irth-transes.pdf

Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Health Care 111 BS RADTECH 1-Y1-1 PRELIMS REVIEWER ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE TYPES AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF HOSPITAL...

Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Health Care 111 BS RADTECH 1-Y1-1 PRELIMS REVIEWER ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE TYPES AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF HOSPITAL Hospitals – institutions providing care for ill and  System of Medicine: Allopathic(Evidence injured based; diagnosing and treating); Ayurverdic  Medical treatment (Natural); Homeopathic; Unani  Surgical treatment  Level of Care: number of beds matter as  Nurse care well; Primary(Public, less than 100); - Part of social systems Secondary(Semi, 100-500); - Have sub systems; Clinical services, Tertiary(Education, 200-1000) Diagnostic services, Therapeutic services  Size: Health center; District; Zonal;  An integral part of social and medical Regional; Central organization  Teaching facility: Teaching; Non-teaching  Function is to provide complete healthcare FUNCTION OF A HOSPITAL to the needy; may be curative, preventive, or palliative  Curative or Medical care  Center for providing training, and Biosocial  Preventive Care research  Promotive Care  Supportive and Utility services with;  Rehabilitative Care Doctors, Nurse, Paramedics, Administrative  Education and training staffs (Provide medical care to patient)  Research HISTORY OF HOSPITAL  Palliative Care – easing the pain; no cure  Latin word = “hospice” means guest CHALLENGES TO HOSPITALS  Medieval Latin = “hospitale” or place for Aim: to serve the poor, helpless, and destitute reception of guests; An institution that care Doctors were treated as god, patient treated as for sick, injured, and wounded. guests or angels of God  EARLY GREEK AND ROMAN: Temples are hospitals  Changes in pay structure  CHRISTIANITY: Churches used as  Quality services hospitals  Management by clinicians in bureaucratic  Hotel dieu paris 542 AD way  St. Bartholomeu’s Hospital, London 1123  Lack of trained and professional manpower AD  Awareness of clients to rights and  Spanish Hospital, Mexico city, 1524 AD obligations  First General Hospital, North America  Patient Satisfaction (Pennsylvania hospital) 1715 AD  Legislation in the health care  Massachusetts Hospital 1811 AD PERSONNEL 3 LEGAL STATUS OF HOSPITALS  Physician – educated, clinically  Public Hospital – under government; it can experienced, and licensed to practice be categorized; medicine - Sole government (rural health) – managed  Medical Director – a physician who provides by civil servant. Fee directly to government guidance and leadership in a healthcare treasury organization; Devises the protocols and - Semi-autonomous (local gov) guidelines for the clinical staff and - Autonomous (national government hospital); evaluates. are run and managed under different act  Different Hospital Personnel: Radtech, - Can also be categorized as purely civil, for Nurses, Pharmacist, Medtech, Respiratory service personnel, and education institute therapist, Physical therapist, Occupational  NGO Run Hospital – Part of social service; Therapist, Speech therapist. Non-profitable, charitable; Must be  Different Departments: Radiology, Nursing, registered in concerned district, and take Pediatric, Surgery, Ob/Gynecology, Medical permission from Ministry of Health to Run  Intensive Care Units: MICU(Medical  Private Hospital – private sectors intensive care unit); SICU(Surgical); NICU(Neonatal) TYPES AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF HOSPITALS Not all hospitals qualify as hospital Hospitals can be classified according to:  Ownership: Public, NGO run, Private  Objectives: General Hospital (Pharmacy, General Surgery); Specialty Hospital (Lung center, ortho,heart); Teaching – Level 3 Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Health Care 111 BS RADTECH 1-Y1-1 PRELIMS REVIEWER ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PERSONNEL TERMINOLOGY Different Specializations:  Radiologist – physician who applies any form of radiation in the diagnosis and  Anesthesiologists – Give you drugs to numb treatment of diseases. your pain or to put you under during  Radiographer – skilled person qualified to surgery/ childbirth; monitor vital signs under provide services using imaging modalities anesthesia  Radiograph – a photographic record  Hematologists – Diseases of blood, spleen, produced by x-rays through an object lymph glands  Surgeons – surgical operations TYPE OF RADIATION (EMR)  Hospice and Palliative medicine – Pain Emr – electromagnetic radiation management/ near death  Cardiologists – experts of heart and blood  Non-Ionized – a series of energy waves vessels composed of oscillating electric and  Nephrologists – kidney diseases magnetic fields traveling at the speed of  Dermatologists – skin light; produces heat only; Radio wave  Neurologists – nervous system; brain (Radio frequency), Microwave, Infrared,  Endocrinologists – hormone problems Visible