Iot Assignment 2024-2025 PDF

IOT ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: COMPUTER NETWORKS SESSION: 2024-25 SUBMITTED BY: RAVJOT KAUR COURSE: BTECH CSE (DS) SECTION: G ENROLLMENT NO.: A253167024073 SUBMITTED TO: MR. MANISH MAHAJAN  COMPUTER NETWORKS A collection of interconnected computers i...

IOT ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: COMPUTER NETWORKS SESSION: 2024-25 SUBMITTED BY: RAVJOT KAUR COURSE: BTECH CSE (DS) SECTION: G ENROLLMENT NO.: A253167024073 SUBMITTED TO: MR. MANISH MAHAJAN  COMPUTER NETWORKS A collection of interconnected computers is called a COMPUTER NETWORK. Two computers or devices are said to be interconnected if they are capable of sharing and exchanging information by following a protocol (set of rules). Advantages of Computer Networks (a) Resource Sharing (b) Improved Communication (c) Reduced Communication Cost (d) Reliability of Data (e) Central Storage of Data Disadvantages of Computer Networks (a) Cost of set-up and maintenance (b) Threat to data security Evolution of Network The network did not evolve in a single day; rather, it took decades to become more powerful, efficient and reliable. The network has passed through several stages which are described below: 1. ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network): It was a project that connected a handful of computers at different universities and US DoD for sharing of data and messages and playing long-distance games, and socializing with people to share their views. The development of ARPANET led to the development of today’s internet. 2. NSFNET (National Science Federation Network): It is the internet that links two or more networks to make a large network for sharing information and messages. 3. Internet: In the 1990’s internet, which is a network of networks, came into existence. It allows computers of different types to exchange information and is known as internet. Millions of domestic, business and government networks are connected with each other for the purpose of sharing files, data, e-mail, etc. 4. Interspace: Interspace is a software that allows multiple users in a client-server environment to communicate with each other by sending and receiving dat from various types such as data, files, video, audio and textual data in a 3-D environment. It facilitates online real-time exchange of data. Interspace is the most advanced term of communication available on the internet today.  COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION A network comprises several components along with their functionalities that contribute to its smooth functioning. To form a network, a lot of hardware devices are required which are described as follows:  Sender: A device or a computer that sends the data.  Receiver: A device or a computer that receives the data.  Message: Message is the information to be communicated. It may be text, image, audio or video.  Transmission: A transmission medium is a physical path through which the data flows from sender to receiver. A cable or radio waves can be the medium.  Protocol: A set of rules that governs data transmission. It represents the communication methods which are to be followed by the sending and receiving devices.  DIFFERENT WAYS OF SENDING DATA ACROSS NETWORK There are several ways of sending data from one node to another through network. It can be in the form of calls, messages, etc. By using various types of switching techniques, we can establish the connection/communication. 1) Network Switching: A network is made up of several interconnected nodes. There can be a point-to- point connection or star topology between pairs of devices, but both are not relevant for a large network. Hence, various switching techniques are used to transfer packets of data from one port of a node to another till they reach destination. A switched network is made up of series of interconnected nodes called switches. 2) Switching techniques: The main goal of networking is the reliable exchange of data or information among several interconnected nodes. For the delivery of data with accuracy, various types of switching techniques are used, namely: 1. Circuit switching 2. Packet switching 3. Message switching  Network devices 1) MODEM:- A MODEM ( Modulator DE Modulator ) is an electronic device that enables a computer to transmit data over telephone lines. It is a device used to convert digital signals into analogue signals and vice-versa. These are of two types, namely internal modem and external modem. 2) Rj-45 Connector: -Rj-45 is a standard type of connector for network cables. The Rj-45 (registered Jack) connectors are the plug-in devices used in networking and telecommunications applications. 3) Ethernet card:- It is a hardware device that helps in the connection of nodes within a network. Ethernet card is also known as a network card, network adapter or NIC. 4) Hub:- It is multi-port and unintelligent network device which simply transfers data from one port of the network to another. A hub is a hardware device used to connect several computers together with different ports. When the packet reaches one port, it is copied to all other ports of the hub without changing the destination address in the frame. 5) Switch:- A switch is a network device which is used to interconnect computers or devices on a network. It filters and forwards data packets only to one or more devices for which the packet is intended across a network. It is also a multi-port device but with some intelligence and so the data packets received from one port of network are refreshed and delivered to the other port of the network. 