ISEA 26 Lesson 1 Diplomacy PDF

ISEA 26 Lesson 1: Module 1 DIPLOMACY PREPARED BY: ALLYSA MARRI D. PABALAN REYNIER F. CRUZATE DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES DIPLOMACY “States throughout the world conduct their affairs in ways to ensure peaceful relations.” – The main task of diplomatic services is to safeguard natio...

ISEA 26 Lesson 1: Module 1 DIPLOMACY PREPARED BY: ALLYSA MARRI D. PABALAN REYNIER F. CRUZATE DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES DIPLOMACY “States throughout the world conduct their affairs in ways to ensure peaceful relations.” – The main task of diplomatic services is to safeguard national interests abroad. – Diplomacy is the art and practice of negotiations between representatives of states. – Diplomacy is the established method of influencing the decisions and behavior of foreign governments and peoples through dialogue, negotiation, and other measures short of war or violence. – Focus areas: political, economic, cultural, scientific DIPLOMACY – Diplomacy as a practice is the official activity of the heads of states or special establishments (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, business, people, and etc) in order to conduct the aims of a foreign policy.  There are 190+ states operating in the modern diplomatic environment, compared to 47 in 1950 and 26 in 1926. – A diplomat engage in foreign relation, exercises to have a truthful negotiation, foreign policy, conflict resolution, agreement in order to maintain friendly relation to strengthen its relation to different conflicts. DIPLOMACY Traditional View: “Diplomacy is the maintenance of peace and the avoidance of war.” – Ignores the role of non-state actors in transnational diplomacy. Non-traditional View: “Diplomacy is the relations between groups to avoid conflict“ – Due to the rise of Non-traditional actors: NGOs, MNCs, NATURE AND PURPOSE Diplomacy and foreign policy are not synonymous – Diplomacy is the chief, but not the only, instrument of foreign policy, which is set by political leaders, though diplomats (in addition to military and intelligence officers) may advise them. – Foreign policy establishes goals, prescribes strategies, and sets the broad tactics to be used in their accomplishment.  It may employ secret agents, war, or other forms of violence as well as diplomacy to achieve its objectives.  Diplomacy is the principal substitute for the use of force. NATURE AND PURPOSE – The purpose of diplomacy is to strengthen the state, nation, or organization it serves in relation to others by advancing the interests in its charge. – Diplomatic activity endeavors to maximize a group’s advantages without the risk and expense of using force and preferably without causing resentment. – It strives to preserve peace; diplomacy is strongly inclined toward negotiation to achieve agreements and resolve issues between states. NATURE AND PURPOSE – Even in times of peace, diplomacy may involve coercive threats of economic or other punitive measures or demonstrations of the capability to impose unilateral solutions to disputes by the application of military power.  However, diplomacy normally seeks to develop goodwill toward the state it represents, nurturing relations with foreign states and peoples that will ensure their cooperation – Diplomacy strives to build an international order conducive to the nonviolent resolution of disputes and expanded cooperation between states. NATURE AND PURPOSE – Diplomats are the primary—but far from the only— practitioners of diplomacy.  They are specialists in carrying messages and negotiating adjustments in relations and the resolution of quarrels between states and peoples.  Their weapons are words, backed by the power of the state or organization they represent.  Diplomats help leaders to understand the attitudes and actions of foreigners and to develop strategies and tactics that will shape the behavior of foreigners, especially foreign governments. HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY The ancient world – Early societies had some attributes of states, and the first international law arose from intertribal relations. – Tribes negotiated marriages and regulations on trade and hunting. Messengers and envoys were accredited, sacred, and inviolable; they usually carried some emblem, such as a message stick, and were received with elaborate ceremonies. – Women often were used as envoys because of their perceived mysterious sanctity and their use of “sexual wiles”; it is believed that women regularly were entrusted with the vitally important task of negotiating peace in primitive cultures.  HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY – The greatest knowledge of early diplomacy comes from the Middle East, the Mediterranean, China, and India. – Records of treaties between Mesopotamian city-states date from about 2850 BCE. Akkadian (Babylonian) became the first diplomatic language, serving as the international tongue of the Middle East until it was replaced by Aramaic. – A diplomatic correspondence from the 14th century BCE existed between the Egyptian court and a Hittite king on Ramses II cuneiform tablets in Akkadian. – The oldest treaties of which full texts survive, from about  HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY China – Early Records: First records of Chinese and Indian diplomacy date from the 1st millennium BCE. – 8th Century BCE: The Chinese had leagues, missions, and an organized system of polite discourse between warring states. – Resident Envoys: Used as hostages to ensure good behavior of sending states. Han Dynasty, the – Zhuangzi's Advice (3rd century BCE): production of paper  Establish mutual trust through daily interaction or message exchanges.  