Introduction to Pharmacology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY Sonia Guadalupe Barreno Rocha MD, PhD [email protected] WE MAKE DOCTORS Objectives Identify and associate the different components involved in signal transduction pathways related to pharmacology. Discuss the parti...

INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY Sonia Guadalupe Barreno Rocha MD, PhD [email protected] WE MAKE DOCTORS Objectives Identify and associate the different components involved in signal transduction pathways related to pharmacology. Discuss the participation and function of receptors and ligands in pharmacology. List and classify the drug sources, preparations, and compare their differences. Identify the different sites for drug administration. Pharmacology concepts and components of signal transduction What is a drug? What is a medicine? Drug Medicine A natural product, chemical A medicine is a chemical substance, or pharmaceutical preparation, which preparation of known usually, but not structure, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary necessarily, contains one ingredient, which, when or more drugs, administered to a living administered with the organism, produces a intention of producing a biological effect. therapeutic effect. Signal transduction Describes the pathway from ligand binding to conformational changes in the receptor, receptor interaction with an effector molecule (if present), and other downstream molecules called second messengers. Components: Four main kinds of regulatory protein are commonly involved as primary drug targets, namely: Pharmacological effects require that drug molecules must be ‘bound’ to particular constituents of cells and tissues in order to produce an effect. These critical binding sites are often referred to as ‘drug targets’. Most drug targets are protein molecules. Drug Receptors What could be a receptor? Target molecules through which soluble physiological mediators – hormones, neurotransmitters, inflammatory mediators, etc.– produce their effects. Recognition molecule for a chemical mediator through which a response is transduced. Any target molecule with which a drug molecule has to combine in order to elicit its specific effect. Types of drug receptors a) Ligand-gated ion channels b) G-coupled protein receptor c) Kinase linked receptors d) Nuclear receptorsligand- gatedKinase-linked Drug Sources and Preparations Natural sources of drugs Plants Microbes Animal Minerals tissues Synthetic drugs Modern chemistry in the 19th century enabled scientists to synthesize new compounds and modify naturally occurring drugs. Examples: Aspirin Barbiturates Procaine Morphine > Oxycodone Drug preparations Drug preparations include crude drug preparations, pure drug compounds, and pharmaceutical preparations. Pharmaceutic Natural Crude drug Pure drug al source preparation compounds preparations  Pharmaceutical preparations Enteric coating Sustained- Tablets and release capsules products Capsules Pharmaceutical Syrups preparations Solutions and suspensions Elixirs Skin patches Sterile Nasal Aerosols spray Ointments, creams, lotions, suppositories Routes for Drug Administration Enteral Oral Sublingual Buccal Rectal Paraenteral Intravenous Intramuscular Subcutaneous Intrathecal Epidural Intraarticular Intravitreal Others forms Transdermal Inhalational Topical Drug Names  Nonproprietary name Proprietary name Chemical name (Generic name) (Brand name) Specifies the Mos suitable name Drug is the chemical structure of for use by health care registered trademark the drug professionals belonging to a Uses standard United States particular drug chemical Adopted manufacturer and is nomenclature. E.g. Name (USAN) used to designate a acetylsalicylic acid. designation drug product Students be most marketed by that attentive to this kind manufacturer of naming E.g.: Prozac E.g.: oxacilin (fluoxetin), Viagra recognized as (sildenafil) penicillin References Ritter JM, Flower R, Henderson G, Konge-Loke Y, MacEwan D, Rang HP. How drugs act: molecular aspects. In: Ritter JM et. al. editors. Rang and Dale's Pharmacology. Tenth edition. UK: Elsevier; 2024. 24-53. (protein targets and receptor proteins) Chapter 3. Available in: https://bibliodig.uag.mx:2113/#!/content/book/3-s2.0- B9780702074486000020 Stevens CW. Introduction to Pharmacology and Drug Names. In: Stevens CW editor. Brenner and Stevens' Pharmacology. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2023. 3-9. Chapter 1. Available in: https://bibliodig.uag.mx:2113/#!/content/book/3-s2.0- B9780323758987000018?scrollTo=%23hl0000192