Globalization: An Introduction (PDF)

29/08/2024 Globalization: An Introduction 1 REY R. DELA VICTORIA, MPA  LEARNING OUTCOMES: 29/08/2024 Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization; Assess...

29/08/2024 Globalization: An Introduction 1 REY R. DELA VICTORIA, MPA  LEARNING OUTCOMES: 29/08/2024 Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization; Assess the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization; Traced the origin of globalization; Agree on a working definition of globalization for the course. 2  Let’s begin…… 29/08/2024 Do the images speak of realities in the Philippines and the world? Why or why not? If these pictures will form a collage, what will be its primary message? 3 29/08/2024 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND 4  What is globalization? 29/08/2024 oIs it the integration of economic, political, and cultural systems across the globe? oIs globalization a force for economic growth, prosperity, and democratic freedom? oIs it the dominance of developed countries in decision- making, at the expense of poorer, less powerful nations? oDoes globalization only benefit the rich or can the poor take advantage of it to improve their well-being? This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND 5  Defining Globalization 29/08/2024 Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people and economic activity. Globalization is the homogenization of people’s tastes and demand patterns around the world, due to increased access to international communication of information about products and services as well as increased access to transportation of products and people across borders. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY 6  Defining Globalization 29/08/2024 “Processes by which goods, services, capital, people, information, and ideas flow across national borders.” (Grewal/Levy) - “Trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies.” (Wild/Wild/Han) This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC 7  Defining Globalization 29/08/2024 “Globalization is both an active process of corporate expansion across borders and a structure of cross border facilities and economic linkages that has been steadily growing and changing.” —Edward S.Herman This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC 8 29/08/2024 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND 9 29/08/2024 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC 10 29/08/2024 In 2022, the total value of global trade reached a record $32 trillion. This included approximately $25 trillion in trade in goods and $7 trillion in trade in services. The significant increase was driven by strong growth in both sectors, with goods trade growing by 10% and services trade increasing by 15% compared to the previous year​ (UNCTAD)​​. 11  Your Everyday Life 29/08/2024 Wake up to a GE alarm clock made in China. Slip on Adidas sandals made in Indonesia. Put your American Eagle clothes on from Mexico. Unplug your iphone made in the U.S. and Taiwan. Hop into your Toyota made in Kentucky. Listen to Coldplay from England. Grab a Starbuck’s coffee with beans harvested in Columbia. 12  Characteristics of globalization 29/08/2024 Connectivity Borderless Globe Free trade Cultural Diversity Mobility Information Technology changes 13 29/08/2024 If there is such thing as globalization, when did it begin? 14  Five different ways of thinking about what turns 29/08/2024 out to be a very complex issue – the origin of globalization. 1. HARDWIRED 2. CYCLES 3. PHASES 4. EVENTS 5. BROADER 15  HARDWIRED 29/08/2024 It argues that globalization stems, among other things, from basic human urge to seek better and more fulfilling life. This leads him to trace the initial globalization of the human species. 16  CYCLES 29/08/2024 It argues that it is difficult to find a single point of origin, but the effort is largely irrelevant since there long have been cycles of globalization and it is those that are utmost importance, not particular phase or point of origin. 17  PHASES 29/08/2024 Globalization occurred sequentially each with its own point of origin: Eurasian Phase Multicentric Phase Afro-Eurasian Phase Euro-Atlantic Phase Oriental Phase I 20C Phase Oriental Phase II 21C Phase 18  Eurasian Phase (3000BCE) 29/08/2024 Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, increased trade, and ancient empires grew out of Eurasia. 19  Afro-Eurasian Phase 29/08/2024 (1000 BCE) Commercial revolutions commenced in the Greco-Roman world, West Asia and East Africa. 20  Oriental Phase I 29/08/2024 (500 BCE) The world economy emerged alongside the caravan trade in the Middle East. 21  Oriental Phase II (1100AD) 29/08/2024 The improvements in productivity and technology emerged throughout East and South Asia, with increased urbanization and development of the silk routes. 22  Multicentric Phase 29/08/2024 (1500 AD) Trade expanded across the Atlantic Ocean and into the Americas. 23  Euro-Atlantic Phase 29/08/2024 (1800) The Euro-Atlantic economy developed through industrialization and the colonial division of labor. 24  20C Phase 29/08/2024 1950 MNC’s and global value chains emerged throughout the US, Europe, and Japan and the Cold War Ended. 25  21C Phase 29/08/2024 2000 A new geography of trade encompasses East Asia and the emerging economies, with a global rebalancing of power and economic flows. 