ISTP TU05 - IT Infrastructure PDF

INFORMATION SYSTEMS: THEORY & PRACTICE TU5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Prof. Dr. Paul Drews Intro Case Study 2 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Learning Objectives § What is IT infrastructure and what are the stages and driv...

INFORMATION SYSTEMS: THEORY & PRACTICE TU5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Prof. Dr. Paul Drews Intro Case Study 2 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Learning Objectives § What is IT infrastructure and what are the stages and drivers of IT infrastructure evolution? § What are the components of IT infrastructure? § What are the current trends in computer hardware platforms? § What are the current computer software platforms and trends? § What are the challenges of managing IT infrastructure and management solutions? 3 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Agenda 1. IT Infrastructure - Introduction 2. Evolution of IT Infrastructure 3. Technology Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution 4. IT Infrastructure - Components 5. Current Trends in Hardware & Software Platforms 6. Challenges of Managing IT Infrastructure 4 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS IT Infrastructure Defining IT Infrastructure § Set of physical devices and software required to operate an enterprise § Set of firm-wide services including: § Computing platforms providing computing services § Physical facilities management services § IT management, education, and other services § “Service platform” perspective § More accurate view of value of investments 5 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS CONNECTION BETWEEN THE FIRM, IT INFRASTRUCTURE, AND BUSINESS CAPABILITIES The services a firm is capable of providing to its customers, suppliers, and employees are a direct function of its IT FIGURE 5-1 infrastructure. Ideally, this infrastructure should support the firm’s business and information systems strategy. New information technologies have a powerful impact on business and IT strategies, as well as the services that can be provided to customers. 6 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Agenda 1. IT Infrastructure - Introduction 2. Evolution of IT Infrastructure 3. Technology Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution 4. IT Infrastructure - Components 5. Current Trends in Hardware & Software Platforms 6. Challenges of Managing IT Infrastructure 7 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Evolution of IT Infrastructure General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era: 1959 to present § 1958: IBM first mainframes introduced § 1965: Less expensive DEC minicomputers introduced FIGURE 5-2 8 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS … and they still exist Example of a current mainframe computer: IBM z10 § High availability (z = „Zero Downtime“) § „data center in a rack “ § All components exist multiple times (redundancy) § Multiple virtual servers run on one mainframe (>60/80) 9 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS … even „dumb“ terminals still exist „Thin Clients“ § Access a central terminal server or virtual machines § Applications run on a server § No software installation, central administration § Easy to change if damaged § Goal: low administrative cost per workstation 10 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Evolution of IT Infrastructure Personal computer era: 1981 to present § 1981: Introduction of IBM PC § Proliferation in 80s, 90s resulted in growth of personal software FIGURE 5-2 11 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Evolution of IT Infrastructure Client/server era: 1983 to present § Desktop clients networked to servers, with processing work split between clients and servers § Network may be two-tiered or multitiered (N-tiered) § Various types of servers (network, application, Web) FIGURE 5-2 12 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS A Multitiered Client/Server Network FIGURE 5-3 In a multitiered client/server network, client requests for service are handled by different levels of servers. 13 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Evolution of IT Infrastructure § Enterprise computing era: 1992 to present § Move toward integrating disparate networks, applications using Internet standards and enterprise applications FIGURE 5-2 14 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Evolution of IT Infrastructure § Cloud and mobile computing: 2000 to present § Cloud computing: computing power and software applications supplied over the Internet or other network § Fastest growing form of computing FIGURE 5-2 15 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Agenda 1. IT Infrastructure - Introduction 2. Evolution of IT Infrastructure 3. Technology Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution 4. IT Infrastructure - Components 5. Current Trends in Hardware & Software Platforms 6. Challenges of Managing IT Infrastructure 16 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution Moore’s law and microprocessing power § Computing power doubles every 2 years § Nanotechnology: § Shrinks size of transistors to size comparable to size of a virus Law of Mass Digital Storage § The amount of data being stored each year doubles 17 