Light, extremely low frequency  Urologists – urinary tract  IONIZED – a type of energy released by  Gastroenterologists – digestive organs atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves  Obstetricians and Gynecologists – women’s or particles; UV ray, X-ray, Gamma health, including pregnant, childbirth;  Wavelength not equal to Energy; Frequency reproductive health equal to energy  Geriatric medicine – care for the elderly  If wavelength is higher, energy is low  Ophthalmologist – eye doctors HISTORY OF RADIOLOGY  Oncologists – cancer  Otolaryngologists – Ears, nose, throat,  Discovered November 8, 1895 sinuses, head, neck, and respiratory system  By Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen/ Röntgen  Pathologists – causes of disease; checking  He is a german physicist tissues/ fluids under microscope  University of Wurtzburg  Pediatricians – care for child to young  Working with Crooke’s cavuum tube; he adulthood found invisible rays were produced; these  Physiatrists – physical medicine and new rays could go through skin and flesh; rehabilitation give a picture of a person’s bones  Pulmonologists – lung specialist  X-ray is called the basic radiological tool  Radiologists – interpreting radiographic  Was honored in 1901 with the first Nobel images prize in physics for his efforts  X-ray from math symbol X, meaning “why”/ RADIOLOGY “unknown” What is XRAY? FIRST RADIOGRAPH  Are electromagnetic radiation with  Anna Bertha Roentgen (his wife) extremely short wavelengths  December 22, 1895  Can pass through many materials  30 minutes exposure What is Radiation? COLLABORATIVE EVENTS  Transfer of energy through space or Crookes tube material away from the source  Radiation react at atom level  Air evacuated glass tube  Higher atomic number = Harder to  Cathode (Negative and has electrons) penetrate Anode (Positive)  Cathode side have filament = production of TERMINOLOGY electrons  Radiology – medical specialty in which x-  Electrons to the target (anode) – focal spot rays, radium, radioactive substance are is in anode – if electrons hit target (focal applied in the diagnosis and treatment of spot) = radiation produced = printed on x- the patient ray film (LOW LIGHT WORK AREA  Diagnostic Imagine – medical specialty in NEEDED) which x-rays, radium, radioactive  Electrical Supply substance, sound waves, and radio  Screen or board painted with barium frequencies are applied in the diagnosis and platinocyanide treatment of the patient. Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Health Care 111 BS RADTECH 1-Y1-1 PRELIMS REVIEWER ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ HISTORY OF RADIOLOGY RADIATION SAFETY TO SELF AND OTHERS  Thomas Edison testing on his best friend  Radiologist Assistant Clarence Dally Madison (discovery of fluoroscopy)  Nuclear Medicine  30 minutes exposure per hand 5 PRIMARY CERTIFICATIONS  First fatality of Radiation in 1904 (Acute Radiation Syndrome or ARS)  Radiography (R)  Radiography – Fixed Stationary Image  Nuclear Medicine Technology (NM)  Fluoroscopy – live-image  Radiation Therapy (T)  Cell + Radiation: High dosage = cell death;  Sonography (US) (RDMS) Not enough = Repair (re-populate) during  Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) repair – Birth of Malignant cell/ Cancer cell Diagnostic Radiology: Technologists,  Each time a cell recover, they repopulate Radiographer, Technician (Limited Licensure)  Even the smallest dose = still has its effects - Specializing in the use of x-rays to create EARLY YEARS IN RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY images of the body including the skeletal  Nurses or nurses’ aides, taught how to take system, chest, and abdomen. an x-ray - Two types of x-ray: Radiography (Fixed) and Fluoroscopy (Live or in motion)  No special education  Only “On the Job” training TYPES OF DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS  Experience the best teacher  X rays began to be used in industry and  Chest medicine  Extremities  Noticed it can be harmful to: living tissues,  Skull/ Facial causes cancer if too much exposure  Spine  Early signs of damage: Skin Dryness,  Gastrointestinal Erythema, Ulcers formed  Interventional  May even cause cancer if the exposure TYPES OF EXAMS were too great or too prolonged Head to toes RADIATION SAFETY TO SELF AND OTHERS Trauma  Lead aprons Special Procedures  Lead goggles Critical Patients  Lead gloves Walk ins Surgery Lead – main material used for protection (high TYPES OF PEOPLE/ PATIENT atomic and high density) Projection – a form of radiography and medical Infants imagine that produces 2d images by x-ray Elderly radiation. All classes All ethnicity FIELDS All background  Radiography BEYOND DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY  Mammography  Ultrasound (sonography)  Angiography  Computed Tomography  Computerized tomography (CT)  Magnetic Resonance Imaging  Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)  Positron Emission Tomography (PET)  Quality Management  Nuclear Medicine  Sonography  Mammography  Radiation Therapy  Radiation Therapy SALARY RANGES FOR RADTECHS  Bone Densitometry  New R.T. (R) = $ 23 -$40 per hour  Vascular Sonography  ON-CALL + O.T. $48,000 – $83,000 YR  Advance disciplines  Breast Sonography  R.T. (CT), (T), (NM), (S), (M), etc.  