Introduction To Nursing PDF

Introduction to Nursing TSDN 4113 PRINCIPLE AND PRACTICE IN NURSING 1 MS. WU JIE YEE Learning objectives At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: 1. Define nursing 2. Explain historical factors and nursing leaders who influenced the development of nursing...

Introduction to Nursing TSDN 4113 PRINCIPLE AND PRACTICE IN NURSING 1 MS. WU JIE YEE Learning objectives At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: 1. Define nursing 2. Explain historical factors and nursing leaders who influenced the development of nursing 3. Identify the four major theory related to nursing 4. Describe the role of a nurse 5. Identify the components of the metaparadigm for nursing Nursing as a profession Mother of Nursing: Florence Nightingale Born on 12 May 1820 Known as “Lady with the Lamp) Improved sanitation in battlefield hospital Florence Nightingale A clean, well-ventilated, and quiet environment is essential for recovery. She raised the status of nursing through education. Nurses were no longer untrained housekeepers but is a very important person to take care of sick. History & Development of Nursing History and development of nursing Women played a crucial role in attending health needs to the health needs of the communities Traditional female roles of wife, mother, daughter and sister to take care of family members. Historical Influences (Civil War) Harrier Tubman (1822-1913) Holds the distinction of being the first licensed Black nurse. Born to freed enslaved people Provide care and safety to slaves Historical Influences (Civil War) Dorethea Dix (1802-1887) She responsible for recruiting nurses and supervising the nursing care of all women nurses working in the army hospital. Historical Influences (Civil War) Clara Barton (1821-1912) Founder of the American Red Cross She was a school teacher who volunteered as a nurse during the American Civil War She care for wounded soldiers during the war. Historical Influences (Civil War) Mary Mahoney (1845-1926) First African American nurse Brought awareness to cultural diversity & respect to individuals regardless of background, race, color or religion. Historical influences 20th-century Nurses assumed expanded and advanced practice role and moved toward scientific research-based practice 21st Century The profession of nursing is constantly changing to meet the needs of society (emerging infections, an aging population) Definition of Nursing Definition of “Nursing” “The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery” -Nightingale “The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery” -Virginia Henderson Nursing Models(Theorist) and their theories What is Nursing theory? It guides the practice and understanding of nursing. It provides nurses with a foundation for their professional role, helps in organizing and delivering quality patient care, and contributes to the development of nursing knowledge. Major nursing theorist and theory 1. Florence Nightingale: Environment theory 2. Virginia Henderson: Nursing need theory 3. Dorothea Orem : Self-care theory 4. Hildegard Peplau: Theory of internal relationship Florence Nightingale Nightingale’s Environment Theory First nurse theorist She linked health with 5 environmental factors: 1) Pure or fresh air 2) Pure water 3) Efficient drainage 4) Cleanliness 5) Light (direct sunlight) Lacking of one of the above leads to illness Virginia Henderson Virginia Henderson (1897-1996) An American nurse, researcher, theorist, and writer. She graduated from the Army School of Nursing at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C. In 1932. Virginia Henderson Definition of nursing: “The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery” Henderson’s theory The nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs. Henderson’s theory Dorothea Orem Dorothea Orem (1914-2007) She was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Diploma in Nursing in 1930 Bachelor of Science in Nursing in 1939 Master’s of Science in Nursing in 1945 Orem’s General Theory of Nursing Dorothea Orem’s theory, first publish in1971,includes 3 related concepts: 1. Self-care 2. Self-care deficit 3. Nursing system  Self-care Theory Self-care Self-care deficit Nursing System Self-care Self-care agency Requisites 1. Wholly compensatory 2. Partly compensatory Self-care Self-care 3. Supportive educative Requisites Therapeutic self- 1. Universal care demand 2. Developmental 3. Health deviation Self-care theory It is based on four concepts: 1. Self-care 2. Self-care agency 3. Self-care requisites 4. Therapeutic self-care demand Theory of self-care Self-care It is refers to those activities an individual performs independently throughout life to promote and maintain personal well-being It is learned through interpersonal relations and communication. Theory of self-care Self-care agency It is the individual’s ability to perform self-care activities. Self-care agency- conditioned by age, developmental state, life experience, sociocultural orientation and health. It consists of 2 agents: a. A self care agent (an individual who can performs self care independently b. Dependent care agent (a person other than individual