6) Bridge:- A bridge is a device that works on the physical layer as well as on data link layer. A Network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer of the OSI model. Bridges relay frames between two originally separate segments that follow same protocols. When a frame enters a bridge, the bridge not only regenerates the signal but also checks the physical address of the destination and forwards the new copy only to that port. 7) Gateway:- A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar networks. It provides the necessary translation of data received from network into a format or protocol recognized by devices within the internal network. Gateway is a device which establishes an intelligent connection between a local area network and external networks with completely different structures. 8) Repeater:- A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal before it becomes too weak and regenerates the original signal. A repeater is a device that operates only on physical layer of the OSI model. As a signal travels a fixed distance, before attenuation of the signal, a repeater is used which amplifies and restores signals for long-distance transmission. 9) Router:- A router is a networking device that forwards data packets from the source machine to the destination machine over a network by using the shortest path. A router uses IP address to connect a local area network to the internet. 10) Wi-Fi Card:- A Wi-Fi card is either an internal or external local area network adapter with a built-in wireless radio and antenna. A Wi-Fi card is used in a desktop computer that enables a user to establish an internet connection. Wi-Fi cards are also known as wireless fidelity cards as they allow the user to set up connection without any wire.  Types of Networks A computer network may be small or big depending upon the number of computers and other network devices linked together. Computers networks can logically be divided into two types: 1. Client-server network 2. Peer-to-Peer network On the basis of geographical spread, networks may be classified as: 1) Personal area network (PAN) 2) Local area network (LAN) 3) Metropolitan area network (MAN) 4) Wide area network (WAN) 1) PAN:- PANs are small networks used to establish communication between a computer and other handheld devices in the proximity of up to 10 metre using wired USB connectivity or wireless systems like Bluetooth or infrared. These types of networks can be extended up to 1km. Data transfer in LAN is quite high and usually varies from 10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps, where Mbps stands for Megabits per second. Ethernet is a set of rules that decides how computers and other devices connect with each other through cables in a local area network or LAN. 2) LAN:- It is a privately owned computer network covering a small geographical area like a home, office or a building such as a school. It can cover an area spread over a few metres to a radius of a few kilometres. The connectivity is done by means of wires, Ethernet cables, fibre optics or Wi-Fi. 3) MAN:- It is a larger than a LAN and can cover a city and its surrounding areas. A MAN usually interconnects a number of LANs and individual computers. It also shares the computing resources among users. All types of communication media are used to set up a MAN. A MAN is typically owned and operated by a single entity such as a government body or a large corporation. 4) WAN:- WAN is a telecommunication network. This type of network spreads over a large geographical area across countries and continents. WANs are generally used to interconnect several other types of networks such as LANs, MANs, etc. They facilitate fast and efficient exchange of information at a high speed and low cost. AWAN uses common carriers like satellite systems, telephone lines, etc. A WAN can cover an area with a radius spanning hundreds of kilometres. The best-known example of a WAN is the internet.  Network Topologies Topology is way of connecting devices with each other either physically or logically. Two or more devices make a link and two or more links form a topology. It is basically a geometrical representation of how a network is laid out. Types of topologies 1) Mesh Topology :- In mesh topology, each computer is connected with the other computer. There is a point-to-point link between each dedicated node. In this type of topology, the link carries traffic only between the two connected devices. A fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2 links, where n is the total number of connecting nodes. 2) Star topology :- In star topology, each communicating device is connected to a central controller called hub or switch. The devices in star topology send and receive data indirectly; the data passes to and from the hub. If the data is required to be sent from one computer and received by another computer, then this can be accomplished only by the central controller as each data is first sent to hub, which then relays data to the destination computer. 3) Bus (Multipoint) Topology :- Bus topology is a multipoint configuration, i.e., several devices are connected to a main long cable which acts as a backbone. Nodes are connected by drop lines and taps. A drop line is a connection between the long cable and devices and taps are the connectors that are punctured inside the main cable. 4) Ring Topology :- In ring topology, each node is connected to two other nodes on either side of it, forming a ring network. It shows the line configuration in which each node is connected to one predecessor node and one successor node. Signal is transmitted only in one direction along the entire ring in a circular fashion. In ring topology, each device is incorporated with a repeater to strengthen the signal as a signal pass through all nodes in the entire network. When the data is transmitted node from one node to its receipt node, then the intermediate regenerates the signal and passes the signal to the destined node. 5) Tree Topology:- In tree topology, all or some of the devices are connected the devices are connected to the central hub, called an active hub and some of the devices are connected to the secondary hub, which may be an active hub or passive hub. An active hub contains the repeater that regenerates the signal when it becomes weaker with longer distances. A passive hub simply provides a connection between all other connecting nodes.  