Cardiac Interventional Radiography  $ 30 - $50 PER HOUR  Vascular Interventional radiography Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Health Care 111 BS RADTECH 1-Y1-1 PRELIMS REVIEWER ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ RADIOLOGY RADIOLOGY  Bone Densitometry – measures mineral MRI VS CT content and density of bones CT MRI  ALARA – as low as reasonable achievable  ALADA – as low as diagnostically acceptable CAREERS IN RADIOGRAPHY Ultrasound (sonography)  Uses high frequency sound waves  Ultra sound beam is transmitted and Uses ionizing Uses magnets and reflected – as special crystal (quartz, radiation radio waves Rochelle salts, tourmaline) at the end of Can be used on Cannot be used on transducer can determine the type of tissue any patients patients who have  Uses a technique similar to Navy Sonar to metal in their body produce diagnostic images Middle Machine is Middle Machine is Vascular Sonography called Gantry called Bore  Use to diagnose blood clots, narrowed FAST SLOW blood vessels, and other vascular health conditions Nuclear Medicine Angiography  Uses radioactive isotopes to produce  Angio – blood vessels images  a specialized radiographic examination  Radiation comes from within the patient where the images of the blood vessels of Positron Emission Tomography (PET SCAN) the body are demonstrated by injection of contrast media  It uses a radioactive substance called a  Angiogram - a scan that shows blood flow tracer to look for disease in the body. through arteries or veins, or through the  PET scan shows how organs and tissues heart, using X-rays, computed tomography are working. angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Mammography Sub – Specialty in Angiography  Breast imaging using ionized radiation Radiation Therapy  Cardiovascular Interventional Technology (CI)  Medical dosimetrists are involved in  Vascular Interventional Technology treatment planning and dose calculations *Must have certification in diagnostic radiography to  Use high level or ionized radiation be able use these special procedures* (megavolt) to kill cancerous cells  Involved the treatment of dieases Computed Tomography ADDITIONAL OPPORTUNITIES  Also known as CT, Cat Scans  Uses ionized radiation to obtain cross  Education sectional images  Administration  Device use – GANTRY  Management (QM)  Able to do 3D reconstruction  Commercial  Radiologist Assistant = RA Magnetic Resonance Imaging  Sales  Also called as MRI  Application specialist RADIOLOGIST ASSISTANT (RA)  Uses magnetic field and radio waves to - Still not widely accepted create images - Must have a primary certification in  Can be whole body or cross sectional radiography - Must meet clinical requirements Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Health Care 111 BS RADTECH 1-Y1-1 PRELIMS REVIEWER ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CREATION OF BOARD OF RADTECH CREATION OF BOARD OF RADTECH First Board of Radiologic Technology TERM OF OFFICE  Signed in 1992, appointed in 1993  Chairman – 3 years  First computerized licensure examinations  2 Members – 2 years was held on December 27, 1993  Released the results on April 9, 1994  Other 2 members – 1 year  Resolution 1: Adoption of the seal or Logo for Board of Radtech  Wilhelmina Gana – Incumbent Chairman of  Resolution 2: Registration of 3 Radiologic the Board Technologist  Resolution 3: Reschedule of x-ray tech and Radiologic Tech from Dec. 1993 to June 26 and June 27, 1993  Resolution 4: Promulgation of the Code of Professional Ethics for Radiologic Technologist and X-ray technologist  REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7431 – An act of regulating the practice of radiologic technology in the Philippines, creating the board of radiologic technology defining its powers and functions and for other purposes.  Also known as “Radiologic Technology Act of 1992” under Presidential Decree 223 (PD 223)  Creates professionals by the PRC IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN CREATION OF THE RA 7431  President that time: Corazon Aquino  Speaker of the House: Ramon Mitra  Senate President: Neptali Gonzales  Sec. General of House of Representative: Catailo L. Sabio  Secretary of the Senate: Analecto D. Badoy JR.  Commissioner Chairman when signed into law: Hermogenes Pobre  Father of Radtech Education: Norberto Palomo  First President of PART: Gilberto Palomique FIRST BOARD OF RADTECH Philippine Association of Radiologic Technologists Appointed in 1993:  Fortunato C. Gabon (001) is the first chairman, a radiologic technologist  Dexter Rodelas (002) also a radiologic technologist  Editha C. Mora (003) a radiologic technologist  Jose T. Gaffud, a radiologist  Eulinia M. Valdezio, a physicist Qualification of Board Members  Be a citizen and resident of Philippines  Be of good moral character  Be at least 30 years of age  Is neither a member of the faculty