Intro to Counselling - Course Reviewer PDF

IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer MODULE 1: COUNSELING PROFESSION ○ Remedial Goals ○ Exploratory Goals Counseling...

IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer MODULE 1: COUNSELING PROFESSION ○ Remedial Goals ○ Exploratory Goals Counseling ○ Reinforcement Goals ○ collaborative process involves the development of a ○ Cognitive Goals confidential professional relationship that focuses on personal ○ Physiological Goals problems. ○ Psychological Goals ○ services offered to the individual who is undergoing problem and needs professional help to overcome it. History & Trends in Counseling ○ clarify issues, gain insight into your feelings and thoughts, and ○ Social Reform (1800s) deal effectively with problems John Dewey - insisted on more humanistic teaching ○ offered to only those individuals who are under serious methods & access to public education ; help people in problem and need professional help to overcome it. more humane and modern ways ○ Vocational (occupational)Guidance (1800s) Iraqi Text - Occupational information(10th Century) Goals of Counseling Sanchez de Arevalo - Job classification system in ○ Facilitating Behavior Change (enables the client to be Spain; Mirror of Men’s Lives (1468) productive) Industrial Revolution - increase in immigration to large ○ Improving Relationship northeastern cities ○ Facilitate Client’s Potential ( cope) Moralistic books on occupational choice (mid-1800s) ○ Promoting Decision Making ○ Enhance Potential & Enrich Self Development(maximize Vocational Guidance & the Man Behind individual’s freedom) ○ Frank Parsons - founder of guidance in America; influenced by Jane Addams at Hull House Categories of Counseling Goals Established Vocational Bureau (“choosing an - Counselor goals & client goals occupation, preparing themselves for it, finding an - Immediate, intermediate, longrange opening in it, and building a career of efficiency and success” ) ○ Developmental Goals Choosing a Vocation (1909) ○ Preventive Goals ○ Enhancement Goals IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) ○ Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet - early personality istrument (1913) -> considered to be a distant predecessor of the used by the military to screen out emotionally disturbed American Counseling Association individuals. Vocational Guidance as a three-part process (1) a clear understanding of yourself, your Spread of Psychotherapy & Its impact on the Counseling Profession: aptitudes, interests, ambitions, resources, 1900- 1950’s) limitations, and their causes; ○ Clifford Beers - Yale graduate with schizophrenia wrote “A (2) knowledge of the requirements and Mind that Found Itself” (1908) the helped to established the conditions of success, advantages and National Committee for Mental Hygiene disadvantages, compensation, opportunities, ○ Doughboys/American soldiers during WW1 were offered and prospects in different lines of work; [and] services by psychologists (PTSD) (3) true reasoning on the relations of these two ○ Social work -> Counseling (before this was Vocational groups of facts. Guidance degree) Depression-era Wagner O’Day Act of 1932 (US), one of E.G. Williamson’s Minnesota Point of View or Trait-and-Factor Theory the acts passed to strengthen the vocational education ○ 1st comprehensive theory of counseling John Brewer (1932- guidance should be seen in a total ○ Originally vocationally oriented, the approach was modified & educational context and that “guidance counselors / soon was seen as generic approach to counseling & school counselors) should be involved in a variety of psychotherapy functions in the schools, including adjustment Analysis - examining the problem and obtaining counseling, assistance with curriculum planning, available records and testing on the client classroom management, and of course, occupational Synthesis - summarizing and organizing the guidance. information to understand the problem; Diagnosis - interpreting the problem; Counseling - aiding the individual in finding solutions Expansion of the Testing Movement Follow-up - assuring proper support after counseling ○ WW1 - 1st crude tests of ability were used on a large-scale had ended basis such as to determine the placement of recruits (Army ○ Carl Rogers Alpha Test) initially worked from a psychodynamic perspective at the Rochester Guidance Center but later revolutionized IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer the practice of counseling with his client-centered MODULE 2:THE COUNSELOR approach. nondirective approach to working with individuals The counselor’s Identity was viewed as shorter-term, more humane, more Professional counseling - a professional relationship that honest, and more viable for most clients than the empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to psychodynamic approaches to counseling accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career Counseling and Psychotherapy (1940s) goals. 