Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 PDF

The Need For Security Our bad neighbor makes us early stirrers, Which is both healthful and good husbandry. -- William Shakespeare (1564–1616), King Henry, in Henry V, act 4, sc. 1, l. 6-7.  Learning Objectives Upon completion of this lecture, you should be able to:  Understand the ne...

The Need For Security Our bad neighbor makes us early stirrers, Which is both healthful and good husbandry. -- William Shakespeare (1564–1616), King Henry, in Henry V, act 4, sc. 1, l. 6-7.  Learning Objectives Upon completion of this lecture, you should be able to:  Understand the need for information security.  Understand a successful information security program is the responsibility of an organization’s general management and IT management.  Understand the threats posed to information security and the more common attacks associated with those threats.  Differentiate threats to information systems from attacks against information systems. Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 2  Business Needs First, Technology Needs Last Information security performs four important functions for an organization:  Protects the organization’s ability to function  Enables the safe operation of applications implemented on the organization’s IT systems  Protects the data the organization collects and uses  Safeguards the technology assets in use at the organization Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 3  Protecting the Ability to Function Management is responsible Information security is a management issue  a people issue Communities of interest must argue for information security in terms of impact and cost Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 4  Enabling Safe Operation Organizations must create integrated, efficient, and capable applications Organization need environments that safeguard applications Management must not abdicate to the IT department its responsibility to make choices and enforce decisions Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 5  Protecting Data One of the most valuable assets is data Without data, an organization loses its record of transactions and/or its ability to deliver value to its customers… An effective information security program is essential to the protection of the integrity and value of the organization’s data Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 6 Safeguarding Technology Assets Organizations must have secure infrastructure services based on the size and scope of the enterprise Additional security services may have to be provided More robust solutions may be needed to replace security programs the organization has outgrown Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 7  Threats Management must be informed of the various kinds of threats facing the organization A threat is an object, person, or other entity that represents a constant danger to an asset By examining each threat category in turn, management effectively protects its information through policy, education and training, and technology controls Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 8 Threats to Information Security Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 9  Acts of Human Error or Failure Includes acts done without malicious intent Caused by:  Inexperience  Improper training  Incorrect assumptions  Other circumstances Employees are greatest threats to information security – They are closest to the organizational data Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 10  Acts of Human Error or Failure Employee mistakes can easily lead to the following:  revelation of classified data  entry of erroneous data  accidental deletion or modification of data  storage of data in unprotected areas  failure to protect information Many of these threats can be prevented with controls Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 11 Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 12  Deviations in Quality of Service by Service Providers Situations of product or services not delivered as expected Information system depends on many inter-dependent support systems Three sets of service issues that dramatically affect the availability of information and systems are  Internet service  Communications  Power irregularities Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 13  Internet Service Issues Loss of Internet service can lead to considerable loss in the availability of information  organizations have sales staff and telecommuters working at remote locations When an organization outsources its web servers, the outsourcer assumes responsibility for  All Internet Services  The hardware and operating system software used to operate the web site Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 14  Power Irregularities Voltage levels can increase, decrease, or cease:  spike – momentary increase  surge – prolonged increase  sag – momentary low voltage  brownout – prolonged drop  fault – momentary loss of power  blackout – prolonged loss Electronic equipment is susceptible to fluctuations, controls can be applied to manage power quality Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 15  Espionage/Trespass Broad category of activities that breach confidentiality  Unauthorized accessing of information  Competitive intelligence vs. espionage  Shoulder surfing can occur any place a person is accessing confidential information Controls implemented to mark the boundaries of an organization’s virtual territory giving notice to trespassers that they are encroaching on the organization’s cyberspace Hackers uses skill, guile, or fraud to steal the property of someone else Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 16 Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 17  Espionage/Trespass Generally two skill levels among hackers:  Expert hacker develops software scripts and codes exploits usually a master of many skills will often create attack software and share with others  Script kiddies hackers of limited skill use expert-written software to exploit a system do not usually fully understand the systems they hack Other terms for system rule breakers:  Cracker - an individual who “cracks” or removes protection designed to prevent unauthorized duplication.  Phreaker - hacks the public telephone network. Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 18  Information Extortion Information extortion is an attacker or formerly trusted insider stealing information from a computer system and demanding compensation for its return or non-use Extortion found in credit card number theft Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 19  Sabotage or Vandalism Individual or group who want to deliberately sabotage the operations of a computer system or business, or perform acts of vandalism to either destroy an asset or damage the image of the organization These threats can range from petty vandalism to organized sabotage Organizations rely on image so Web defacing can lead to dropping consumer confidence and sales Rising threat of hacktivist or cyber- activist operations – the most extreme version is cyber-terrorism Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 20  Deliberate Acts of Theft Illegal taking of another’s property - physical, electronic, or intellectual The value of information suffers when it is copied and taken away without the owner’s knowledge Physical theft can be controlled - a wide variety of measures used from locked doors to guards or alarm systems Electronic theft is a more complex problem to manage and control - organizations may not even know it has occurred Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 21  Deliberate Software Attacks When an individual or group designs software to attack systems, they create malicious code/software called malware  Designed to damage, destroy, or deny service to the target systems Includes: Trojan Horse  macro virus  boot virus  worms  Trojan horses Virus  logic bombs  back door or trap door  denial-of-service attacks  polymorphic  hoaxes Bomb Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 22  Deliberate Software Attacks Virus is a computer program that attaches itself to an executable file or application. It can replicate itself, usually through an executable program attached to an e-mail. The keyword is “attaches”. A virus can not stand on its own. You must prevent viruses from being installed on computers in your organizations. Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 23  Deliberate Software Attacks There is no foolproof method of preventing them from attaching themselves to your computer Antivirus software compares virus signature files against the programming code of know viruses. Regularly update virus signature files is crucial. Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 24  Deliberate Software Attacks A worm is a computer program that replicates and propagates itself without having to attach itself to a host. Most infamous worms are Code Red and Nimda. Cost businesses millions of dollars in damage as a result of lost productivity Computer downtime and the time spent recovering lost data, reinstalling programming's, operating systems, and hiring or contracting IT personnel. Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 25  Deliberate Software Attacks Trojan Programs disguise themselves as useful computer programs or applications and can install a backdoor or rootkit on a computer. Backdoors or rootkits are computer programs that give attackers a means of regaining access to the attacked computer later. Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 26 Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 27  Deliberate Software Attacks Spyware  A Spyware program sends info from the infected computer to the person who initiated the spyware program on your computer  Spyware program can register each keystroke entered.  www.spywareguide.com Adware  Main purpose is to determine a user’s purchasing habits so that Web browsers can display advertisements tailored to that user.  Slow down the computer it’s running on.  Adware sometimes displays a banner that notifies the user of its presence Both programs can be installed without the user being aware of their presence Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 28  Protecting against Deliberate Software Attacks Educating Your Users  Many U.S. government organizations make security awareness programs mandatory, and many private-sector companies are following their example.  Email monthly security updates to all employees.  Update virus signature files as soon as possible.  Protect a network by implementing a firewall. Avoiding Fear Tactics  Your approach to users or potential customers should be promoting awareness rather than instilling fear.  When training users, be sure to build on the knowledge they already have. Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 29  Compromises to Intellectual Property Intellectual property is “the ownership of ideas and control over the tangible or virtual representation of those ideas” Many organizations are in business to create intellectual property  trade secrets  copyrights  trademarks  patents Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 30  Floods Earthquakes Forces of Nature Windstorms Thunderstorms Humidity Tornadoes Avalanche Volcanoes Landslides Hurricanes Fire Snowstorms Forces of nature, force majeure, or acts of God are dangerous because they are unexpected and can occur with very little warning Can disrupt not only the lives of individuals, but also the storage, transmission, and use of information Include fire, flood, earthquake, and lightning as well as volcanic eruption and insect infestation Since it is not possible to avoid many of these threats, management must implement controls to limit damage and also prepare contingency plans for continued operations Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 31  Technical Hardware Failures or Errors Technical hardware failures or errors occur when a manufacturer distributes to users equipment containing flaws These defects can cause the system to perform outside of expected parameters, resulting in unreliable service or lack of availability Some errors are terminal, in that they result in the unrecoverable loss of the equipment Some errors are intermittent, in that they only periodically manifest themselves, resulting in faults that are not easily repeated…. Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 32  Technical Hardware Failures or Errors This category of threats comes from purchasing software with unrevealed faults Large quantities of computer code are written, debugged, published, and sold only to determine that not all bugs were resolved Sometimes, unique combinations of certain software and hardware reveal new bugs Sometimes, these items aren’t errors, but are purposeful shortcuts left by programmers for honest or dishonest reasons Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 33  Technological Obsolescence When the infrastructure becomes antiquated or outdated, it leads to unreliable and untrustworthy systems Management must recognize that when technology becomes outdated, there is a risk of loss of data integrity to threats and attacks… Ideally, proper planning by management should prevent the risks from technology obsolesce, but when obsolescence is identified, management must take action Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 34  Attacks An attack is the deliberate act that exploits vulnerability It is accomplished by a threat-agent to damage or steal an organization’s information or physical asset  An exploit is a technique to compromise