26  29/08/2024 27  Germinal Phase 29/08/2024 In Europe (early fifteenth century to mid-eighteenth century). Important developments during this period were the sun-centered view of the universe, the beginnings of modern geography, and the spread of the Gregorian calendar. 28  Incipient Phase 29/08/2024 (mid-1700s to the 1870s). Among the key developments in this period were the “crystallization of conceptions of formalized international relations,” a “more concrete conception of humankind,” and “[s]harp increases in conventions and agencies concerned with international and transnational regulation and communication” (1990: 26). 29  Take-Off Phase 29/08/2024 (1870s to the mid-1920s) Among the key developments in this period were the “[v]ery sharp increase in number and speed of global forms of communication. Rise of ecumenical movement. Development of global competitions – e.g. Olympics, Nobel Prizes. Implementation of World Time and near-global adoption of Gregorian calendar. First World war. League of Nations” (1990: 27). 30  Struggle-for-hegemony phase 29/08/2024 (1920s to the mid-1960s) This period was characterized by war (WW II) and disputes (Cold War) over the still fragile globalization process. The UN was formed during this period. 31  Uncertainty Phase 29/08/2024 (1960s to the early 1990s6) Many global developments occurred during this period including inclusion of the Third World in the global system, end of the Cold War (and bipolarity), spread of nuclear weapons, world civil society, world citizenship, and global media system consolidation. 32  4. EVENTS 29/08/2024 A fourth view is that instead of cycles or great epochs, one can point to much more specific events that can be seen as the origin of globalization. In fact, there are many such possible points of origin of globalization, some of which are: 33  4. EVENTS 29/08/2024 1. the Romans and their far-ranging conquests in the centuries before Christ (Gibbon 1998); 2. the rise and spread of Christianity in the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire; 3. the spread of Islam in the seventh century and beyond; 34  4. EVENTS 29/08/2024 4. the travels of the Vikings from Europe to Iceland, Greenland, and briefly to North America in the ninth through the eleventh centuries as examples of, and landmarks, in globalization; 35  4. EVENTS 29/08/2024 5. trade in the Middle Ages throughout the Mediterranean; 6. the activities of the banks of the twelfth- century Italian city-states; 7. the rampage of the armies of Ghengis Khan into Eastern Europe in the thirteenth century (Economist 2006: January 12); 36  4. EVENTS 29/08/2024 8. European traders like Marco Polo and his travels later in the thirteenth century along the Silk Road to China. 37  4. EVENTS 29/08/2024 9. the “discovery of America” by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Other important voyages of discovery during this time involved Vasco Da Gama rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 and the circumnavigation of the globe completed in 1522 by one of Ferdinand Magellan’s ships (Joel Rosenthal 2007); 38  4. EVENTS 29/08/2024 10. European colonialism, especially in the nineteenth century; 11. the early twentieth-century global Spanish flu pandemic; 12. the two world wars in the first half of the twentieth century. 39  5. Broader, More Recent Changes 29/08/2024 The fifth view focuses on broader, but still recent, changes. There is a sense in this view that change occurred in the last half of the twentieth century. Three of these momentous changes have been identified by scholars as the point of origin of globalization as it exists today: 40  5. Broader, More Recent Changes 29/08/2024 1. The emergence of the United States as the global power in the years following WW II. 41  5. Broader, More Recent Changes 29/08/2024 2. The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs). 42  Types of Globalization 29/08/2024 Economic Social Political 43  Economic Globalization 29/08/2024 Countries that trade with many others and have few trade barriers are economically globalised. 44  Social Globalization 29/08/2024 A measure of how easily information and ideas pass between people in their own country and between different countries (includes access to internet and social media networks). 45  Political Globalization 29/08/2024 The amount of political co-operation there is between countries. 46  Causes of Globalization 29/08/2024 Improved communications Improved transport Free trade agreements Global banking The growth of the MNC’s 47  Effects of Globalization 29/08/2024 Changed in food supply Division of labor Less job security Damaged to environment Cultural impact Increase in anti-Globalization Protests 48  Impacts on the Government 29/08/2024 POSITIVE NEGATIVE Increased economic MNC power increased. development MNCs externalize cost to countries. Expanded infrastructure Competition results in too many concessions. Transfer of modern MNCs influence local policies. management techniques Companies incorporate in low tax Greater interdependence countries. among business partners Pressure to reduce social benefits. 49  Impacts on the Labor 29/08/2024 POSITIVE NEGATIVE Increased job Job displacement opportunities Loss of industries or Upgraded education economic groups system Lowered labor standards Increased training Downward wage pressure Decreased union power Diminished social contract 50 29/08/2024 Why do we have to globalize especially at this Contemporary World? 