Diplomats must faithfully convey messages, avoiding exaggeration or distortion.  Truthfulness is crucial to maintaining mutual trust and avoiding harm.  HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY – Unification and Consolidation:  Ended by Qin Dynasty’s unification in 221 BCE and Han Dynasty’s consolidation in 206 BCE.  China became the largest, most advanced, and best-governed society in the world. – Diplomatic Approach:  Focused on developing a moral society and waiting for foreigners to come to China. “tributary system”  Foreign relations included border defense, receiving emissaries, and controlling foreign trade in designated ports.  Once each succeeding Chinese dynasty had consolidated its rule and established its borders, foreign relations were typically limited to defending these borders rather than venturing abroad.  HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY – Tributary System:  Chinese leaders and diplomats waited for foreign nations to pay their respects rather than engaging abroad.  Neighboring countries recognized the supremacy of the Chinese emperor in exchange for various benefits  Facilitated diplomatic, military protection, and trade relations, involving gift exchanges between foreign rulers and the Chinese “tributary system” emperor.  Lasted until European colonialism introduced new diplomatic norms like sovereignty and spheres of influence, weakening the system by the fall of the Ch'ing dynasty in 1911. HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY India – Ancient India was home to an equally sophisticated but very different diplomatic tradition. – The realistic state system codified in the Artha- shastra insisted that foreign relations be determined by self-interest rather than by ethical considerations. It emphasized espionage, diplomatic maneuver. – It also posited four expedients of statecraft HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY India – Kautilya and the Artha-shastra: Kautilya (Chandragupta’s advisor) systematized Indian diplomacy in the Artha-Shastra (Ancient Indian Sanskrit treatise on statecraft, political science, economic policy and military strategy). – Focused on self-interest in foreign relations, not ethical considerations. – Codified state power in terms of espionage, diplomatic maneuvering, and statecraft. – Highlighted the four expedients of statecraft: conciliation, seduction, subversion, and coercion. – Six forms of state policy: peace, war, nonalignment, HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY – Three Categories of Diplomats: 1. Plenipotentiaries: Full authority in diplomacy. 2. Envoys: Entrusted with single missions. 3. Royal Messengers: Convey information. – Consular Agents: Managed commercial relations. – Two Types of Spies: 1. For intelligence collection. 2. For subversion and covert actions. Diplomatic Duties: Uphold treaties, acquire allies, instigate enemy discord, gather intelligence, and protect envoys. HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY Ancient Greece – An early innovation in secure communication. The word 'diplomacy' originates from ancient Greek, meaning paper folded in two. – The tradition that ultimately inspired the birth of modern diplomacy in post-Renaissance Europe and that led to the present world system of international relations began in ancient Greece. HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY – Heralds: – First diplomats and were protected by the gods with an immunity that other envoys lacked. – Because heralds were inviolable, they were the favored channels of contact in wartime – Preceded envoys to arrange safe passage. – Traveled alone. HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY – Envoys: – Journeyed in small groups for mutual loyalty. – Typically at least 50 years old and politically prominent. – Chosen for oratorical skills to sway foreign assemblies. Key Differences: – Frequency of Missions: Greek diplomacy was episodic, not continuous. – Duration of Stay: Heralds and envoys were short-term visitors, unlike modern ambassadors. HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY – Greek consular agents, or proxeni, were citizens of the city in which they resided, not of the city-state that employed them. Like envoys, they had a secondary task of gathering information, but their primary responsibility was trade. – The Greeks developed archives, a diplomatic vocabulary, principles of international conduct that anticipated international law, and many other elements of modern diplomacy. – Their envoys enjoyed diplomatic immunity for their official correspondence and personal property. Truces, neutrality, commercial conventions, conferences, treaties, and alliances were common.  HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY Ancient Rome – Greek Influence  Rome inherited and adapted Greek diplomatic practices for its imperial administration.  Treaties were negotiated with conquered areas, granting partial self-government. – Foreign Policy in Rome:  During the Roman Republic: The Senate managed foreign policy.  Later, under the Empire: The emperor had ultimate authority in foreign affairs. Senate of the Roman Republic  Envoys received with ceremony and immunity. HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY Envoys:  Sent with written instructions from the government.  Smaller missions were handled by messengers (nuntius).  Usually sent to towns Larger Diplomatic Missions (Legatio):  10-12 ambassadors (legati), led by a president.  