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Moore’s Law and Microprocessor Performance Packing 5 billion transistors into a tiny microprocessor has exponentially increased processing power. Processing power has increased to more than 250,000 MIPS (about 2.6 billion instructions per second). FIGURE 5-4 18 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Falling Cost of Chips Changes in production technology, and very- large-scale production runs, have driven dramatic declines in the cost of chips, and the products that use them. FIGURE 5-5 19 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current CPUs are produced with a MOSFET node size of 14/10/7/5nm in large „fabs“ which require a multi-billion dollar investment 20 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Image source: intel.com The Cost of Storing Data Declines Exponentially 1950–2012 The number of megabytes that can be stored on magnetic media for $1 from 1950 to the present roughly doubled every 15 months. In 2018, a 1 terabyte hard disk drive sells at retail for about $50. Cloud storage services like Google Drive provide 100 gigabytes of storage for $1.99 per month. FIGURE 5-6 21 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution Metcalfe’s Law and network economics § Value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the number of network members. § As network members increase, more people want to use it (demand for network access increases). 22 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution Declining communication costs and the Internet § Exponential growth in size of the Internet § Exponential declines in Internet communications costs FIGURE 5-7 23 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution § Standards and network effects § Technology standards: § Specifications that establish the compatibility of products and the ability to communicate in a network § Unleash powerful economies of scale and result in price declines as manufacturers focus on the products built to a single standard 24 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS 25 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Agenda 1. IT Infrastructure - Introduction 2. Evolution of IT Infrastructure 3. Technology Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution 4. IT Infrastructure - Components 5. Current Trends in Hardware & Software Platforms 6. Challenges of Managing IT Infrastructure 26 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS IT Infrastructure Components IT Infrastructure has seven main components § Computer hardware platforms § Operating system platforms § Enterprise software applications § Data management and storage § Networking/telecommunications platforms § Internet platforms § Consulting system integration services 27 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS IT Infrastructure Components Figure 5-8 28 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS IT Infrastructure Components Computer hardware platforms Rack with blade servers § Client machines § Desktop PCs, laptops § Mobile computing: smartphones, tablets § Desktop chips vs. mobile chips § Servers Source:fujitsu.com § Mainframes: § IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of small servers § Digital workhorse for banking and telecommunications networks 29 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Large Data Centers Source:google.com 30 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS IT Infrastructure Components Operating system platforms § Corporate Servers § Windows Server, Unix, Linux § Client level § Microsoft Windows § Mobile/multitouch (Android, iOS, Windows 10) Source: webspacevergleich.net/wp-content/uploads/windows-linux.png § Cloud computing (Google’s Chrome OS) Enterprise software applications § Largest providers: SAP and Oracle § Middleware providers: IBM, Oracle 31 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS IT Infrastructure Components Data management and storage § Database software providers: § IBM (DB2), Oracle, Microsoft (SQL Server), Sybase (Adaptive Server Enterprise), MySQL, Apache Hadoop § Physical data storage for large-scale systems: § Dell EMC § Hewlett Packard Enterprise (H3C) 32 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS IT Infrastructure Components Networking/telecommunications platforms § Telecommunication services § Telecommunications, cable, telephone company charges for voice lines and Internet access § US: AT&T, Verizon / DE: Telekom, Vodafone, etc. § Network operating systems: § Windows Server, Linux, Unix § Network hardware providers: § Cisco, Juniper Networks Source: static.wixstatic.com/media/8f879a_338189180c5e4e778829b5b736c60241.jpg 33 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS IT Infrastructure Components Internet platforms § Hardware, software, management services to support company websites, intranets § Web-hosting services § Routers § Cabling or wireless equipment § Internet hardware server market: IBM, Dell, Oracle, HP § Web development tools/suites: Microsoft (Visual Studio and.NET), Oracle-Sun (Java), Adobe 34 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS IT Infrastructure Components Consulting and system integration services § Even large firms do not have resources for full range of support for new, complex infrastructure § Leading consulting firms: Accenture, IBM Global