Introduction to Emirates Society PDF

HUMA 105: Emirates Society Block 1: Introduction to Emirates Society Weeks 1 & 2 Program for Block 1 Building your foundation knowledge Geography History Key terms Practice Quiz: Usually week after the block ends Building foundation knowledge Divide into groups focusing on...

HUMA 105: Emirates Society Block 1: Introduction to Emirates Society Weeks 1 & 2 Program for Block 1 Building your foundation knowledge Geography History Key terms Practice Quiz: Usually week after the block ends Building foundation knowledge Divide into groups focusing on one emirate Appoint a leader and writer Complete the worksheet and send to [email protected] Flags of the emirates Changes with time and territory Changes depending on peacetime and if a conflict was an ‘acknowledge war’ (ie an ‘official war’ as agreed to by the British) Need to use historical original sources Red– due to the British Red Ensign  Flags in use in 1905 of Abu Dhabi and Dubai Source: IOR/L/PS/12/3725 The Hinawi vs Ghafiri. Historic Hinawi confederation: 1800s, the Dhowahir (Al Dhahiri), Beni Yas, and the Awamir (Al Amri), Beni Hina and the Harasis.  Flags in use in 1905 of Umm Al Quwain Source: IOR/L/PS/12/3725 Ghafiri: Historic Ghafiri confederation: 1800s: Na'im, the Beni Ka'ib, the Beni Kattab and El- Daramikeh.  Original sketches of the 1961 Umm Al Quwain flag Source: FO 371/157073  Flags in use in 1905 of Ajman Source: IOR/L/PS/12/3725  Flags in use in 1905 of Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Dibba and Kalba Source: IOR/L/PS/12/3725 Flags in use in 1961 Source: FO 464/52 Population in 1943 Source: IOR/R/15/2/299 Political geography Internal borders External borders Waters Political geography – internal borders Political geography – allegiance, zakat Political geography – enclaves & exclaves An enclave is a territory that is completely surrounded by the territory of one other state. An exclave is a part of a state that is geographically separated from the main part by the territory of one or more states. Activity: For your emirate, identify Activity: For your emirate Political geography – external borders Frauke Heard-Bey & David Heard (2021) J.B. KELLY – BOUNDARY-MAKING IN SOUTH-EASTERN ARABIA, Asian Affairs, 52:1, 175-192, DOI: 10.1080/03068374.2021.1880205 Political geography – external borders Political Geography - Waters of the UAE – territorial, contiguous, EEZ https://www.marineregions.org/eezdetails.php?mrgid=8360 Waters Baseline is fixed at the low-water line along the coast. Territorial Sea: 12 nautical mile from the baseline. States have exclusive sovereignty and jurisdiction over the territorial sea. These rights extend to the seabed and subsoil, as well as vertically to airspace. While territorial seas are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the coastal States, the coastal States’ rights are limited by the passage rights of other States, including innocent passage through the territorial sea and transit passage through international straits. https://sites.tufts.edu/lawofthesea/chapter-two/ Waters Contiguous Zone: States may also establish a contiguous zone from the outer edge of the territorial seas to a maximum of 24 nautical miles from the baseline. This zone exists to bolster a State’s law enforcement capacity and prevent criminals from fleeing the territorial sea. Within the contiguous zone, a State has the right to both prevent and punish infringement of fiscal, immigration, sanitary, and customs laws within its territory and territorial sea. Unlike the territorial sea, the contiguous zone only gives jurisdiction to a State on the ocean’s surface and floor. https://sites.tufts.edu/lawofthesea/chapter-two/ Waters Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): States may claim an EEZ that extends 200 nautical miles from the baseline. In this zone, a coastal State has the exclusive right to exploit or conserve any resources found within the water, on the sea floor, or under the sea floor’s subsoil. These resources encompass both living resources, such as fish, and non-living resources, such as oil and natural gas. States also have exclusive rights to engage in offshore energy generation from the waves, currents, and wind within their EEZ. It does not give a coastal State the right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight, subject to very limited exceptions. https://sites.tufts.edu/lawofthesea/chapter-two/ Political Geography - Waters of the UAE – territorial, contiguous, EEZ https://www.marineregions.org/eezdetails.php?mrgid=8360  Geography and how it has shaped the UAE Historically, why were these settlements here: 1. Abu Dhabi 2. Al Ain 3. Al Dhaid 4. Dubai town? Helped