on it.  This data tells the computer how to boot up when it is switched on  ROM is read only and therefore can not be changed. This means it is also an example of non volatile memory  Output devices Information Technology Fundamentals 27  Output Devices are the devices that show us the result after giving the input to a computer system. Output can be of many different forms like image, graphic audio, video, etc. Some of the output devices are described below.  Compare Input & Output Devices. Information Technology Fundamentals 28 Input Device Output Device It shows the data after processing to the Data is accepted by the user of the device user It accepts the user’s data and transmits it It receives the data from the processor to the processor for saving in the and returns it to the user secondary memory or processing. More complex designing Less complex designing These devices are used to display or show These devices are used to accept the data the data Example: Keyboard, mouse, etc. Example: Monitor, Printer, etc.  Storage Devices Information Technology Fundamentals 29  Storage Devices (Secondary memory) is a type of computer memory that is used to store data and programs that can be accessed or retrieved even after the computer is turned off.  secondary memory is non-volatile (permanent) and can store data and programs for extended periods of time. It holds the information till we erase it.  It is different from primary memory as it is not directly accessible through the CPU.  Storage Devices Information Technology Fundamentals 30  Secondary or external storage devices have a much larger storage capacity  The cost of secondary memory is less as compared to primary memory.  However, there are also some disadvantages to secondary memory such as:  Slower access times  Lower read/write speeds compared to primary memory.  Storage Devices Information Technology Fundamentals 31  Examples  Internal Hard disks  Hard disks (HD) are the main, large data storage areas within your computers where internal or external.  They are used to store you operating system, your application programs (i.e., Excel sheet, games, etc..)  They are much faster than CD/DVD  Storage Devices Information Technology Fundamentals 32  Examples  External Hard disk  They are normally connected via a USB cable.  They are an ideal way to backup your data, such as photos or movies.  Flash memory (USB drives)  Storage Devices Information Technology Fundamentals 33  Examples  Floppy disks: small amount of data (1.44 MB).  CDS : can store 783 MB of data.  DVD: can store over 4 GB of data.  Memory card:  Used in devices such as digital cameras, telephones, video game devices, GPS system.  Storage Devices Information Technology Fundamentals 34  Examples  Measurements storage Units Information Technology Fundamentals 35  Measurements of storage capacity  Data in the computer’s memory is represented by the two digits 0 and 1.  These two digits are called Binary Digits or Bits.  A bit is the smallest unit of computer’s memory.  Measurements storage Units Information Technology Fundamentals 36 Unit Shortened Capacity Bit b 1 or 0 (on or off) Byte B 8 bits Kilobyte KB 1024 bytes Megabyte MB 1024 kilobytes Gigabyte GB 1024 megabytes Terabyte TB 1024 gigabytes Petabyte PB 1024 terabytes Exabyte EB 1024 petabytes Zettabyte ZB 1024 exabytes Yottabyte YB 1024 zettabytes