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Fundamentals of IoT Unit-I Introduction of IoT Definition of IoT: The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical object...

Fundamentals of IoT Unit-I Introduction of IoT Definition of IoT: The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects- “things”-that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects-devices, instruments, vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, circuits, software, sensors and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data. Physical devices are also referred as “Things”, “connected devices” and “smart devices”. IoT Components / Basic building blocks/Functional blocks. The Internet of Things devices range from small sensors to huge machines and systems, but they all have one thing in common i.e. they generate data. IoT systems use functional blocks to make sense of this data and extract value from it. These blocks are distinct components of the IoT system that carry out specialized functions. An IoT system comprises four basic building blocks: sensors, processors, gateways, and applications. Figure: Basic Building Blocks Sensors: These form the front end of the IoT devices. These are the so-called “Things” of the system. Their main purpose is to collect data from its surroundings (sensors) or give out data to its surrounding (actuators). Prof. Aniket R. Pawade  Fundamentals of IoT Figure: Functional Block Diagram of IoT Processors: Processors are the brain of the IoT system. Their main function is to process the data captured by the sensors and process them so as to extract valuable data from the enormous amount of raw data collected. Processors mostly work on a real-time basis and can be easily controlled by applications. These are also responsible for securing the data – that is performing encryption and decryption of data. Gateways: Gateways are responsible for routing the processed data and send them to proper locations for its (data) proper utilization. In other words, we can say that gateway helps in and for communication of the data. It provides network connectivity to the data. Network connectivity is essential for any IoT system to communicate. LAN, WAN, PAN, etc are examples of network gateways. Applications: Applications form another end of an IoT system. Applications are essential for the proper utilization of all the data collected. Prof. Aniket R. Pawade  Fundamentals of IoT These cloud-based applications that are responsible for rendering the effective meaning to the data collected. Applications are controlled by users and are a delivery point of particular services. Examples of applications are home automation apps, security systems, industrial control hubs, etc. History of IOT 1982 – Vending machine: The first glimpse of IoT emerged as a vending machine at Carnegie Mellon University was connected to the internet to report its inventory and status, paving the way for remote monitoring. 1990 – Toaster: Early IoT innovation saw a toaster connected to the internet, allowing users to control it remotely, foreshadowing the convenience of smart home devices. 1999 – IoT Coined (Kevin Ashton): Kevin Ashton coined the term “Internet of Things” to describe the interconnected network of devices communicating and sharing data, laying the foundation for a new era of connectivity. 2000 – LG Smart Fridge: The LG Smart Fridge marked a breakthrough, enabling users to check and manage refrigerator contents remotely, showcasing the potential of IoT in daily life. 2004 – Smart Watch: The advent of smartwatches introduced IoT to the wearable tech realm, offering fitness tracking and notifications on-the-go. 2007 – Smart iPhone: Apple’s iPhone became a game-changer, integrating IoT capabilities with apps that connected users to a myriad of services and devices, transforming smartphones into hubs. 2009 – Car Testing: IoT entered the automotive industry, enhancing vehicles with sensors for real-time diagnostics, performance monitoring, and remote testing. 2011 – Smart TV: The introduction of Smart TVs brought IoT to the living room, enabling internet connectivity for streaming, app usage, and interactive content. 2013 – Google Lens: Google Lens showcased IoT’s potential in image recognition, allowing smartphones to provide information about objects in the physical world. 2014 – Echo: Amazon’s Echo, equipped with the virtual assistant Alexa, demonstrated the power of voice-activated IoT, making smart homes more intuitive and responsive. Prof. Aniket R. Pawade  Fundamentals of IoT 2015 – Tesla Autopilot: Tesla’s Autopilot system exemplified IoT in automobiles, introducing semi-autonomous driving capabilities through interconnected sensors and software. Characteristics of IoT: Dynamic & Self-Adapting: IoT device and system may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating conditions, user’s context, or sensed environment. For example, consider a surveillance adapt their modes based on the weather it is day or night, cameras could switch from lower resolution to higher resolution modes when any motion is detected and alert nearby cameras to do the same. Self-Configuring: IoT devices may have self-configuring capability, allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain functionality (such as weather monitoring). These devices have the ability configure themselves, setup the networking and fetch latest software upgrades with minimal manual or user intervention. Interoperable Communication Protocols: IoT devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure. Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (such as an IP address). IoT systems may have intelligent interface which adapt based on the context, allow communicating with user and the environmental contexts, IoT device interfaces allow users to query the devices, monitor their status and control them remotely. Integrated into Information Network: IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems, IoT devices can be dynamically discovered in the network, by other devices and/or the network, and have the capability to describe themselves to other devices or user applications. Prof. Aniket R. Pawade  Fundamentals of IoT How IoT works The Internet of things consists of a large network of interconnected devices/Things. These devices transfer and collect huge amounts of data. This data is sent to large cloud servers located across the globe. The cloud sends relevant instructions based on the information received. Figure: Generalized block diagram of How IoT works IoT devices have sensors embedded into them. These sensors are capable of sensing their surroundings. The devices store the information in some form of data. These devices include appliances such as mobile phones, coffee machines, microwaves, geysers, fire alarms, Air conditioners, cars and so on. The sensors embedded in these devices constantly emit data about the surrounding and on the working information of these devices. Then gateways are routed the emitted processed data and send them to proper locations for its (data) proper utilization. Cloud servers process the data that sensors collect. But, in order to do so, they require platforms. Finally, cloud-based applications that are responsible to provide visualizations to the data collected. Prof. Aniket R. Pawade  Fundamentals of IoT Challenges of IoT Design challenge in IoT Design challenges in IoT (Internet of Things) refer to the technical difficulties involved in creating connected devices that are both functional and secure. Some of the key design challenges in IoT include: Interoperability: Interoperability refers to the ability of different systems, devices, or components to work together easily and exchange data properly. In Internet of Things (IoT), interoperability is a critical challenge, as a large number of different devices are being connected to the internet. The lack of standardization in the IoT can lead to difficulties in communication and data exchange between devices. To overcome this challenge, organizations and industry groups are working to establish standards and protocols to ensure interoperability between IoT devices. This includes the development of common communication protocols, data formats, and security standards. Security: Security is a critical concern in the Internet of Things (IoT) as it involves the protection of sensitive data and systems from unauthorized access, theft, or damage. Some of the security challenges in IoT include: Device security: Ensuring that IoT devices are protected from malware and unauthorized access. Network security: Protecting the communication between IoT devices and the network from cyber-attacks. Data security: Securing the data collected and transmitted by IoT devices from unauthorized access or tampering. Privacy: Protecting the privacy of individuals whose personal information is collected and transmitted by IoT devices. To address these security challenges, organizations should implement robust security measures such as encryption, firewalls, and regular software updates. Scalability: Scalability refers to the ability of a system to handle increasing workloads or numbers of users without a significant decline in performance. Scalability challenges in IoT include: Prof. Aniket R. Pawade  Fundamentals of IoT Data management: Effectively managing and storing the large amounts of data generated by IoT devices. Network capacity: Ensuring that networks have sufficient capacity to handle the increased volume of data and communication. Device management: Efficiently managing the growing number of IoT devices and ensuring that they can be easily configured and maintained. To address these scalability challenges, organizations should adopt scalable architectures, such as cloud computing, that can accommodate the growing number of IoT devices and the data they generate. Reliability: Reliability refers to the ability of a system to perform its intended function consistently and without failure over time. Some of the reliability challenges in IoT include: Device failure: Ensuring that IoT devices are designed and built to be reliable and function correctly even in harsh environments. Network connectivity: Maintaining stable and reliable connections between IoT devices and the network, even in the face of hardware or software failures. Data accuracy: Ensuring that the data collected and transmitted by IoT devices is accurate and reliable. To solve these reliability challenges, organizations should implement robust and reliable hardware and software designs for IoT devices, and conduct regular testing and maintenance to identify and resolve any issues. Power consumption: Power consumption refers to the amount of energy that a system or device uses. Some of the power consumption challenges in IoT include: Battery life: Ensuring that IoT devices have sufficient battery life to operate without frequent recharging or replacement. Energy efficiency: Making sure that IoT devices are designed to use energy efficiently and reduce the overall power consumption of the system. Power management: Implementing effective power management techniques, such as sleep modes, to reduce the power consumption of IoT devices when they are not in use. Prof. Aniket R. Pawade  Fundamentals of IoT To address these power consumption challenges, organizations should adopt low-power technologies and energy-efficient designs for IoT devices. Privacy: Privacy is a critical concern in the Internet of Things (IoT), as IoT devices collect, store, and transmit large amounts of personal and sensitive information. Some of the privacy challenges in IoT include: Data collection: Ensuring that only the necessary data is collected and that it is collected in a way that respects individuals’ privacy rights. Data storage: Ensuring that the data collected by IoT devices is stored securely and that access to it is strictly controlled. Data sharing: Controlling who has access to the data collected by IoT devices and ensuring that it is not shared without proper authorization. To address these privacy challenges, organizations should implement robust privacy policies and procedures, such as data protection, data minimization, and data retention. Deployment challenges in IoT: The deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) systems can present several challenges, including: Connectivity: It is the