determine relative power between Emirates  Geography and how it has shaped the UAE Historically, physical geography affected: Economic activity Trade routes Settlement location  Geography and how it has shaped the UAE Physical geography Coast-inlets Mountains Sabkha Gravel plains Desert Coast Silting Dredging Coastal offloading Dubai creek, 1950s  Dubai creek 1943 Source: IOR/R/15/2/506 Physical geography – Hajar mountains The UAE section of these mountains extends for some 65km and is about 25km wide. The mountains have a maximum height of nearly 2,000m. Jebel Jais, the highest peak in the UAE, at 1,934 metres Jebel Hafeet Physical geography - Hajar mountains Rainfalls in the mountains generate short-lived torrents which over time create boulder-strewn gullies known as wadis. The water recharges aquifers and brings down fertile sediment, which together allow agricultural activities on narrow tracts of land in some wadis. Physical geography - Hajar mountains floods Sharjah-Rain Physical geography – sabkha Sabkha is a salt-encrusted, low-lying mud-like flat that exists in areas where the heavily-saline water table is close to the surface. It is firm and crossable when dry. After rains, the crust impedes drainage and turns the sabkha into a quagmire, making crossing impractical. Physical geography – gravel plains Inland between the Hajar Mountains and the deserts are alluvial gravel plains. These are 150km long from north to south, and are 5 to 25km wide. These plains are made up of sand and gravel outwash from the Hajar Mountains. Wind-blown sand is constantly encroaching on the gravel plains from the west. Movement across the plains is relatively easy Physical geography – desert Sandy desert dominates most of the south and west of the UAE and extends into Saudi Arabia. This huge area is known as the Empty Quarter (Rub Al Khali) and is the largest sand desert in the world. Dunes in Abu Dhabi’s Empty Quarter desert can reach some 300 metres in height with a slipface of up to 50 degrees.  Waterways How has external borders affected: Trade Security Pre-ancient  Pre-ancient Ancient Mesopotamian cities were built. near the coast. Ur Subsequent river sedimentation has built a large delta. Video Pre-ancient and ancient timeline Important archeologically sites British Royal Navy & British East India Company attack of Ras Al Khaimah, 1809 The piracy claim was the basis for the early English name of the region being the ‘Pirate Coast’ General Maritime Treaty of 1820 General Maritime Treaty of 1820 1. Prohibited piracy in the Persian Gulf 2. Banned some forms of slavery 3. Required all usable ships to be registered with British forces by flying distinctive red and white flags General Maritime Treaty of 1820 Signatures 1. Hassan bin Rahma, Sheikh of 'Hatt and Falna' ('Hatt' being the modern day village of Khatt and 'Falna' being the modern day suburb of Ras Al Khaimah, Fahlain near the location of Al Falayah Fort) 2. Rajib bin Ahmed Al-Zaabi, Sheikh of 'Jourat al Kamra' (Jazirah Al Hamra). 3. Sheikh Shakbout of 'Aboo Dhebbee' (Abu Dhabi) 4. Hassan bin Ali, Sheikh of Rams and Al Dhaya ('Sheikh of 'Zyah'). 5. Saeed bin Saif of Dubai (on behalf of Mohammed bin Haza bin Zaal, the Sheikh of Dubai was in his minority) 6. Sultan bin Suggur, Sheikh of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah 7. Rashid bin Humaid, Sheikh of Ajman 8. Abdullah bin Rashid, Sheikh of Umm Al Qawain 1853 Perpetual Treaty of Maritime Peace 1. Prohibited any act of aggression at sea 2. Rulers all agreed to escalate any disputes or acts of aggression to the British Resident, and submit to their judgement 3. The British Resident enforced the truce and obtained reparations for any injuries inflicted by one Ruler's subjects on another's 1853 Perpetual Treaty of Maritime Peace 1853 Perpetual Treaty of Maritime Truce Reason it became know as the Trucial States ( ‫اإلمارات المتصالحة‬Al-Imārāt al-Mutaṣāliḥa) or the Trucial Coast (Arabic: Al-Sāḥil al-Mutaṣāliḥ) ) 1853 Perpetual Treaty of Maritime Truce 1892 Exclusive treaty agreement 1. Rulers agreed that Britain be responsible for their external affairs. 