5 Cs ○ Counselor Counseling Profession in the 20th Century ○ Change agent ○ Vocational Guidance Movement || Testing Movement ○ Conductor of activities ○ Alfred Binet’s Intelligence test (1896) - start of large-scale ○ Coordination use of measurement instruments to assist decision-making ○ Consultant ○ Three crucial elements involved in the formation of Counselor and other Mental Health Professions counseling profession: Social Workers Testing ○ can apply to those who have an undergraduate Vocational Guidance theory or a graduate degree in social work or a related Humane treatment field (e.g., human services) ○ Most important component: comprehensive approach to ○ provide counseling and psychotherapy for all psychotherapy types of clients in a wide variety of settings, including child welfare services, government-supported social service agencies, family service agencies, private practices, and hospitals. ○ have acquired a master’s degree in social work (MSW) ○ Academy of Certified Social Workers (ACSW) Psychologists IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer ○ often found running agencies, consulting with consultation, evaluation and assessment, business and industry, or serving in supervisory intervention, prevention, and research and roles for all types of mental health planning (National Association of School professionals. Psychologists, n.d.). ○ different kinds of psychologists include clinical, cognitive, counseling, developmental, educational, engineering, evolutionary, experimental, forensic, health, Psychiatrist industrial/organizational, neuro, quantitative, ○ licensed physician who generally has rehabilitation, school, social, and sports. completed a residency in psychiatry, meaning ○ “Psy.D.,” a relatively new clinical doctorate in that in addition to medical school, he or she psychology, to become licensed as clinical or has completed extensive field placement counseling psychologist. training in a mental health setting. ○ American Psychological Association (APA) ○ they are sometimes not seen as experts in the Clinical psychologist(APA - 12) delivery of counseling and psychotherapeutic ○ have a strong background in science, theory, services. and practice, which enables them to alleviate Psychoanalysts maladjustment and promote psychological ○ professionals who have received training in well-being psychoanalysis from a number of recognized Counseling Psychologist (APA - 17) psychoanalytical institutes. Although the ○ Historically, they have worked with relatively American Psychoanalytical Association healthy populations, whereas clinical (APSA) psychologists have worked with seriously ○ No license for other states impaired populations Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses School Psychologist (APA - 16) ○ are also skilled in the delivery of mental ○ have a master’s or doctoral degree in school health services psychology and are licensed by state boards ○ The RN psychiatric-mental health nurse does of education. basic mental health work related to nursing ○ involves children, families, and the schooling diagnosis and nursing care. process and their training tend to focus on IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer ○ The Advanced Practiced Registered Nurse ○ generally obtained an associate’s or bachelor’s (APRN) has a master’s degree in degree in human services psychiatric-mental health nursing and ○ Council for Standards in Human Service assesses, diagnoses, and treats individuals Education (CSHSE) - sets specific curriculum with mental health problems. guidelines for the development of human ○ American Psychiatric Nurses Association service programs. (APNA). ○ often found in entry-level support and Expressive Therapists counseling jobs and serves an important role in ○ include art therapists, play therapists, assisting counselors and other mental health dance/movement therapists, poetry professionals. ○ National Organization of Human Services therapists, music therapists, and others who (NOHS) and the Center for Credentialing and use creative tools to work with individuals Education (CCE), created a certification in who are experiencing significant trauma or human services, called the Human emotional problems in their lives Services–Board Certified Practitioner (HS-BCP). ○ it is hoped that individuals can gain a deeper Psychotherapist understanding of them and work through ○ not associated with any particular field of some of their symptoms. mental health practice, most states do not offer ○ Expressive therapists work with individuals legislation that would create a license for of all ages and do individual, group, and “psychotherapists. family counseling. ○ American Art Therapy Association (AATA). ○ the Association for Creativity in Counseling (ACC), a division of ACA; the American Dance Competencies, skills, & characteristics of Effective Therapy Association (ADTA); the American Counselor Music Therapy Association (AMTA); and the ○ Competencies of Effective Counselors Association for Play Therapy (APT) Communication skills - natural ability to listen and be able clearly explain their ideas and thoughts to others. Human Service Practitioners IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer Acceptance - Being nonjudgmental and Enthusiasm, (2) Confidence, (3) Belief in the accepting are important attributes in any of the patient’s ability to change. helping professions. Listening Empathy - the ability to feel what another ○ Attending - orienting oneself person is feeling. physically to the patient (pt) to Problem-solving skills - to be able to help their indicate one is aware of the clients identify and make changes to negative patient; 80 percent of thought patterns and other harmful behaviors communication takes place that might be contributing to their issues non-verbally. Rapport-building skills - must possess a strong ○ Listening/ Observing - capturing set of interpersonal skills to help establish and understanding the verbal rapport quickly with clients