Environmental Semester I Assignment PDF

# INDEX ## Name: SUNDARAM KUMAR ## Std. 1st ## Div. ## Sub. ## Roll no. 2024/EC/030 | Sr.No. | Experiment Description | Experiment Date | Submission Date | Remarks / Signature | |---|----------------------------|-----------------|-------------------|-----------------------| | 1. | Aquatic & T...

# INDEX ## Name: SUNDARAM KUMAR ## Std. 1st ## Div. ## Sub. ## Roll no. 2024/EC/030 | Sr.No. | Experiment Description | Experiment Date | Submission Date | Remarks / Signature | |---|----------------------------|-----------------|-------------------|-----------------------| | 1. | Aquatic & Terrestrail ecosystem | | | | | 2. | Structure of ecosystem | | | | | 3. | Food chains food web | | | | | 4. | A. Carbon, Nitrogen, sulphur phosphorous cycle | | | | | 5. | Global warming | | | | | 6. | Air & Water pollution issues - Air, water | | | | | 7. | Water pollution | | | | | 8. | Sources of water pollution | | | | | 9. | Control of water pollution | | | | | 10. | Physical & Chemical Standard | | | | | 11. | Air pollution | | | | | 12. | Sources of air pollution | | | | | 13. | Effects of air pollution on human plan | | | | # Environmental Pollution and its Control The term environmental literally means surrounding. It has gained enormous importance in the list of few decades for almost everyone. The importance is more practical when you understand that environmental pollution is a real and pressing issue of the global concern. Ozone layer depletion, the green house effect, acid rain and pollution are today a hot topic of discussion, rapid population. ## Pollution and pollution The addition of any undesirable material to the air, water, and soil by a natural source are due to human activity to such a level of concentration which adversely affect the called environmental pollution. Than, undesirable environment is called a pollution. ## Difference between a pollution and a contaminant Pollution is a name given to the substance already present in nature but human that its concentration beyond under isoable limit so that it spoils the environmental and the quality of life. ## Types of pollutants Pollutants can be classified into two different ways, as follow: ### 1. **Primary and Secondary pollutants:** Primary pollutant are these which enter the environment directly from the source and remain as such e.g CO2, CO, H2S, NO, NH2, and SO2, these are primary pollutants. 2. **Biodegradable and NON-biodegradable pollutants:** Pollutants are those which are not easily decomposed into harmless products by the microorganisms e.g domestic sewage and cow duty etc. ## Types of Pollution Mankind is faced with several types of pollutants, such as air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, and shall with various types of pollution one by one. ### 7.9 Air Pollution Air pollution is defined as the addition of undesirable materials into the atmosphere either due to natural phenomenon and due to human quality. ## Sources of air pollution Air pollution can be caused by natural processes by human activities as discussed below: 1. **By Natural sources:** Some of the natural causes of air pollution are. - Valeatic craption releasing those like CO2, H2S, SO2 etc and other particular matter. - Strong winds and storms raining down dust from the ground. 2. **By Human activities:** Some of the man-made activities causing air pollution. - Burning of fossil fuels: - Burning of fossil fuels like wood, coal, etc. produces poisonous gasses such as SO2, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), CO2 etc. - Combustion of gasoline in automobiles: - cars, scooters, buses, trucks, etc emit out poisonous gases like CO2, oxides of nitrogen and unburnt hydrocarbons and particulate at least and thus add to air pollution. - Deforestation: - cutting of trees has resulted in the percentage of CO2 and decrease in the percentage of oxygen in the air because plants take up CO2 for photosynthesis and give out CO2. - Agricultural activities: - The pesticides added to the soil or sprayed over the crops are carried away in the wind to different parts of urban areas where they affect the health of animals and human beings. ## MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR HARMFUL EFFECTS 1. The toxic effects of CO on human beings and animals arise from its reversible combination with hemoglobin (Hb) of the blood due to which oxygen carrying the capacity of the blood decreases. The decreased availability of oxygen in the body causes hypoxia (oxygen starvation) and death may accure. 2. SO2 irritates the respiratory system of animals and humans. It also produces corrosive effect on building materials such as lime, stone, marble, roof slate, etc. ## Aquatic Terrestrial ecosystem ### *Aquatic Ecosystem:* Aquatic ecosystems include oceans, lakes, rivers streams, estuaries, and wetlands. With these aquatic ecosystems are living things that depend on the water for survival such as fish plants and microorganisms. These ecosystems are very fragile and can be easily disturbed by pollution. * **Terrestrial ecosystem:** A terrestrial ecosystem is a land-based community of organisms and the interaction of biotic and abiotic components in a given area. Examples of terrestrial ecosystems include the tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forests, tropical eging grasslands, and deserts. ## Structure of ecosystem The structure of an ecosystem is characterized by the organization of both biotic and abiotic components. This includes the distribution of energy in our environment. It also includes the climatic condition prevailing in that particular. The structure of an ecosystem can be split into two main components: 1. **Biotic components** 2. **Abiotic components** The biotic and abiotic components are interrelated in an ecosystem. It is an open system where the energy and components can flow throughout the boundaries. ## Food chain and food web * **Food chain:** The food chain is an ideal representation of flow of energy in the ecosystem. In the food chain, the plants (producers) are consumed by only the primary consumers. These primary consumers are fed by only secondary consumers and so on. The producers that are capable of producing their own food are called autotrophs. Any food chain consists of three main tropic levels: producers, consumers, and decomposers. * **Food web:** Food webs are complex and are interrelated of different trophic levels. Organisms have more than one choice for food and hence can survive better. Hawks don’t restrict their food to snakes. They eat animals other than mice and mice eat grass as well as grasshoppers. A more realistic illustration of feeding habits in an ecosystem is called a food web. * **Charles Elton presented the food web concept in the year 1927 which is sometimes known as food cycle.