Legati were inviolable and chosen for oratory skills HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY – Sophisticated Archives:  Staffed by trained archivists skilled in preserving and authenticating documents.  Paleographic techniques were developed to decipher and authenticate ancient documents.  Precedents and procedures became formalized. – Roman Law  Focused on sanctity of contracts, became the basis of treaties  Combined with Greek natural law to create a "law of nations.“  Preserved by the Roman Catholic Church, influencing modern international law. HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY Middle Ages – Western Empire's Collapse:  Diplomatic traditions faded after the Western Roman Empire disintegrated in the 5th century.  Monarchs negotiated directly or via envoys from the 5th to 9th century, while the papacy continued using legati. – Byzantine Empire:  The Byzantine Empire maintained a strong diplomatic system for nearly 1,000 years.  Byzantium used elaborate ceremonies to awe foreign envoys, projecting power. HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY Islamic Diplomacy – Islamic Expansion: – Inspired by faith, early Islamic conquests included Byzantine provinces and expanded into Africa, Asia, and Europe. – Diplomatic Tradition:  Although Islam theoretically aimed for a unified society, diplomatic missions between Muslim and non-Muslim states existed from Muhammad’s time.  Early Islamic rulers adopted protections and rules for emissaries, influenced by Byzantine diplomatic traditions. HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY – Byzantium's Diplomatic Legacy – Professional Diplomats:  Byzantium was the first to have professional diplomats with written instructions.  Diplomats were tasked with gathering information and fostering trade to reduce costs. – Licensed Spies:  Byzantine diplomats acted as spies, providing intelligence to manipulate foreign powers.  This tradition influenced neighboring states and Renaissance Italy, and elements were adopted by the Ottoman Empire after Byzantium's fall. HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY – At the end of the 12th century, the term ambassador appeared, initially in Italy. Derived from the medieval Latin ambactiare, meaning “to go on a mission,” the term was used to describe various envoys.  EVOLUTION OF CONTEMPORARY DIPLOMACY The beginnings of the Contemporary Diplomacy are to send a permanent ambassador during the peaceful times. I) 15-17th centuries: The contemporary diplomacy was started in Northern Italy during the fifteenth century and spread to the rest of northern and western Europe in the following hundred years. WHY?  The system of cities as independent states – Venice, Milan, Florence, Naples;  The strongest trade ties;  Cultural development was higher than in the rest European states;  The threat of war from France  I) 15-17th centuries: – Rome became the center of Italian diplomacy and of information gathering, and spying. The papal court had the first organized diplomatic corps: the popes addressed the envoys jointly, seated them as a group for ceremonies, and established rules for their collective governance. – As resident missions became the norm, ceremonial and social occasions came to dominate the relations between diplomats and their hosts, especially because the dignity of the sovereign being  I) 15-17th centuries: Italians introduced one of the modern methods of diplomacy, the resident (permanent) ambassador:  representative of a man sent him  secretary was available;  Salary was absent >> rich + elite family roots  Embassies were not available  Security was not provided till 18th century  Three types of ambassadors: Special envoy, ad hoc, resident I) 15-17th Some specific characteristics of the 15-18th diplomacy transferred to today’s diplomacy:  The duties of ambassadors – to get domestic info. and transfer it to the native state through diplomatic reports;  Secrecy  Ceremony (a mode of behavior) became today’s protocol: is to demonstrate the definite intentions of a boss (a city, church, state)  I) 15-17th  Precedence in diplomatic protocol was and is a priority  for ambassadors in a country, precedence is determined by the order in which they presented their credentials to the host government.  A struggle between diplomats >>an idea of equality was likely to be articulated at the end of 30 years war, 1648 II) 17-18th centuries Permanent diplomatic embassies  New development of the diplomatic net: Europe, Poland, Russia and Ottoman Empire The development of Ministries (Department, Offices and etc) of Foreign Affairs in Europe:  France – in the 17th: State secretary; archives; regional departments;  II) 17-18th centuries The development of the foreign ministry and embassies – The first modern foreign ministry was established in 1626 in France by Cardinal Richelieu. Richelieu saw diplomacy as a continuous process of negotiation, arguing that a diplomat should have one master and one policy. – He created the Ministry of External Affairs to centralize policy and to ensure his control of envoys as he pursued the raison d’état (national interest). – He rejected the view that policy should be based on dynastic concerns or a ruler’s wishes, holding instead that the state transcended crown and land, prince and people, and had interests and needs independent of all these elements. II) 17-18th centuries Development of diplomatic theory:  France – the source of negotiations by Testament Politique by Richelieu, 1638  Idea of negotiations as a basis for diplomacy  Training of diplomats: practice as attaches; 1712- Political Academy  III) Old diplomacy and its congress system, 1815-1914 Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, France, Russia- Admitted equality instead of precedence among themselves after wars – 1757-1763, 1801-1815 Vienna congress, Oct. 1814-June 1815  Meetings (planned, private) to prevent the wars, revolutions and so on in the peacetime.  