Introduction to Photonics PDF 2020/2021

Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich, prof. dr. Winter term 2020/2021 © Thinkstock Ray Optics & Ray Bundles Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 -...

Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich, prof. dr. Winter term 2020/2021 © Thinkstock Ray Optics & Ray Bundles Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 2 Which aspects of optics are involved? Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich uyunisaltflat.com November 09, 2020 - Page: 3 Mirror function Left turns into right and vice versa Upright stays upright Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Hecht, Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 4  Metallic and dielectric mirrors gandh.com hypoptics.com Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 5 Large mirrors for telescopes gemini.edu Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 6 Reflection at curved surfaces ZEA-2 cdn.wallpapersafari.com Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 7 Application of different mirrors Lucent Technologies Fixed semitransparent mirror in a digital single-lens reflex camera Tiltable micro-mirror (digital SLR or DSLR) Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 8 Transmission www.d-pixx.de Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 9  Reflection & transmission Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 10 Application of absorption Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 11 Absorption Vacuum (or air) Medium n=1 n=2  Absorption depth = 1/  k nk Wavelength decreases n E(x,t) = E0 exp[i(kx – t)] E(x,t) = E0exp[(–/2)x]exp[i(nkx–t)] Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 12  Courtesy: Uni Jena Scattering Scattering of light Courtesy: Uni Potsdam Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 13 Light ray propagation Input Beam renishaw.com Reflected Beam Refraction @ Interface Scattering? Absorption? Transmitted Beam Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 14 Scattering? Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 15 Scattering! de.wikipedia.org … and also absorption, i.e., Fraunhofer lines are observable in the spectrum. Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich www.aphoenix.ca November 09, 2020 - Page: 16 Sunrise Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich www.wfs.be.schule.de November 09, 2020 - Page: 17 Sundown Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich www.mein-fehmarn.de November 09, 2020 - Page: 18 Energy conservation holds … Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich CRC Handbook of Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 19 Geometrical optics … can be considered if dimensions d and radius of curvature R of the used components are very much larger than the wavelength λ of the electro-magnetic radiation. d >> λ R >> λ Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 20 Geometrical optics and ray bundles Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich videoblocks.com November 09, 2020 - Page: 21 Straight rays of light Shadow Aperture transmission Pinhole camera Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Saleh/Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics November 09, 2020 - Page: 22 We are trained that light rays are straight Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 23 For us light rays „are“ straight! physics.usyd.edu.au didaktik.physik.hu-berlin.de Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 24 Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 25 Are our eyes good measurement tools? Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 26 Are our eyes good measurement tools? Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 27 Fermat‘s principle “… let us imagine that a beautiful girl has fallen out of a boat, (principle of least time) and she is screaming for help in the water at point B. The line marked x is the shoreline. We are at point A on land, and we see the accident, and we can run and can also swim. But we As a result there is can run faster than we can swim. What do we do? Do we go in a straight line? (Yes, no doubt!) However, by using a little the principle of reciprocity. more intelligence we would realize that it would be advantageous to travel a little greater distance on land in order to decrease the distance in the water, because we go so much slower in the water....” [R.P. Feynman] Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_26.html November 09, 2020 - Page: 28 Snellius‘ Law Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich OpticsGuide_mellesgriot.pdf November 09, 2020 - Page: 29 Total Internal Reflection = n2 = n1 Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich OpticsGuide_mellesgriot.pdf November 09, 2020 - Page: 30 Total Internal Reflection a simple experiment (TIR) Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 31 Application of TIR Guiding of light Mirror function Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Saleh/Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics November 09, 2020 - Page: 32 Evanescent waves (quantum mechanics in optics) Image credit Jeff Han; http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~jhan/ftirsense/ftirschematic.gif Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 33 Reflection at a The mathematics: spherical surface Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Saleh/Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics November 09, 2020 - Page: 34 Imaging with mirrors Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 35 Elliptical and spherical mirrors Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Saleh/Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics November 09, 2020 - Page: 36 Color splitting by prism Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich October 14, 2019 - Page: 37 Prisms for spectrometry Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 38 Prism alignment Disadvantages? Minimum deviation Advantages? Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 39 Different types of prisms Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 40 From a prism to a lens … A lens as an arrangement of prims? Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 41 Function of thin lenses Ray bending Image formation Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Saleh/Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics November 09, 2020 - Page: 42 Gradient lenses and waveguides Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Saleh/Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics November 09, 2020 - Page: 43 Focusing and Defocusing lenses Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 44 Cylindrical lenses Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 45 Aberrations … are wave-front distorsions Download and read more about aberrations at: http://wyant.optics.arizona.edu/ zernikes/zernikes.htm Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich image.slidesharecdn.com November 09, 2020 - Page: 46 Correction of wave-front distorsions e.g. with adaptive mirrors Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich © Frank Berkefeld November 09, 2020 - Page: 47 Spherical aberration Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich OpticsGuide_mellesgriot.pdf November 09, 2020 - Page: 48 Astigmatism Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich OpticsGuide_mellesgriot.pdf November 09, 2020 - Page: 49 Chromatic aberration Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich OpticsGuide_mellesgriot.pdf November 09, 2020 - Page: 50 Achromatic lenses In order to compensate chromatic aberration you have to know about … Dispersion, i.e., the change of the refractive index  j n as a function of wavelength: n  j ( j)  … plus a clever combination of focusing and defocusing lenses. B   Optical path length: OPL(0 )   n( , r )  dr   0 A Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich OpticsGuide_mellesgriot.pdf November 09, 2020 - Page: 51 Consider functionality of apertures Apertures of given position and size can have different impact! Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 52 Important issues of optical elements  Transmission versus wavelength  Index of refraction  Thermal characteristics  Mechanical characteristics  Chemical characteristics  Cost + Scratches + Digs + Edge chips + Cemented interfaces + Surface flatness + Irregularities Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 53 Optical systems Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 54 Geometrical optics and ray bundles Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 55 Light vectors? … positions and angles of rays Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Saleh/Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics November 09, 2020 - Page: 56 Light Ray(s) … in paraxial approximation Vector new= Matrix ∙ Vector old Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 57 ABCD Matrix A B For N sections C D from initial ray (0) to final ray (f): Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 58 Chain of Operations Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Saleh/Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics November 09, 2020 - Page: 59 Matrices of different components Refraction at flat interface Refraction at curved interface Lenses and A curved mirror curved mirrors acts like half a lens: Gradient index glass fiber Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 60 Matrix-optics with a thin lens Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 61 Gaussian (laser) beam Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 62 Gaussian beam profile Beam radius: Rayleigh range: Divergence: Radius of curvature: Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 63 Beam parameter product θj ∙ w0j = constant [BPP] = mm ∙ mrad Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 64 Gaussian beam quality A real Gaussian beam with, e.g., an M2-value of 3.1 diverges 3.1 times faster than an ideal Gaussian beam, … …, i.e., the real Gaussian beam is a factor of 3.1 above the diffraction limit of the ideal Gaussian beam. Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 65 A “non-Gaussian Gaussian” beam No TEM 0,0 content, nevertheless does look like a Gaussian Incoherent superposition of higher-order Laguerre-Gaussian modes, specifically 44% TEM01 mode, 17% TEM10, 19% TEM11, 11% TEM20, and 6% TEM21, and absolutely no TEM00 at all. Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich [email protected] November 09, 2020 - Page: 66 Higher- order Laguerre- Gaussian modes Incoherent superposition: 44% TEM01 mode 17% TEM10 mode 19% TEM11 mode 11% TEM20 mode 6% TEM21 mode Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 67 ABCD matrices with Gaussian beams Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 68 The q(z)-function Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 69 Periodic optical systems Stability criterion: Saleh/Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Pedrotti (3x), Introduction to Optics November 09, 2020 - Page: 70 Optical Design by Ray Tracing Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich Made by Free WinLens Basic November 09, 2020 - Page: 71  qioptiq-shop.com Free Ray Tracing Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich October 14, 2019 - Page: 72 Summary  Optical path length is important  Total internal reflection (+ applications)  Different kinds of aberrations  ABCD matices for geometrical optics and laser physics  Focus and diffraction of a Gaussian beam  Lenses (different types)  Mirrors, prisms … Introduction to Photonics by Carsten Fallnich November 09, 2020 - Page: 73