and develop strong and nonverbal information relationships. communicated Flexibility - ability to adapt and change the way Sources of information you respond to meet your clients' needs Content - what is Self-Awareness - the ability to look within and specifically said identify your own unmet psychological needs Process - all and desires, such as a need for intimacy or the nonverbal desire to be professionally competent phenomena Multicultural competency - means that you try to relate to and understand your clients regardless of their race, ethnicity, religious or Empathy - ability to perceive another's political beliefs or socioeconomic background. experience and then to communicate that perception back to the individual to clarify and amplify their own ○ Skills of Effective Counselors experiencing and meaning. ○ Attending - involves our Research is increasingly finding that the type of behaviors which reflect our therapy used is not a important to outcomes as paying full attention, in an are specific counselor behaviors such as (1) IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer accepting and supportive way, to abstract discussions, or talking about the client. counselor rather then the client. ○ Paraphrasing - Selective Open Questions - questioning process to focusing on the cognitive part of assist the client in clarifying or exploring the message thoughts or feelings. Listen & recall Counselor self-disclosure - it is better to Identify the content part not self-disclose unless there is a of the message by pressing clinical need which cannot be deciding what event, met in any other way situation, idea, or person Interpretation - Any statement to the the client is talking about. client which goes beyond what they Rephrase have said or are aware of Reflecting feelings Information giving and removing Genuiness - ability of counselors to be obstacles - Supplying data, opinions, freely themselves; congruence facts, resources or answers to Unconditional positive regard - questions. expression of caring ○ Characteristics of Effective Counselors ○ Respect - ability to communicate Be organized within your practice to the pt the counselor's sincere Practice ethically and professionally belief that every person Educate yourself possesses the inherent strength Be confident in your position and and capacity to make it in life, responsibility and that each person has the Be respectful & non-judgmental right to choose his own Understand the importance of alternatives and make his own communication decisions. Have a flexible attitude Concreteness - focused on facts and ○ Functions of Guidance Counselors feelings of relevant concerns, while avoiding tangents, generalizations, Philippine Republic Act No. 9258 (Sec. 2-3) defines a guidance counselor as a natural person who has been professionally IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer registered and licensed by a legitimate state entity and by - encompass career counseling and planning, grief after a loved virtue of specialized training to perform the functions of one dies or dealing with problems at a job before they become guidance and counseling. big ○ Counselling process 1. helping a client develop potentials to the fullest; Both art and science There is no “one size fits all” 2. helping a client plan to utilize his or her potentials to the ○ Therapeutic alliance fullest; the most important predictor of counseling out comes is the quality of the therapeutic relationship 3. helping a client plan his or her future in accordance with “Without the foundation of a constructive relationship, his or her abilities, interests, and needs; anything else that we do isn't going to work very well or 4. sharing and applying the knowledge related to counseling last very long” - Kottler, cited by Meyers, 2014 such as counseling theories, tools, and techniques; and Carl Rogers Client-Centered Therapy - when the counselor is 5. administering a wide range of human development favorably perceived, it is as someone with services. warmth and interest for the client, someone with understanding” Core conditions ○ Congruence MODULE 3: THE INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP HELPING RELATIONSHIP ○ Genuineness Individual counseling ○ unconditional positive regard (Albert - sometimes called psychotherapy, talk therapy, or treatment Ellis) - implies that the counselor - personal opportunity to receive support and experience growth accepts the client without evaluation or during challenging times in life. judgment. - process through which clients work one-on-one with a trained ○ Empathy - the ability to put yourself in mental health clinician in a safe, caring, and confidential the shoes of your client and see things environment. from his or her perspective - focused on the individual's immediate or near future concerns. ○ Respect Implicit in establishing and maintaining a positive therapeutic relationship is a sense of IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer trust between the counselor and client as well Summarizing - helps the counselor tie together as respect clients' thoughts and feelings to promote client Counselor is not a client’s friend self-understanding. ○ Basic Counseling skills Group counseling Attending Skills - Comprised of 6-8 students/ members with one or 2 trained SOLER group therapists ○ Squarely face the client - hese interactions give members an opportunity to increase ○ Open Body posture understanding of self and others, try out new ways