** * **Charles Elton described the concept of food web as:** - The carnivorous animals prey on the herbivores. - Until a reach, where an animal has no enemies, it forms a terminus on his food cycle. - There are chains of animals that are related to each other by food and all are dependent on plants in the long run. - Hence, a web-like structure is formed in place of a linear food chain. - The web-like structure is formed in place of a linear food chain, and such material that is interconnected is known as a food web. - Food webs are an inseparable part of an ecosystem. These food webs permit an organism to obtain foods from more than one type of plants of lower trophic. ## Carbon cycle  ## Phosphorus cycle  ## Global warming Global warming - climate change refouts to long term shifts in temperatures and nature but since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels (like coal, oil, and gas) which produce heat-trapping gasses. ## Air & Water pollution ### Air pollution Air pollution: - Air pollution is defined as the addition of undesirable materials into the atmosphere either due to natural phenomena or due to human activity on the earth which adversely affect the life on the earth. The undesirable substances causing air pollution are: 1. Gases such as oxides of sulphur, CO, oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons. 2. Particulates such as dust, smoke, fumes, etc. 3. Radioactive materials and many others. Pollutants: When their concentration is relatively high for example, SO2 is considered as pollution when its concentration in atmosphere exceeds normal limit of 2x10 ^9 ppm. Similarly CO acts as pollutants when its concentration exceeds 10x10 ^-1 ppm Air pollution is most crucial from the public health point of view because 22,000 times a day inhaling about 15-22 kg of air daily polluted air causes phy-acid effects beside undesirable aesthetic and physiological effects. ### Water pollution Water pollution is the release of substances into bodies of water that makes water unsafe for human use and disrupts aquatic ecosystems. Water pollution can be caused by a plethora of different contaminants including toxic waste, petroleum and disease-causing microorganisms. ### Noise pollution Noise pollution can cause health problems for people and wildlife, both on land and in the sea. Traffic noise, the rock concerts, loud or inescapable sounds can cause hearing loss, stress, and high blood pressure. ## Sources of water pollution Many human activities can adversely affect the quality of our rivers, lakes, seas and groundwater. Water quality is influenced by direct input such as from a factory or sewage treatment plant. So-called “point source” pollution. It is also influenced by pollution from wider, pre-sources. Such as nutrients and released by industry into the point source. They are not the actual source as they treat what we put down our toilets and sinks. Find out more by browsing through our content on water. ## Effects of water pollution - Destruction of biodiversity: - Water pollution depletes aquatic ecosystems and triggers uncontrolled proliferation of phytoplankton in lakes eutrophication. ## Control of water pollution - Minimize the use of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers. Do not dispose of these chemicals, motor oil, or other automotive fluids into the sanitary sewer at the river, If your home has a sump pump or cellar drain make certain it does not drain into the sanitary sewer system. ## Physical & Chemical Standard of domestic water as per Indian standard According to the Indian standard IS 10500:2012, the physical and chemical standards for domestic water are: - **PH**: The PH of drinking water should be between 6.5 and 8.5. A PH outside of this range can affect the water supply system and mucous membranes. - **Turbidity**: Clean drinking water should be free from turbidity. The maximum turbidity allowed is 1.5 NTU. - **Total Dissolved Solids**: The maximum total dissolved solids allowed is 2,000 mg/l but the desired level is 800 mg/l. - **Total Hardness**: The maximum total hardness, allowed is 200 mg/l. - **Total Alkalinity**: The maximum total alkalinity allowed is 600 mg/l. ## Sources of air pollution There are four main types of air pollution sources: 1. **Mobile sources:** - Such as cars, buses, planes, trucks and trains. 2. **Stationary sources:** - such as power plants, oil refineries, industrial facilities and factories. 3. **Natural sources:** - such as wind-blown dust, wild fires and volcanoes. Natural sources can sometimes be significant, but they usually do not create ongoing problems like the other source types can. ## Air pollution Any substance present in the environment in a harmful concentration which adversely alters the environment by damaging the growth rate of species and by interfering with the food chains is toxic and, properly, it is considered as a pollutant. ## Effects of air pollution on human plan Both short and long-term exposure to air pollution can lead to a wide range of diseases, including stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tracheitis, bronchitis, and lung cancer, aggravated as the upper and lower respiratory.