Communication Media Communication media is also known as transmission media through which data or signal is transferred between two communicating devices, i.e., from one system to another system, through wires or without wires. Types of Communication/Transmission Media All communication/ transmission media can be divided into two categories: Communication Media Guided Media Unguided Media Microwaves Radio Waves Infrared Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Fibre Optic Cable Cable 1) Guided Media (Wired Media):- Guided media are also known as physical or conducted media. These media use wires for transmitting data. Various wired connections are twisted pair wire, coaxial cable and fibre optic cable. 2) Unguided Media (Wireless Media):- A transmission media that does not require the use of cables for transmission of data is known as unguided media. Wireless transmission is also known as unguided media or non-physical media as the transmission takes place through various types of electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, terrestrial microwave transmissions, satellite transmissions, cellular radio systems, infrared transmissions, etc.  Network Protocols A protocol is an agreement between the communicating parties on how communication is to proceed. Protocol means a set of rules that governs a network. A protocol is a formal description of message formats and the rules that two or more machines must follow to exchange those messages over a network. Types of Protocols 1) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) 2) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 3) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 4) TELNET (Remote Login) 5) HTTPs (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure) 6) IP (Internet Protocol) 7) PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) 8) POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) 9) HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) Protocols for Chat, Audio and Video Conferencing: With the arrival of internet, communication formats such as chat and video conferencing, etc., have gained popularity. 1. IRC (Internet Relay Chat)- Protocol for Chatting:- It is an application layer protocol that allows users to share text messages. 2. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)- Protocol for Audio:- This protocol is used for transferring of voice, voice over internet. There are three main causes for the evolution of the VoIP market:  Low-cost phone calls  Add-on services and unified messaging  Merging of data/ voice infrastructures 3. Protocols for Video Conferencing:- Video conferencing is a communication technology that integrates video and audio to connect users anywhere in the world as if they were in the same room. The most popular software used for video conferencing are:  Google meet  Skype Some protocols of video conferencing are :  H.323  SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)  Web Services 1) WWW (World Wide Web):- -WWW is an information service that can be used documents. The World Wide Web is based upon client-server architecture where a client sends a request and the server processes that request and sends responses. A WWW client is called a web browser and a WWW server is called a web server. 2) Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML):- HTML is a language that is used to create web pages which are then displayed by web browsers. HTML is a document layout and hyperlink specification language, i.e., a language that uses various coded elements known as tags for formatting the document and to specify the hyperlinks. HTML document can be written using any text editor such as Notepad or Notepad2 and save a file with extension either.HTM or.HTML. 3) Extensible Markup Language (XML):- Extensible Markup Language is a text- based Markup Language that allows the users to create their own tags to store data in a structured format. XML was designed to carry data and not to display data. 4) Domain Names:- It is the system which assigns names to some computers and maintains a database of these names and corresponding IP addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular web servers. A domain name consists of the following parts:  Top-level domain name or primary domain name  Sub-domain name 5) URL:- URL stands for uniform resource locator that helps in locating a particular website or a web page. 6) IP Address:- An IP address is an identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/ IP network. Networks using the TCP/IP protocol route messages based on the IP address of the destination. 7) Website:- A website is a collection of various web pages, images, videos, audios or other kinds of digital assets that are hosted on one or several web servers. 8) Web Page:- A web page is an electronic document/page designed using HTML. It displays information in textual or graphical form. 9) Web Browser:- It is a software that helps in accessing web pages and thus, is also called web client. It helps the user to navigate through the World Wide Web and display web pages. References : 1) switching techniques. 2018. Javapoint.Com, Computer Network | Switching Techniques - Javatpoint. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024. 2) Kohli, M. (2022b). Computer science with python: CBSE code 083. BPB Publications.