2. Britain agreed to be responsible for the rulers’ external defence. Persian developments From the late 1880s Persians sought to impose control over coastal Arabs, leading to migration Many settled in Dubai, with their trading businesses, joined by settlers from Baluchestan & India A growing souq on Deira side was thought to be largest on the coast with 350 shops Life – pearl diving  Pearl beds & impact on wealth Made Abu Dhabi rich Japanese cultured pearls made natural pearls uncompetitive Emirates’ economic collapse plus 1930s global depression Life – agriculture, fishing & animal husbandry Life – precarious desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) Locust swarm in Dubai Importance of Sharjah and British air route World War 2 – British air base at Sharjah Anti-ship and submarine against Italy, German & Japan Transit eastwards to attack Japan US air facility inside British air base 1945: US global war transport routes Buraimi incident: 1952-55 Saudi claim to the area made in 1949 In August 1952, a Saudi Arabian armed constabulary force led by Turki bin Abdullah Al Ataishan, the Emir of the oil-rich province of Ras Tanura, occupied the Buraimi Oasis village of Hamasa Buraimi incident: 1952-55 Motivated by Saudi Arabia’s desire not only to seek influence over Abu Dhabi and Omani tribes in the region, but also to put pressure on Abu Dhabi as part of a much larger land claim to access Abu Dhabi’s potential oil resources Britain chose not to respond militarily to the Saudi occupation and convinced both the Ruler of Abu Dhabi and the Sultan of Oman likewise. In November 1952, a standstill agreement was reached with Saudi Arabia which allowed Saudi and British forces to remain in their positions in the Oasis while negotiations for a peaceful settlement were undertaken. Both sides agreed not to reinforce their forces or to subvert local tribes via bribes and coercion. Buraimi incident: 1952-55 Saudi Arabia continued to subvert the local tribes. This led in November 1953 to the blockage of Saudis in Hamasa. In July 1954, Saudi Arabia and Britain signed the Jeddah Agreement which referred the Buraimi issue to an impartial international tribunal However Saudi Arabia continued to subvert local tribes that in 26 October 1955, two TOL squadrons, supported by Abu Dhabi tribesmen, Omani forces and regular British forces, moved into Buraimi, arrested and deported the Saudis. Buraimi incident: 1952-55 Britain declares a new border for Abu Dhabi. Dispute settled in 1974 Oil history In the early 1930s the first oil company teams conducted geological surveys in the UAE. 1945-1951 Oil exploration agreements finalised in Ras al- Khaimah, Umm al-Qaiwain and Ajman 1962 First export of oil from Abu Dhabi 1969 First export of oil from Dubai Worksheet Group name Speed competition Pre-1970 economic development varied with emirate Resources of an emirate are owned by the emirate Aid from Arab states & Britain Dubai International trade became the basis of rapid increasing prosperity Dubai grew and developed due to inhabitant entrepreneurial abilities, not oil Abu Dhabi Limited development until 1966 when Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan became ruler  Political movements affecting the Emirates in the 1960s and 1970s: Anti-colonialism, Pan-Arabism, Baathism Anti-colonism refers to the opposition or resistance to colonialism. Key aspects of anti-colonism include: 1. Political Opposition: Anti-colonial movements typically involve political resistance against colonial powers. This resistance can manifest through protests, uprisings, or organized movements seeking to end foreign rule and regain political autonomy. 2. Cultural and Identity Affirmation: Anti-colonial movements often emphasize the preservation and promotion of indigenous cultures, languages, and traditions. They seek to resist the cultural assimilation and erasure imposed by colonial powers. 3. Nationalism: Anti-colonialism is often intertwined with nationalism, where people within colonized territories assert their national identity and demand self-determination. Nationalist movements may strive for independence, sovereignty, and the establishment of their own governance structures. 4. Economic Liberation: Anti-colonial struggles frequently include economic dimensions, with a focus on ending economic exploitation and reclaiming control over local resources. This can involve resistance against unequal economic practices imposed by colonial powers. 5. Decolonization: The ultimate goal of anti-colonism is decolonization, which refers to the process of gaining independence and sovereignty from colonial rule. Decolonization may involve negotiations, diplomatic efforts, armed struggles, or a combination of methods.  Political movements affecting the Emirates in the 1960s and 1970s: Anti-colonialism, Pan-Arabism, Baathism Pan-Arabism Definition: Pan-Arabism is an ideology that advocates the political and cultural unity of the Arab world. It emphasizes the shared history, language, and culture of Arab nations and promotes the idea of a single Arab state or at least close cooperation among Arab countries. Main Goals: The main goals of Pan-Arabism include Arab unity, solidarity against external threats, and the pursuit of common economic, political, and cultural interests. Pan-Arabism seeks to overcome the divisions created by colonialism and establish a unified Arab nation.  