of being ○ Lean Forward with others, and learn more effective ways to interact. ○ Make Eye contact - Members must commit to confidentiality ○ Be Relaxed Tone of voice ○ warm and caring ○ Modern-day groups Basic Listening Skills Self-help group Active listener - hearing the client accurately tend to espouse a particular philosophy or way and trying to understand the problem from the of being in the world and generally attract client's point of view. individuals who share a particular diagnosis, Nonverbal behaviors, appearance, subtle body symptom, experiences or condition movements education, affirmation and enhancement of Encouragers - verbal( uhhuhs) nonverbal (nods) existing of existing strength of the group Paraphrasing - “feeding back to the client the members. essence of what has been spoken” Generally free or have nominal fee and ○ counselor is like a mirror, rephrasing and facilitated by trained layperson or mental health conveying empathic understanding that professionals helps the client clarify and explore the not in-depth psychotherapy groups and issues. generally do not require a vast amount of Reflecting feelings - helps clients become more member self-disclosure. aware of their emotions, helps clients develop Task group greater self-awareness, and facilitates self-disclosure IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer emphasize conscious behaviors and focus on ○ Group Leadership Style how group dynamics affect the successful Leadership style will vary based on the leader's completion of the product. personality and theoretical orientation and prior to specialist enter a system and attempt to running a group, a good leader should consider the analyze and diagnose problems impact that his /her leadership style will have on the the goal being the successful completion of the group. task a leader who is more comfortable with a person Psychoeducational group (guidance group) centered approach that includes the expression of attempt to increase self understanding, feelings might want to consider whether he/she would promote personal growth and empowerment be the best person to run a weight loss or bridge and prevent future problems through the phobia group. dissemination of mental health education in a good leadership also entails being emotionally present, group setting. having personal power and self confidence, being always have a designated well-trained leader courageous and willing to take risk. being able to and focus mostly on preventive education and confront oneself, sincere and authentic, having identity the support of the group members of strong sense of self, believing in the group process Counseling Group and being inventive and creative (Corey, 2008) focused on prevention and wellness, self-enhancement, increased insight, self-actualization, and conscious as opposed to ○ Stages of group Development the unconscious motivations Pre group stage (forming) tends to be shorter in duration than group some group leaders will have a pre group therapy but longer than psychoeducational meeting with all potential members. group Initial Stage (Forming) Group therapy group members are often self conscious, focused upon deep-seated, long term issues, worried about how others might view the team remediation of severe pathology and and concerned what about whether they will be personality reconstruction. accepted. Group leaders might set limits, assure that members abide by the ground rules and IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer simultaneously show empathy and offer contract with other people individual counseling. unconditional positive regard. on deeply personal level. More intimidation, some Transition Stage (storming and norming ) General support, groups can individuals are intimidated by group members are beginning to feel offer foundational support for the group setting. comfortable with technical issues and ground many clients Fear of disclosure, some clients rules of the group, although anxiety still felt as Microcosm of society, groups will not reveal deeply personal mimic society and offer a lab matters in group setting. trust and safety issues continue. of how others might react to Therapeutic effectiveness, Work Stage (performing) the individual. some problem maybe more members will begin to identify and work on Support for commitment, effectively dealt with in family behavior as they would like to change. Leaders groups provides atmosphere or individual setting. can best facilitate movement during this stage where members will support Increased time commitment, using variety of advanced counseling skills one another. clients have to commit more such as support and confrontation, higher level Vicarious learning, group time to group counseling than members can learn from one other form of counseling-time of empathy, questions and interpretations. another and from the leader. they may not have. Closure Stage (Adjourning) Feedback, groups offer an Lack of flexibility, one can highlighted the increased sense of increased number of people to generally change the meeting accomplishment, high self-esteem and gain feedback. time of individual sessions more beginning awareness that the group process is Practice, groups provide a easily than group sessions. near completion. Saying goodbye can be place to practice newly learned Inability to assure difficult for many. behaviors within a trusting confidentiality, leaders cannot environment. assure group members that Systemic understanding, everyone