Services, HP, Infosys, Wipro Technologies § Software integration: ensuring new infrastructure works with legacy systems § Legacy systems: older TPS created for mainframes that would be too costly to replace or redesign 35 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Agenda 1. IT Infrastructure - Introduction 2. Evolution of IT Infrastructure 3. Technology Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution 4. IT Infrastructure - Components 5. Current Trends in Hardware & Software Platforms 6. Challenges of Managing IT Infrastructure 36 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS 37 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current Trends in Hardware Platforms The mobile digital platform § Smartphones § Netbooks § Tablet computers § Digital e-book readers and apps (Kindle) § Wearable devices (smart watches, smart glasses) 38 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current Trends in Hardware Platforms Consumerization of IT and BYOD (bring your own device) § New information technology emerges in consumer markets first and spreads to business organizations § Forces businesses and IT departments to rethink how IT equipment and services are acquired and managed Source: blogs.bmc.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/BYOD-Page-1-infogram-1024x570.png 39 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current Trends in Hardware Platforms § Quantum computing § Uses quantum physics to represent and operate on data § Dramatic increases in computing speed Source: ibm.com Source: wikipedia.org 40 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current Trends in Hardware Platforms § Virtualization § Allows single physical resource to act as multiple resources (i.e., run multiple instances of OS) § Reduces hardware and power expenditures Sources: static.techfieldday.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Vmware_logo.png wateroxconsulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Microsoft-Hyper-V-Logo.png § Facilitates hardware centralization § Software-defined storage (SDS) https://www.windowscentral.com/how-run-linux-distros-windows-10-using-hyper-v 41 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current Trends in Hardware Platforms Cloud computing § On-demand computing services obtained over network § Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) § Platform as a service (PaaS) § Software as a service (SaaS) § Cloud can be public or private § Allows companies to minimize IT investments § Drawbacks: Concerns of security, reliability § Hybrid cloud computing model 42 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Cloud Computing Platform In cloud computing, hardware and software capabilities are a pool of virtualized resources provided over a network, often the Internet. Businesses and employees have access to applications and IT infrastructure anywhere, at any time, and on any device. Figure 5-9 43 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Amazon Web Services Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a collection of web services that Amazon provides to users of its cloud platform. AWS is the largest provider of cloud computing services in the United States. Figure 5-10 44 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current Trends in Hardware Platforms § Edge computing § Servers at the edge of the Internet § Reducing latency, and network traffic § Green computing (Green IT) § Practices and technologies for manufacturing, Source: ieee.org using, disposing of computing and networking hardware § Reducing power consumption a high priority § Data centers § High performance, power-saving processors § Multicore processors § Power-efficient microprocessors 45 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current Trends in Software Platforms Open-source software: § Produced by community of programmers § Free and modifiable by user § Examples: Apache web server, Mozilla Firefox browser, OpenOffice, Linux 46 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Source: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/2000px-Tux.svg.png Current Trends in Software Platforms Software for the Web § Java: § Object-oriented programming language § Operating system, processor-independent § HTML/HTML5 § Web page description language § HTML5 is latest evolution § Embeds media, animation § Supports cross-platform apps, offline data storage § Ruby and Python 47 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current Trends in Software Platforms Web Services § Software components that exchange information using Web standards and languages XML: Extensible Markup Language § More powerful and flexible than HTML § Tagging allows computers to process data automatically TABLE 5-3 48 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current Trends in Software Platforms SOA: Service-oriented architecture § Set of self-contained services that communicate with one another to create a working software application § Software developers reuse these services in other combinations to assemble other applications as needed § Example: an “invoice service” to serve whole firm for calculating and sending printed invoices 49 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS How Dollar Rent a Car Uses Web Services Dollar Rent A Car uses Web services to provide a standard