a system  A vulnerability is an identified weakness of a controlled system whose controls are not present or are no longer effective  An attack is then the use of an exploit to achieve the compromise of a controlled system Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 35  Malicious Code This kind of attack includes the execution of viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and active web scripts with the intent to destroy or steal information The state of the art in attacking systems in 2002 is the multi-vector worm using up to six attack vectors to exploit a variety of vulnerabilities in commonly found information system devices Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 36 Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 37  Attack Descriptions IP Scan and Attack – Compromised system scans random or local range of IP addresses and targets any of several vulnerabilities known to hackers or left over from previous exploits Virus - Each infected machine infects certain common executable or script files on all computers to which it can write with virus code that can cause infection Unprotected Shares - using file shares to copy viral component to all reachable locations Mass Mail - sending e-mail infections to addresses found in address book.. Hoaxes - A more devious approach to attacking computer systems is the transmission of a virus hoax, with a real virus attached Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 38  Attack Descriptions Back Doors - Using a known or previously unknown and newly discovered access mechanism, an attacker can gain access to a system or network resource Password Crack - Attempting to reverse calculate a password Brute Force - The application of computing and network resources to try every possible combination of options of a password Dictionary - The dictionary password attack narrows the field by selecting specific accounts to attack and uses a list of commonly used passwords (the dictionary) to guide guesses Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 39  Attack Descriptions Denial-of-service (DoS) –  attacker sends a large number of connection or information requests to a target  so many requests are made that the target system cannot handle them successfully along with other, legitimate requests for service  may result in a system crash, or merely an inability to perform ordinary functions Distributed Denial-of-service (DDoS) - an attack in which a coordinated stream of requests is launched against a target from many locations at the same time Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 40 Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 41  Attack Descriptions Spoofing - technique used to gain unauthorized access whereby the intruder sends messages to a computer with an IP address indicating that the message is coming from a trusted host Man-in-the-Middle - an attacker sniffs packets from the network, modifies them, and inserts them back into the network Spam - unsolicited commercial e-mail - while many consider spam a nuisance rather than an attack, it is emerging as a vector for some attacks Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 42 Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 43  Attack Descriptions Mail-bombing - another form of e-mail attack that is also a DoS, in which an attacker routes large quantities of e-mail to the target Sniffers - a program and/or device that can monitor data traveling over a network. Sniffers can be used both for legitimate network management functions and for stealing information from a network Social Engineering - within the context of information security, the process of using social skills to convince people to reveal access credentials or other valuable information to the attacker Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 44  Attack Descriptions “People are the weakest link. You can have the best technology; firewalls, intrusion-detection systems, biometric devices... and somebody can call an unsuspecting employee. That's all she wrote, baby. They got everything.” “brick attack” – the best configured firewall in the world can’t stand up to a well placed brick Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 45  Attack Descriptions Buffer Overflow –  application error occurs when more data is sent to a buffer than it can handle  when the buffer overflows, the attacker can make the target system execute instructions, or the attacker can take advantage of some other unintended consequence of the failure  Usually, the attacker fill the overflow buffer with executable program code to elevate the attacker’s permission to that of an administrator. Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 46  Attack Descriptions Ping of Death Attacks -- A type of DoS attack  Attacker creates an ICMP packet that is larger than the maximum allowed 65,535 bytes.  The large packet is fragmented into smaller packets and reassembled at its destination.  Destination user cannot handle the reassembled oversized packet, thereby causing the system to crash or freeze. Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 47  Summary Unlike any other aspect of IT, information security’s primary mission to ensure things stay the way they are Information security performs four important functions:  Protects organization’s ability to function  Enables safe operation of applications implemented on organization’s IT systems  Protects data the organization collects and uses  Safeguards the technology assets in use at the organization Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 48  Summary Threat: object, person, or other entity representing a constant danger to an asset Management effectively protects its information through policy, education, training, and technology controls Attack: a deliberate act that exploits vulnerability Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 49 Principles of Information Security - Chapter 2 50 Lesson 2 https://webdesignlab.wixsite.com/securityplus/lesson-1 Security Control Types (Slide 1 of 2) Administrative  Controls that determine the way people act, including policies, procedures, and guidance Technical  Controls implemented in operating systems, software, and security appliances Physical  Controls such as alarms, gateways, and locks that deter access to premises and hardware Preventive  Physically or logically restricts unauthorized access Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 52 Security Control Types (Slide 2 of 2) Deterrent  May not physically or logically prevent access, but psychologically discourages an attacker from attempting an intrusion Detective  May not prevent or deter access, but it will identify and record any attempted or successful intrusion Corrective  Responds to and fixes an incident and may also prevent its reoccurrence