foremost concern while connecting devices, applications and cloud platforms. Connected devices that provide useful front and information are extremely valuable. But poor connectivity becomes a challenge where IoT sensors are required to monitor process data and supply information. Cross platform capability: It is a challenge for IoT application developers to ensure that the device and IoT platform drivers the best performance despite heavy device rates and fixings. Data collection and processing: In IoT development, data plays an important role. What is more critical here is the processing or usefulness of stored data. Along with security and privacy, development teams need to ensure that they plan well for the way data is collected, stored or processed within an environment. Prof. Aniket R. Pawade  Fundamentals of IoT Lack of skill set: All of the development challenges above can only be handled if there is a proper skilled resource working on the IoT application development. The right talent will always get you past the major challenges and will be an important IoT application development asset. To address these deployment challenges, organizations should adopt a structured and well-planned deployment approach, involving the careful selection of hardware and software components, careful planning of the network infrastructure, and the development of a robust security strategy. Advantages of IoT Easy Access You may simply get the necessary information right away, in real time, from wherever you are. All you need is an internet connection and a smart device. So, accessibility is a major merit when you look for the merits and demerits of IoT. For instance, even the most recent scientific study or commercial analysis is readily available now. Quick operation You can finish many tasks very quickly because of the inflow of data. For instance, IoT makes automation simple. Additionally, smart businesses can automate routine tasks to free up workers’ time and energy. Monitoring Data When you discuss IoT advantages and disadvantages, tracking is its major benefit. Additionally, it can offer information that was previously challenging to obtain. For instance, being aware of your future need for printing sheets could prevent you from making a further journey to the store. Keeping track of product expiration dates also increases your safety. Following New Standards IoT is an area that is constantly evolving, although compared to other high-tech fields, its changes are rather small. However, it may be difficult for you to stay up to date on everything if IoT doesn’t exist. Better Time Management Overall, IoT is a smart time-saving technique. This is another benefit of IoT on the list of advantages and disadvantages of IoT. You can do almost everything from the palm of your hand, Prof. Aniket R. Pawade  Fundamentals of IoT including checking the most recent news during your daily commute. Thus, you ultimately get a lot more time for yourself. Automation and Control There is a huge deal of automation and control in the operations in working environments. This is because physical things can connect and are set digitally and centrally via wireless technology. Moreover, the machines communicate with one another to produce work more quickly and on schedule. Additionally, it all works without human intervention. Cost Saving Saving money is another key benefit of IoT in the debate on the advantages and disadvantages of IoT. The IoT is suitable for many people as the cost of tagging and monitoring devices is less. IoT mostly assists in making people’s daily lives easier by enabling efficient device communication. Thus, it helps people save money and energy. Dis-advantages of IoT Dependency on Technology The internet connection is the key requirement for IoT. So, it is useless if the Internet is absent. Therefore, our dependency on IoT usage in daily life is also growing. Even the most irrelevant information might irritate us if we can’t immediately get what we want. Our ability to focus is significantly decreasing as a result of IoT. Loss of Data It is good to have access to data but it is a demerit in the list of Internet of Things advantages and disadvantages. Your personal information is, unfortunately, more widely known. Data breaches can be stressful. If a client’s information goes missing, businesses worry about them and risk losing their clients’ trust. Operation Complexity While IoT may appear to manage tasks easily, many complex actions are going on in the background. The remaining steps of the process will be wrong results if the program accidentally performs an improper computation. So, it also explains why an error in the IoT is difficult to debug. Inter Compatibility Many times, equipment from different manufacturers connects. But, the issue of tag and monitoring compatibility gets deeper in such scenarios. The solution to this drawback is for the Prof. Aniket R. Pawade  Fundamentals of IoT manufacturers to create a shared standard. But there is a chance that the technical issues could still exist. So, it is also a drawback in talks regarding the advantages and disadvantages of IoT. Less Employment of Low-Educated Workers The automation of daily tasks may result in the loss of employment for non-educated workers. Thus, it will result in society-wide unemployment. Any technology can cause this problem, but one can overcome it through education. So, as daily tasks become more automated, there will be less need for human labor. This will be tough for laborers and less-educated staff. More Control of Technology Technology will increasingly have an impact on how we live our lives. The younger generation already relies on technology to complete even the smallest tasks. So, we must decide how much of our daily lives we are ready to automate and reduce to technological control. Security A lot of information is available on the Internet as it connects to all household appliances, industrial equipment, and public sector services. Thus, hackers can attack this data to get private information and the results would be terrible. This is a leading drawback when you search for the advantages and disadvantages of IoT. Prof. Aniket R. Pawade