51  Reasons for Globalization 29/08/2024 Rapid shrinking of time and distance across the globe. One can cross the bridge going to the other side of the market place due to advance tools of technology than before. Domestic markets are no longer rich as a consequence of many interlocking factors. Companies and institutions go global to find political and economic stability which relatively good in other countries than the country of origin. 52  Reasons for Globalization 29/08/2024 To get technological and managerial know-how of other countries due to their advancement in science, technology, education, health, and other fields of discipline. To reduce high transportation costs if one goes globally using the advance tools of communication and information. 53  Reasons for Globalization 29/08/2024 To be close to raw materials and to market for their finished products which are not available in the country of origin. The creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) had made it possible in stimulating increased cross border trade. There are other world bodies like the UN and several arbitration bodies where countries agree. 54 29/08/2024 Why studying globalization is important? 55  Importance of Studying Globalization 29/08/2024 There is a greater demand in business and industry, health, engineering, and technology to have people who can work with people of other nations and cultures. There is a greater demand of promoting the local business and industry to other countries and if need be, owners travel independently and internationally for a better promotion. 56  Importance of Studying Globalization 29/08/2024 The contemporary world face global challenges that will take interdisciplinary groups to solve these challenges. Creating meaningful, harmonious, and workable relationship that link globally is an important aspect of the merits of globalization. 57  Importance of Studying Globalization 29/08/2024 Knowledge of the merits, demerits and reasons for globalization will enable the students to work as model of collaborative international team in the near future along the areas of business, education, health, science, arts, engineering, hotel industries, etc. and discuss best products in these areas. 58  The Globalization Debate 29/08/2024 The Hyperglobalist Thesis The Skeptics Thesis The Transformationalist Thesis 59  The Hyperglobalists' Camp 29/08/2024 What’s new? A global age Dominant features Global capitalism, global governance, global civil society Power of national governments Declining or eroding Driving forces of globalization Capitalism and technology Pattern of stratification Erosion of old hierarchies Dominant motif McDonalds, Madonna, etc. Conceptualization of globalization As a reordering of the framework of human action Historical trajectory Global civilization Summary argument The end of the nation-state 60  The Skeptics' Camp 29/08/2024 What’s new? Trading blocs, weaker geogovernance than in earlier periods Dominant features World less interdependent than in 1880s Power of national governments Reinforced or enhanced Driving forces of globalization States and markets Pattern of stratification Increased marginalization of South Dominant motif National interest Conceptualization of globalization As internationalization Historical trajectory Regional blocs/clash of civilizations Summary argument Internationalization depends on state acquiescence and support 61  The Transformationalists' Camp 29/08/2024 What’s new? Historically unprecedented levels of global interconnectedness Dominant features ‘Thick’ (intensive and extensive) Power of national governments Reconstituted, restructured Driving forces of globalization Combined forces of modernity Pattern of stratification New architecture of world order Dominant motif Transformation of political community Conceptualization of globalization As the reordering of interregional relations and action at a distance Historical trajectory Indeterminate: global integration and fragmentation Summary argument Globalization transforming state power and world politics 62  On Post-Cold War Order 29/08/2024 Is there an order that has developed since the end of the Cold War? What are the elements of the contemporary order? How does globalization affect this order? 63  Typology of Order 29/08/2024 Order Units Characteristics Globalized Global system End of national polities, societies and economies International States Concern with agenda of sovereignty and stability World Humanity Concern with agenda of rights, needs, and justice Globalized International Globalized states Agenda of managing relations between states penetrated by global system 64  Elements of Contemporary Order 29/08/2024 Structural Elements Purposive Elements Polarity Social state Multilateralism Identity Regionalism Economic order Global divide Liberal rights 65  Conclusion 29/08/2024 Globalization has positive and negative effects and thus, a deep approach is needed when delving the concept. What cannot be denied is that GLOBALIZATION is here to stay , ergo, it is better for the countries in the global economy to embrace the concept and live with it in this contemporary world. 66 29/08/2024 Thank You!!! 67