Political movements affecting the Emirates in the 1960s and 1970s: Anti-colonialism, Pan-Arabism, Baathism Ba'athism Definition: Ba'athism is a political ideology that originated in the 20th century, particularly in Syria and Iraq. The term "Ba'ath" translates to "renaissance" or "resurrection." Ba'athism seeks to combine elements of nationalism, socialism, and Arab unity to create a modern, secular, and progressive Arab state. Main Goals: Ba'athism advocates for the establishment of a socialist and secular state, with an emphasis on social justice, economic equality, and Arab unity. While Ba'athism shares the goal of Arab unity with Pan-Arabism, it incorporates additional principles related to socialism and modernization. 1968-1971 1968 Britain announces its intention to withdraw from the Gulf region 1968: Rulers of Dubai and Abu Dhabi reach in- principal agreement, and invite others 1971 Rulers of the emirates create the United Arab Emirates; Sheikh Zayed is chosen as the first UAE President Abu Dhabi principal funding of federal government and northern emirates THE ARCHITECTS OF THE FEDERATION SHEIKH ZAYID & SHEIKH RASHID THE CONSULTATION PROCESS 1973 oil embargo In October 1973, xxxx OAPEC* members proclaimed an oil embargo at nations that had supported Israel during the 1973 Arab– Israeli War (October 6 to 25) between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria *Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) Impacts 1970s – Growth and problems 1974-76 – Improved federalization and economic expenditure Late 1970s – recession caused by excessive expenditure 1979 – 3 regional crises Iranian revolution Siege of Mecca Invasion of Afghanistan 1980s and 1990s 1980-88 – war Iraq and Iran 1980s – major infrastructure expenditure 1990-91 – Iraq invasion of Kuwait 1990 – alignment with US Late 1990s – development in AD slowed 2000s 2004 - growth 2008 – global economic crisis 2009 Strategic planning starts in major way Government reforms We will cover the 2010s-2023 later in the course. Key terms Society: Human relationships from small groups to large systems Culture: Knowledge shared by members of these groups and systems and reflected in their customs, values, laws, arts, technologies and artefacts; their way of life Power: The ability or capacity to influence or persuade others to a point of view or action to which they would not normally agree Authority: The rights to make decisions and to determine, adjudicate or settle issues and disputes in society Key terms Identity: The sense of self formed over time from a personal, social and cultural level Gender: Socially constructed differences between females and males Social stratification: Social stratification is the allocation of individuals and groups according to various social hierarchies of differing power, status, or prestige. Activity 1. Each group is allocated one of the following events: 1. Iranian revolution, 1979 2. Siege of Mecca, 1979 3. Invasion of Afghanistan , 1979 4. Iraq invasion of Kuwait, 1990 5. Global economic crisis, 2008 2. Each group is to deliver a 2 minute talk explaining the event and how it affected the UAE Material not used but might be useful Umm Al Quwain stamps, 1970, on the 150th anniversary of "The British Landing On The Trucial Coast" Source: https://commonwealthstampsopinion.blogspot.com/2013/05/241-british-invasion-of-trucial-states.html  History, and how it has shaped the UAE 1. Break into your groups 2. Appoint a new leader and writer, and put your names and numbers on the timeline 3. Create a timeline from 1800 to 2100 including Data from your worksheet on history Your parents and grandparents dates of birth The expected year of death for someone born in 2000 based on average life expectancy today. 2 major developments in the UAE between 2023 and 2100 ABU DHABI/OMAN – SAUDI DISPUTE OVER BURAIMI OASIS 1952-55 Fort Jahili  Rulers - Dubai SHEIKH SAID BIN MAKTOUM AL SHEIKH RASHID BIN SAID AL MAKTOUM, JUMA, RULER OF DUBAI 1912-1958 RULER OF DUBAI 1958-1990  Ruler of AJMAN SHEIKH RASHID BIN HUMAID AL NUAIMI, RULER 1928 –1981  Ruler of UMM AL QUWAIN SHEIKH AHMED BIN RASHID AL MUALLA, RULER 1929 – 1981  Ruler of RAS AL KHAIMAH SHEIKH SAQR BIN MOHAMMED AL QUASIMI, Ruler 1948-2010  Ruler of FUJAIRAH Sheikh Mohammed Bin Hamad Al Sharqi Ruler 1951-1975 Ruler of Sharjah Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi, 1924-1993, deposed 1965  ABU DHABI Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Ruler 1928 - 1966 Sheikh Zaid bin Sultan Al Nahyan – Governor of Al Ain & later ruler of Abu Dhabi, and First President of the UAE