will keep information Why have groups groups provide information to confidential. members about how they react Diversion of focus, one member ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES in systems, information that could sometimes take up much More efficient , more clients Less focused time, each group can often be related to family of group time. can be seen in a shorter member has less focused time of origin issues. Psychological harm, if a leader amount of time with the counselor. cannot control one or more Economical: group work Less intensity under leader, destructive members, a member almost always costs less than groups do not offer the same could be harmed individual counseling amount of intense one on one psychologically. Sense of belonging, groups time with the group leader as in IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer MODULE 4: ETHICAL ISSUES IN COUNSELING PRACTICE 🔐 American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics B) Confidentiality, Privileged Communication, and ○ addresses the responsibilities of professional counselors Privacy, toward their clients, colleagues, workplace, and themselves by Be respectful of differing views and inform delineating the ideal standards for conducting one’s behavior. clients with whom, when, and how information ○ Kitchener’s 5 moral principles: will be shared. AUTONOMY- refers to the concept of independence Take precautions to ensure confidentiality when and the ability to make one’s own decision using technologies such as computers, JUSTICE- means treating each person fairly, but it does electronic mail, or voicemail. not mean treating each person the same way Maintain the confidentiality of deceased clients BENEFICENCE- refers to doing good or the is the best as is consistent with legal requirements and interest of the client policies. NONMALEFICENCE- means doing no harm to others Inform parents and legal guardians of the FIDELITY- involves the concept of loyalty, faithfulness, confidential nature of the counseling and honoring commitments relationship as well as establish a working 🛋️ ○ Code of Ethics: Eight sections relationship with them in order to better serve 👓 A) The Counseling Relationship, clients. Counselors must wait five years after the C) Professional Responsibility, counselor-client relationship has ended before Be alert to signs of personal impairment and engaging in any romantic or sexual relations refrain from providing or offering services if the with a client, a client’s family members, or a impairment could potentially harm a client. client’s romantic partner. Assist supervisors or colleagues in recognizing Informed consent includes, but is not limited to: impairment and if necessary, provide Purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, assistance, intervention, or consultation. limitations, potential risks, and benefits of Designate a specific colleague or “records services; the counselor’s qualifications, custodian” and create a proper plan for file and credentials, and relevant experience; the client transfer in the case of incapacitation, intended use of tests and reports, fees, and termination of practice, or death. billing arrangements; etc. Use techniques, modalities, or procedures that have a scientific or empirical foundation and are IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer grounded in theory. Otherwise, techniques must data or may identify research participants 🤝 be labeled as “unproven” or “developing. within a reasonable period of time after the D) Relationships with Other Professionals, completion of a research study or project. Become knowledgeable about colleagues and Do not plagiarize or present another person’s develop positive working relationships and work as your own. communication systems. When reviewing documents in a professional Be respectful of differing approaches to capacity, counselors should make valid counseling services as well as the traditions publication decisions, review materials in a and practices of other professional groups. timely manner, avoid biases, and only evaluate Work to develop and strengthen relations with documents that fall within one’s field of 📝 ⚖️ interdisciplinary colleagues. competency. E) Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation, H) Resolving Ethical Issues. Take into account cultural, social, and personal If there is a conflict between ethical factors when making assessments. responsibilities and laws, professional Be aware of social and historical prejudices in counselor should make known their the pathologizing and misdiagnosis of specific commitment to the Code of Ethics and work to individuals and groups, and be cognizant of the alleviate the conflict. role of mental health professionals in the Counselors may follow legal requirements or continuation of these problems. regulations if the ethical conflict cannot be Generate objective findings that are supported resolved in this manner. by appropriate techniques and information Seek out further action such as referring to 🧑‍🏫 when conducting forensic evaluations. voluntary national certification bodies, state or F) Supervision, Training, and Teaching, national ethics committees, state licensing Foster professional relationships and create boards, or any suitable institutional authorities appropriate boundaries with students. when informal resolution is not appropriate or Be accurate, honest, and fair during the training the issue is not properly resolved. 