who provides the care) Theory of self-care Self-care requisites Also called as self-care needs, are measures or actions taken to provide self-care. There are 3 categories: 1. Universal self-care requisites 2. Developmental self-care requisites 3. Health deviation self-care requisites Theory of self-care (Self-care requisites) Universal requisites It is common to all people. Basic needs include: 1. Maintaining intake and elimination of air, water, food 2. Balancing rest and activity; solitude & social interaction 3. Preventing hazards to life & well-being 4. Promoting normal human functioning Theory of self-care (Self-care requisites) Developmental requisites It is more specific to the process of growth and development Needs resulting from maturation or develop due to a condition or event E.g. adjusting to a new job/ adjusting to body shape/hair loss Theory of self-care (Self-care requisites) Health deviation requisites Needs resulting from illness, injury & disease or its treatment E.g. learning to walk with crutches after a leg fracture Theory of self-care (Therapeutic self- care demand) Therapeutic self-care demand Refers to all self-care activities required to meet existing self-care requisite. Totality of self-care actions to be performed for some duration in order to meet self-care requisites by using valid methods and related sets of operations and actions Theory of Self-care deficit Specifies when nursing is needed Nursing is required when an adult is incapable or limited in the provision of continuous effective self-care Nursing System It consists of 3 system: 1. Wholly compensatory system - It is required for individuals who cannot engage in self-care activities E.g. coma patient, newborn 2. Partly compensatory system - Designed for individuals who are unable to perform some self-care activities E.g. Patient who have undergone surgery 3. Supportive educative system - empowers the individual to perform tasks specific to their current condition or needs. Hildegard Peplau Hildegard Peplau A psychiatric nurse, introduced her interpersonal concepts in 1952. She graduated from the Pottstown, Pennsylvania School of Nursing in 1931. Hildegard Peplau As a child, she saw the devastating effects of the flu epidemic in 1918, which greatly influenced how she understood how illness and death impacted families. Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Emphasize the importance of the nurse patient relationship. Stress that many problems can be overcome through strong interpersonal relations Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations The nurse-patient relationship evolves in 4 phases: 1. Orientation 2. Identification 3. Exploitation 4. Resolution Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations 1. Orientation phase (problem defining) Patient meets nurse as a stranger Patients seeks help, ask questions, convey needs, tell past history Nurse assists the patient to understand his problem and determine the need of help 2. Identification phase The patient identifies with those who can help him Nurse allow exploration of feelings to help the patient undergoing illness 3. Exploitation phase The patient derives full value from what the nurse offers through the relationship. Power shifts from the nurse to the patient. 4. Resolution phase Patient no longer needs professional services and gives up dependent behavior. The relationship ends. Function and role of nurses Communicator Identify patient problems and then communicate these verbally or in writing to other members of the health team Caregiver Care for injuries Administer medications Monitor heart rate and blood pressure, Maintain hygienic care of patients. Teacher Educate patient and families on discharge plan Educate patient to develop self-care abilities Provide knowledge to make informed decision Demonstrate needed skills Counselor Assist and guide patient in problem solving or making decision Utilize interpersonal (helping relationship) Patient advocate Serves as a patient advocate in protecting a patient's medical, legal, and human rights. Leader Supervise patient care Serve as a role model to healthcare and team members Ensure all the medical orders and plan are carried out Manager Ensuring patient and staff satisfaction Assigns and delegates nursing activities Supervises and evaluates their performance Metaparadigm for Nursing What is metaparadigm It is a set of idea that provides structure for how a discipline should function. Nursing is a discipline (professional specialization) In nursing, we address patient as a whole. Metaparadigm for Nursing The metaparadigm for nursing Patient The recipient of nursing care (patient, families, community) The metaparadigm for nursing Environment Internal or external surroundings that affect patient’s health. It includes cleanliness, noises, air quality, families, emotion of an individual and etc. Health As opposed to illness, It is the degree of wellness or well-being that the patient experiences. It encompasses physical, mental and social aspects of health. Nursing It is the essence and scope of the nursing profession, including the roles, responsibilities, and actions of nurses in providing care.  Thank you