The central powers singed an agreement that “....they was going to live and act in Europe in accord or harmony...”  European concert – a planned summits, conference to implement international relations in Europe  Holly Alliance as a mechanism of army interventions to prevent revolutions III) congress system It produced: 1) New development of diplomatic structures: -1802- Ministry of Foreign Affairs with career diplomats -1819 – German foreign service on Wilhemstrasse with career diplomats -1853 – French Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Quai d’Orsay building with strong patronage system -1854 – British Foreign Service with strong patronage system 2) First diplomatic law (Vienna convention, 1815) -rank of diplomats (ambassador, envoy, minister, agents and chargers d’affairs) III) congress system 3) functions of diplomats will be transferred in Diplomatic Law, 1961, 1963  to cultivate friendly relations  to negotiate on daily questions;  to clear the intentions of powers  to accumulate information  to give policy advise IV) 19-20th centuries Global diplomacy:  Japan (1867, 1905) and US (1898) became engaged in European relations +  European states arranged diplomatic missions in Africa and Asia and clash of cultures  Commercial consuls are to promote the trade interests:  1880 – Great Britain;  Otto Von Bismarck and tariffs’ war with Russia 1880s;  Military attaches are to provide a native government with data concerning the developments in arms  The number of military attaches is an index of pre-war situation and tension IV) 19-20th centuries: circulation of Mass-media and the “end” of the Old Diplomacy Public opinion was defined by diplomats as the influential tool of politics Press-services + analyzing public opinion abroad within the MFA: – French MFA created the first Press-service in 1886; – Russian MFA analyzed much more than others foreign mass media – Bribes for journalists – The first published diplomatic documents – The first interview of diplomats by journalists only in the end of 19th cnt. IV) how the traditional diplomacy was undermined: Soviet Russia, Germany, United States 1) Lenin opened for public all MFA archives Compilation of Secret Documents from the Archive of the former Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (Editor -Nikolai Markin) 2) Germany: Grosse Politik - contained diplomatic correspondence between the German and other European states relative to the beginning of the First World War. IV) how the traditional diplomacy was undermined: Soviet Russia, Germany, United States 3) W. Wilson’s the 14 Points articulated by him on the Paris Peace Conference: “Open conferences, after which there shall no private international understanding of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view” NEW DIPLOMACY CAME AS AN OPEN DIPLOMACY (INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IMPLIED PARTICIPATION A PUBLIC) – League of Nations (1919-1946): – The aim of creation was to solve the conflicts by peaceful tools – The main misfortune was “.... To solve conflicts by peacefully, if conflicting sides submit jointly a request for resolving a conflict...” NEW diplomacy – Efficiency of League of Nation on diplomacy: – A precedent of multilateral diplomacy - UN – Openness of diplomacy – International Arbitration, Tribunal and Mediation are the tools of diplomacy – Frequent Conferences, summits became a diplomatic tools to react rapidly on a conflicts – Preventive diplomacy and collective security diplomacy – a system of alliances to prevent the aggressive intentions of actors – However – League of Nations created a diplomacy as a tool not implement agreements and deviant promises: United Nations: new diplomacy? 1945 – establishment based on the ideas: – of necessity to apply a super power by the combined forces to keep the peace. – Cooperation (that means “common interests) through collective actions – Force of powerful states (UN Security Council) and diplomacy will lead to peace Charter VI – “Pacific settlement of disputes” and Charter VII – “Actions with respects of Threats…” implies the New diplomacy: what kinds of methods were created for today – Mediation – is a methods to stop a conflict on the different stages (US as a mediator in Israel- Palestine conflict) through pressure, talks, sanctions – Preventive diplomacy is to find a compromise in the period of pre-conflict situation – Collective security diplomacy – a system of alliances to prevent the aggressive intentions of actors (Hitler and Europe, Iran and world) – Peacekeeping operations as the next step in today diplomacy – Opinion (often) – MD and UN are destabilizing the world, because – 1) the states do not try to resolve a conflict themselves – 2)UN is used by powerful states to promote their resolutions – 3) Mediators, observation missions are only harmful, because they contribute to maintain the rival positions by the conflicting sides Old and NEW diplomacy: what kind of diplomatic methods did they create? -permanent resident (ambassador) as a bilateral diplomacy -negotiations, system of congresses - multilateral diplomacy as a tool to prevent, to mediate - Idea about collective security became the main strategy of contemporary alliances