📖 and assessment of students Do not deny a person’s advancement, G) Research and Publication, admission to academic programs, employment, Take the appropriate steps to destroy any promotion, or tenure based only upon their documents or records that contain confidential IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer having made an ethics complaint nor their When a child under the age of 16 is being being the subject of an ethics complaint. sexually abused. If the counselor determines the client needs hospitalization. If the information is involved in a court action. Ethical Issues that Influence Clinical Practice It is legal protection of the client which ○ Client Welfare - Client needs come before counselor needs and prevents a counselor from disclosing what was the counselor needs to act in the client’s best interest. said within the counseling session(s). ○ Informed Consent - Counselors need to inform clients as to the This right belongs to the client and not the nature of counseling and answer questions so that the client counselor. can make an informed decision. Laws concerning privileged communication an ethical and legal requirement that is an integral part vary from state to state. of the therapeutic process. It also establishes a basic ○ Dual Relationships - When a counselor has more than one foundation for creating a working alliance and a relationship with a client collaborative partnership between the client and the Dual or multiple relationships, either sexual or therapist nonsexual, occur when counselors assume two (or ○ Confidentiality - Clients must be able to feel safe within the more) roles simultaneously or sequentially with a client therapeutic relationship for counseling to be most effective. Sexual relationships - Professional organizations What the client says stays in the session unless the client is strongly prohibit sexual relationships with clients and in threatening harm to self or others. some states it is a criminal offense. Confidentiality - ethical concept, and in most states the legal duty of therapists to not disclose information about a client; central to developing a trusting and productive client– therapist relationship. Other Ethical Issues Privileged communication - legal concept that generally ○ Ethical issues in a multicultural perspective bars the disclosure of confidential communications in Ethical practice requires that we take the client’s a legal proceeding. cultural context into account in counseling practice. We When to break confidentiality should look at how it is possible for practitioners to If a client threatens another person’s life or with practice unethically if they do not address cultural significant bodily harm. differences in counseling practice IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer ○ Suggestions on avoiding malpractice Precounseling: Make sure to cover all information ○ Ethical Issues in the Assessment Process regarding: Both clinical and ethical issues are associated with the The financial costs of counseling. use of assessment and diagnostic procedures. Any special arrangements. Assessment and diagnosis are integrally related to the The competencies of the counselor. practice of counseling and psychotherapy, and both are Avoid dual relationships. often viewed as essential for planning treatment. Clearly indicate if a treatment is experimental. therapists need to engage in assessment, which is Identify limits to confidentiality. generally an ongoing part of the therapeutic process. Help the client make an informed choice. Assessment should not precede and dictate Ongoing Counseling intervention; rather, it is woven in and out of the Maintain confidentiality. therapeutic process as a pivotal component of therapy Seek consultations when necessary. itself. Maintain good client records. Take proper action when a client poses a clear and imminent danger to themselves or others. Comply with the laws regarding child abuse Malpractice and neglect. ○ When a counselor fails to provide reasonable care or skill that Termination of counseling is generally provided by other professionals and it results in Be sensitive to the client’s feelings regarding injury to the client. termination. ○ Occurs when these 4 conditions exist Initiate termination when the client is not Counselor has a duty to the client benefiting from services. The duty of care was not met Address the client's post-terminations The client was injured in the process concerns. There was a close causal relationship between the Evaluate the efficacy of the counseling counselor’s failure to provide reasonable care and the services. client’s injury IntroToCounseling_CourseReviewer Ethical Decision Making ○ As a practitioner, you will ultimately have to apply the ethics codes of your profession to the many practical problems you face ○ Steps in Making Ethical Decisions Identify the problem or dilemma. Identify the potential issues. Look at the relevant ethics codes for general guidance on the matter. Consider the applicable laws and regulations, and determine how they may have a bearing on an ethical dilemma. Seek consultation from more than one source to obtain various perspectives on the dilemma, and document in the client’s record what suggestions you received from this consultation. Brainstorm various possible courses of action. Enumerate the consequences of various decisions, and reflect on the implications of each course of action for your client. Decide on what appears to be the best possible course of action.