Organic Chemistry Introduction PDF

INTRODUCTION Organic compounds – marked by the presence of carbons – inflammable and highly volatile – different state: gas, liquid, solid – usually insoluble in water – mainly have carbon to hydrogen bonds – majorly seen in living organisms – example: carbohydrates, lipids Inorganic compoun...

INTRODUCTION Organic compounds – marked by the presence of carbons – inflammable and highly volatile – different state: gas, liquid, solid – usually insoluble in water – mainly have carbon to hydrogen bonds – majorly seen in living organisms – example: carbohydrates, lipids Inorganic compounds – lack presence of carbons – non-volatile and not inflammable – only in solid state – insoluble – lack carbon – majorly found in non-living organism Organic chem - the study of carbon Valence electron - bonding electron Carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds with other carbon or other element (non metal) Hydrocarbons - are organic compounds that consists of only carbon and hydrogen atoms Isomerism - same chemical formula but different in structure Types of organic compound – aliphatic – aromatic Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbon with single carbon-carbon bonds – simplest members of the hydrocarbon family Alkynes  – unsaturated – carbon-carbon triple bonds – acetylene series Alkenes – unsaturated – carbon-carbon double bonds Alkyl groups – have one less hydrogen than corresponding alkane – also known as haloalkanes – compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by halogen atoms HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES – without carbonyl (halocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amines – wtih carbonyl (aldehyde, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides) Functional group - control how the molecule reacts Atomic Structure and Bonding Atoms and Elements Understand the fundamental particles that make up organic molecules. Bonding Patterns Discover how atoms form stable arrangements through covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. Molecular Geometry Explore the 3D shapes of organic compounds and their impact on properties. Organic compounds – These compounds are marked by the presence of carbons. – These compounds are inflammable and highly volatile. – They occur in three different states: solids, gases, and liquids. – Organic compounds are usually insoluble in water. – These compounds mainly have carbon to hydrogen bonds. – Majorly seen in living organisms. – Example: carbohydrates, lipids, etc. Inorganic compounds – These compounds lack the presence of carbons.  – They are non-volatile as well as not inflammable. – They are found only in the solid state. – They are insoluble in a few organic solvents. And are soluble in water. – Here, the compounds lack carbon to hydrogen bonds. – Majorly found in non-living things. Organic Chemistry- The study of carbon & carbon compounds All organic compounds are derived from a group of compounds known as hydrocarbons Organic compounds are the primary constituents of all living organisms Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist of only Carbon and Hydrogen atoms. Characteristics of Organic Compound. They burn readily to form carbon dioxide, water, and in some cases, other products.. They usually exist as gases, liquids, and law melting solid. They are less stable towards heat than inorganic compounds.. They are in the form of molecules and are covalently bonded.. They are less reactive and form compounds of greater complexity. They are less soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They exhibit isomerism. TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Classes of organic compounds can be distinguished according to functional groups they contain. A functional group is a group of atoms that is largely responsible for the chemical behavior of the parent molecule. TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS On the basis of structure, hydrocarbons are divided into two main classes-aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons - non cyclic which maybe straight or branched chain compounds. – do not contain the benzene group, or the benzene ring, Aromatic hydrocarbons - contain one or more benzene rings Alkanes Saturated hydrocarbons with single carbon-carbon bonds. Alkenes Unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon double bonde. Alkynes - Unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon triple bonds. Aromatic Compounds Benzene - The simplest aromatic compound. Naphthalene - Fused benzene rings with a distinct aroma. Anthracene - Three fused benzene rings with a rigid structure. Types Of Organic Compounds Unsaturated Compound - compounds where carbon atoms have double or triple bonds. – ex. ethene: C274 Saturated compounds- These compounds are organic compounds that have only one carbon to carbon single bond. Alkanes Simplest members of the hydrocarbon family. contain only hydrogen and carbon only have single bonds Saturated hydrocarbons All members have the general formula of CnH2n+2 Twice as many hydrogen as carbon + 2 Alkanes = CnH2n+2 A saturated hydrocarbon contains 5 carbons. What is the formula? 0512(5)+2 = C5H12 A saturated hydrocarbon contains 20 carbons. Saturated = Single Alkenes - CH2n series of unsaturated hydrocarbons having one double bond (C=C) Practical Applications of Organic Chemistry Pharmaceuticals - Design of life-saving drugs and medicines. Materials Science - Plastics, polymers, and advanced composites. Energy and Fuels - Biofuels, petrochemicals, and renewable energy sources. Biotechnology - Genetic engineering and biomedical applications. Organic Reactions  Substitution Replacement of one functional group with Addition another. Adding a new group to an unsaturated compound. Elimination Removing a functional group to form a new double bond. Rearrangement Shifting atoms within a molecule to form a new structure. Stereochemistry. Chirality - Molecules with non-superimposable mirror images.. Enantiomers- Pairs of chiral molecules that are non-superimposable.. Stereoisomers - Molecules with the same formula but different 3D arrangements. Functional Groups. Alkyl Groups - Chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms.. Hydroxyl Groups- Oxygen and hydrogen bonded to carbon.. Carbonyl Groups - Carbon double-bonded to oxygen.. Amine Groups - Nitrogen bonded to hydrogen and carbon. HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES Functional Group - group of atoms which control how the molecule reacts Alkyl Group Alkyl halides (also known as haloalkanes) are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine). Alkyl Groups - have one less hydrogen than the corresponding alkane. CH is methyl - one less H than methane, CH4 Alkynes - a series of unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain 1 triple bond. Also called the acetylene series General formula CnH2n-2 Pentene - The double bond is on the first carbon from the end. 1-Butene - the double bond is between the 1st and 2nd carbon from the end.