Introduction to Psychology - L1.pptx

Introduction to Psychology PSYC101 Bakit ka nag psych? 01 Introduction to psychological science  What is psychology? Psychology is a science How is Psychology a science? Psychology is a science - To sift reality from fantasy and fact from fiction therefore requires a scientific...

Introduction to Psychology PSYC101 Bakit ka nag psych? 01 Introduction to psychological science  What is psychology? Psychology is a science How is Psychology a science? Psychology is a science - To sift reality from fantasy and fact from fiction therefore requires a scientific attitude Psychology is a science - To sift reality from fantasy and fact from fiction therefore requires a scientific attitude - Putting a scientific attitude into practice requires not only curiosity and skepticism but also humility—an awareness of our own vulnerability to error and an openness to new perspectives - Through questioning and testing - Were you surprised to learn that psychology is a science? How would you explain that now if someone asked you about it? Psychology - Greek word PSYCHE (Spirit/Soul) and LOGOS (word/study) - Is the systematic, scientific study of the human behavior and mental processes Psychology - Is the systematic, scientific study of the human behavior and mental Refers to processes Are not directly observable actions observable refer to or responses in a wide range of both humans and complex mental animals processes. Such as thinking, imagining, Psychology is born - To be human is to be curious about ourselves and the world around us. - Before 300 B.C.E., the Greek naturalist and philosopher Aristotle theorized about learning and memory, motivation and emotion, perception and personality. Who is the father of psychology?  Psychology’s first laboratory - Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany. - Father of Psychology - December day in 1879, in a small, third-floor room at Germany’s University of Leipzig.  Psychology’s first schools of thought Structuralism - an early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind. Functionalism - an early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.  Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927) aimed to classify and understand elements of the mind’s structure. INTROSPECTION: He engaged people in self- reflective (looking inward), training them to report elements of their experience as they looked at a rose, listened to a metronome, smelled a scent, or tasted a substance.  FUNCTIONALISM Philosopher-psychologist William James sought to go beyond labeling our inward thoughts and feelings by considering their evolved functions Psychology’s first women Mary Whiton Calkins - Finished all of Harvard’s Ph.D. requirements, outscoring all the male students on the qualifying exams. - Harvard denied her the degree she had earned, offering her instead a doctorate from Radcliffe College, its undergraduate “sister” school for women. Margaret Flow Washburn - The honor of being the first official female psychology Ph.D. - The second female APA president in 1921. - Wrote an influential book“The Animal Mind” - Even after women began obtaining doctorates, the only positions open to them were teaching jobs at women’s  Psychological science matures  Behaviorism - John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior.” - Many agreed, and behaviorism was one of two major forces in psychology well into the 1960s. Behaviorism - John B. Watson (1878–1958) and Rosalie Rayner (1898– 1935) Working with Rayner, Watson championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior. In a controversial study on a baby who became famous as “Little Albert,” he and Rayner showed that fear could be learned. Behaviorism - B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) This leading behaviorist rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape  Freudian (psychoanalytic) psychology - Emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior - Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) The controversial ideas of this famed personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity’s self-understanding.  Humanistic psyhology - As the behaviorists had rejected the early twentieth-century definition of psychology, other groups rejected the behaviorist definition. - Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, found both behaviorism and Freudian psychology too limiting. Contemporary psychology Cognitive Psychology - the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems. Cognitive Neuroscience - the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). Psychology now… Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes Which one is the most acceptable explanation of human behavior? Nature vs. nurture Nature-Nurture issue the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture. Evolutionary Psychology - the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. Behavior Genetics - the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. Positive Psychology - the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. Psychology’s three main levels of analysis Biopsychosocial Approach - an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. Level of Analysis - the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon. Psychology subfields  Psychologist vs psychometrician Assess and treat the Psychometricians construct psychological problems tests and interpret results for and the behavioral the purpose of assessing a dysfunctions resulting person’s intelligence, from, or related to personality, skills or other physical and mental psychological attributes. They health. In addition, they ensure the accuracy and play a major role in the validity of exams and gather promotion of healthy data that will be instrumental behavior, preventing to improving the performance diseases and improving of an individual or determine patients’ quality of life aptitude for particular tasks  Subfields in psychology Basic Research – pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base Applied Research – scientific study that aims to solve practical problems Counseling Psychology – a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving grater well- being Clinical Psychology – a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders  Subfields in psychology Psychiatry – a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders: practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example drug) as well as psychological therapy Positive psychology – the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. Community psychology – a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how Learning Check Cognitive Neuroscience is the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems. Behaviorism and Humanistic Psychology are considered the two major forces in psychology. Clinical psychology studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders but usually does not provide medical therapy  That’s it! Time for some Q&A, any question?