Compensating  Does not prevent the attack but restores the function of the system through some other means Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 53 Defense in Depth Layered security  Force an intruder to bypass more than one security control to achieve action on objectives  Reduce attack surface  Increase resiliency Control diversity  Provision different classes and types of controls  Mix technical, administrative, and physical controls  Deploy controls to prevent, deter, detect, correct, and compensate Vendor diversity  Use more than one supplier Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 54 Frameworks and Reference Architectures List of cybersecurity activities and practices Make an objective statement of current capabilities Measure progress towards a target capability Verifiable statement for regulatory compliance reporting National versus international Industry-specific Examples  NIST Cybersecurity Framework  International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001  Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies (COBIT)  Sherwood Applied Business Security Architecture (SABSA) Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 55 Regulatory Compliance Req’ts Due diligence Example legislation and regulations  Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)  Computer Security Act (1987)  Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA)  Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (GLBA)  Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)  Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 56 Benchmarks and Secure Configuration Guides Platform/vendor-specific guides and benchmarks General purpose guides  Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)  Security Technical Implementation Guides (STIGs)  National Checklist Program (NCP)  SANS Institute (SysAdmin, Network, and Security)  Center for Internet Security (CIS) Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 57 Incident Response Procedures What is an incident?  The act of violating an explicit or implied security policy How do we identify and investigate incidents (given limited resources)? What is the main goal of incident response?  Restore system functionality  Preserve evidence of the intrusion  Prevent re-occurrence Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 58 Incident Response Procedures NIST Computer Security Incident Handling Guide Incident Response Lifecycle  Preparation  Identification  Containment,Eradication, and Recovery  Lessons Learned Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 59 Preparation Phase and Incident Response Plan Write policies and procedures Assign personnel and resources Establish secure out-of-band communications Incident Response Plan (IRP) Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 60 Cyber Incident Response Team (CIRT) Roles and Responsibilities Cyber Incident Response Team (CIRT) / Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT)  Technical skills – junior and senior staff  Management / decision- making authority Availability of team members  24/7 response Image credit: John Mattern/Feature Photo Service for IBM. Preclude infiltration (job 61  rotation) Cyber Incident Response Team (CIRT) Roles and Responsibilities Roles beyond technical response  Legal Advise on compliance and regulatory issues Liaise with law enforcement  HR (Human Resources) Advise on contract, employment, and privacy issues  Marketing Manage communications and publicity Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 62 Communication Processes Need to know – incident response communications must be confidential Out-of-band communications – avoid alerting intruder Communication with other stakeholders (law enforcement, regulators) Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 63 Incident Types/Category Definitions Triage – identify what must be prioritized  Data integrity  Downtime  Economic/publicity  Scope  Detection time  Recovery time Develop playbooks for dealing with incident types Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 64 Incident Response Exercises Image © 2017 Kentucky National Guard. Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 65 Identification Phase (Slide 1 of 2) Precursors Detection channels  Security mechanisms (IDS, log analysis, alerts)  Manual inspections  Notification procedures  Public reporting  Confidential reporting / whistleblowing Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 66 Identification Phase (Slide 2 of 2) First responder  Member of CIRT taking charge of a reported incident Analysis and incident identification  Incident – an event that breaches security policy  Classify and prioritize  False positives Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 67 Containment Phase Response must satisfy different / competing objectives  What is the loss / potential for loss?  What countermeasures are available?  What evidence can be collected? Quarantine and device removal  Prevent or interrupt an attack?  Allow it to proceed until actual harm is threatened? Escalation Data breach and reporting  Handle incident at higher level  Inform affected parties Suppliers and customers / users Regulatory bodies Law enforcement Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 68 Eradication and Recovery Phases Mitigation steps  Investigation—the causes or nature of the incident might not be clear, in which case further (careful) investigation is warranted  Containment—allow the attack to proceed but ensure that valuable systems or data are not at risk  Hot swap—a backup system is brought into operation and the live system frozen to preserve evidence of the attack  Prevention—countermeasures to end the incident are taken on the live system (even though this may destroy valuable evidence) Recovery / reconstitution procedures  Remove malicious files and tools (also consider infection of backups)  Re-audit security controls – what could have prevented the intrusion?  Notification and remediation of third-parties (customers and suppliers) Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 69 Lessons Learned Phase How was the incident allowed to develop? How could it be prevented/reduced in impact? Was incident response adequate? What could be improved? Reporting  May be required by regulators  Reassure suppliers, customers, and users Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 70 Guidelines for Responding to Security Incidents Follow the guidelines outlined in the established IRP. If no IRP is established, determine the primary investigator. Determine if the events actually occurred and to what extent a system or process was damaged. Try to isolate or otherwise contain the impact of the incident. Document the details of the incident. Copyright © 2019 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 71