intermediate layer of software to “talk” to other companies’ information systems. Dollar Rent A Car can use this set of Web services to link to other companies’ information systems without having to build a separate link to each firm’s systems. FIGURE 5-11 50 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current Trends in Software Platforms – Software Outsourcing and Cloud Services Three external sources for software: § Software packages and enterprise software § Software outsourcing § Contracting outside firms to develop software § Cloud-based software services and tools § Service Level Agreements (SLAs): formal agreement with service providers 51 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Changing Sources of Firm Software In 2017, U.S. firms spent an estimated $380 billion on software. About 47 percent ($179 billion) of that originated outside the firm, provided by a variety of vendors. About 13 percent ($49 billion) was provided by SaaS vendors as an online cloud-based service. Figure 5-12 52 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current Trends in Software Platforms Software outsourcing and cloud services (cont.) § Mashups § Combinations of two or more online applications, such as combining mapping software (Google Maps) with local content § Apps § Small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on your computer, or on mobile device § Refer commonly to mobile applications § iPhone, Android § Tie user to platform 53 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Current Trends in Software Platforms: Enterprise Apps 54 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS [Source: venturebeat.com] Agenda 1. IT Infrastructure - Introduction 2. Evolution of IT Infrastructure 3. Technology Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution 4. IT Infrastructure - Components 5. Current Trends in Hardware & Software Platforms 6. Challenges of Managing IT Infrastructure 55 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Challenges of Managing IT Infrastructure Dealing with platform and infrastructure change § As firms shrink or grow, IT needs to be flexible and scalable § Scalability: § Ability to expand to serve larger number of users § For mobile computing and cloud computing § New policies and procedures for managing these new platforms § Contractual agreements with firms running clouds and distributing software required 56 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Challenges of Managing IT Infrastructure Management and governance § Governance § Who controls IT infrastructure? § How should IT department be organized? § Centralized § Central IT department makes decisions § Decentralized § Business unit IT departments make own decisions § How are costs allocated between divisions, departments? Yudatama et al. (2017) 57 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Challenges of Managing IT Infrastructure Making wise infrastructure investments § Under-investment and over-investment can hamper firm performance § Rent-versus-buy, cloud computing § Outsourcing § Total cost of ownership (TCO) model § Analyzes direct and indirect costs § Hardware, software account for only about 20% of TCO § Other costs: Installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure, downtime, space, and energy § TCO can be reduced by the use of cloud services, greater centralization and standardization of hardware and software resources 58 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Competitive Forces Model for IT Infrastructure Investment There are six factors you can use to answer the question, “How much should our firm spend on IT infrastructure?” FIGURE 5-13 59 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Tasks for this week T5-1. Please actively read chapter 5 - including the case studies. T5-2. Learn more about cloud computing. § Visit the website of one of the leading cloud providers: Amazon AWS -> https://aws.amazon.com/?nc1=h_ls § T5-2.1. Watch the videos "What Is AWS?" and "What Is Cloud Computing?" (https://aws.amazon.com/what-is-aws/?nc1=f_cc and https://aws.amazon.com/what-is-cloud-computing/?nc1=f_cc). § T5-2.2. Visit https://aws.amazon.com/industries/?nc2=h_ql_sol_ind_id and select an industry you are interested in and look at one or more case studies about how cloud computing is used in this industry. Alternatively, you might also search for a certain technology like blockchain (https://aws.amazon.com/blockchain/?nc2=h_ql_sol_use_bc) to find use cases. § T5-2.3. Browse through the list of products to learn how many components are available "instantly" as a cloud service for enterprises today. § T5-2.4. Learn about Amazon's pricing: You want to store 5 TB (~= 5000 GB) of data in an AWS general purpose S3 bucket. How much do you have to pay PER YEAR if the data is stored in Ohio or in Frankfurt? Is data retrieval and data transfer included? T5-3. Service Level Agreements (SLA): Please actively read learning track 2 for chapter 5 about service level agreements. You should all know what an SLA is... ;) 60 | ISTP | TU 5 | IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS CONTACT PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Institute of Information Systems Universitätsallee 1 | 21335 Lüneburg Fon 04131.677-1993 | [email protected] www.leuphana.de/institute/iis/personen/paul-drews