Introduction to Civil Engineering PDF

INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING MODULE 1 PREPARED BY: ARYASREE MADHUKUMAR DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CIT BANGALORE  INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING...

INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING MODULE 1 PREPARED BY: ARYASREE MADHUKUMAR DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CIT BANGALORE  INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING MODULE 1 SCOPE OF DIFFERENT FIELDS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 1. SURVEYING: It is the art of determining the relative position of points on the earth’s surface by measuring the horizontal between them. Levelling is the process of determining the position of points in a vertical plane Surveying are of two types 1) Geodetic survey: the survey in which the shape of the earth is taken in to account is called geodetic surveying 2) Plane survey: the survey in which the shape (or) curvature of earth is not taken in to account is called plane surveying The scope of surveying and levelling are: a) To prepare plan and map which help in project implementation (setting out the alignment for a road or railway track or canal, deciding the location for a dam or airport or harbour) b) To determine the dimensions and contours of any part of the earth surface c) To establish boundaries of land d) To measure the areas and volume of land e) To select suitable site for an engineering project f) To conduct engineering survey, topographical survey, military survey, mine survey, geological survey, archaeological survey, hydro graphic survey, environmental survey etc.. The Knowledge of surveying is essential in many phases for every engineering project such as buildings, roadways, railways, dams, bridges, tunnels, harbours, mines, water supply and sanitation, pipe line laying, airports etc.. CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY  INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING 2. BUILDING MATERIALS: Any engineering structure requires a wide range of materials known as building materials. The building materials chosen should have such properties that are safe, economical, eco-friendly and serviceable for the purpose for which they are used. The building materials can be broadly divided into following categories a. Traditional materials: stones, timber, bricks, lime, cement, tar, bitumen, mortar, ferrous and non-ferrous metals etc b. Alternative building materials: mud blocks, concrete blocks, glass, aluminium, paint, fly ash etc. c. Composite materials: RCC, fibre reinforced concrete, ferro-cement, composite laminated doors, asbestos sheets, fibre reinforced glass etc. 3. CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY: As land cost is going up there is a demand for tall structures in urban areas, while in rural areas need for low-cost construction, one has to develop technology using locally available materials Construction technology comprises of different techniques of construction for different materials under site different condition. The study of construction machinery comes under its purview. The management or organization of men (labour), material, method in relation to site, money and time is the backbone of construction management. It involves almost every branch of engineering, commerce and economics, for; its ultimate aim is to ‘achieve the desired construction in the most economical way. A clear knowledge of following points is necessary for reliable construction and its management. a) Money, Materials, Machines, Manpower, Methodologies, b) Maintenance, Modernization, Monitoring, Motivations, c) Managements of all types. CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY  INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING 4. GEO-TECHNICAL ENGINEERING (Soil Mechanics): The load from the structure is to be safely transferred to soil, for this safe bearing capacity of soil is to be properly assessed. This branch of study in civil engineering is called geotechnical engineering, which deals with the study of the properties, behaviour and use of earth materials (soil and rocks) in engineering works Geotechnical engineering has much wider scope that: a) It is concerned with the properties of earth materials b) To investigate the soil and bed rocks below the structure and study the soil structure interaction c) To select the type of foundation earth works for particular structure d) To design foundation of building, dams, retaining walls, bridges, road pavement, railway lines etc. e) To design foundation for underground structure like tunnels, power houses etc. f) To design foundation for machines such as turbines, compressors etc. to transmit vibrations to foundation soil g) To study the effect of soil as a medium for blasts during mining, earthquake, landslides and nuclear explosions h) They include various types of foundations like shallow foundation, deep foundations. Pile foundation, well foundation etc. 5. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING: A building or a bridge or a dam consists of various elements like foundations, columns, beams, slabs etc. These components are always subjected to forces. Depending upon the materials available the components of the building should be safely and economically designed. A structural engineer is involved in such a designing activity. Scope of structural engineering: a) The structural engineering plays a vital role in planning, designing and building the structure CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY  INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING b) The structural analysis and structural design are the components of structural engineering c) The structural engineering should take the responsibility about the safety and serviceability of the structure for its life time d) The structural engineer should be prepared for to accept the natural calamities like earthquake, wind, landslide etc. and provide remedial measures 6. HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING: Water is an important need for all living beings, study of mechanics of water and its flow characteristics is another important field in civil engineering and its known as hydraulics. Hydraulics mainly deals with the practical problems of flow of water. The concept of fluid pressure, fluid statics, and flow pattern helps in engineering to design the structures like dams, reservoirs, bridges, culverts, sewage system etc. this concept is also used for flow through pipes, pumps, turbines, hydraulic machines etc. Hydroelectric power generation facilities are also included under this aspect. 7. WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING: Water is to be supplied to agricultural fields and for drinking purposes, hence suitable water resources are to be identified and water is to be stored. Identifying, planning and building water retaining structures like tanks and dams and carrying stored water to agricultural fields through irrigation channels is known as water resources and irrigation engineering. Scope of water resources and irrigation engineering: a) It facilitates to control, regulate and utilize water to serve wide variety of purposes b) It gives scope for utilization of water in beneficial purpose by providing water supply, irrigation, hydroelectric power development and navigational improvement c) Water quality management d) Scope for recreational use of water resources e) To protect fish and wild life f) India being an agricultural country, irrigation will definitely help in the overall development of our country, citizen and improve the civilization CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY  INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING 8. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING: Transportation means the movement of the men and goods from one point to another. It is as old as civilization. The Transportation system includes road ways, railways, airways and water ways, design, construction and maintenance of railway lines, signal system are part of the transportation engineering. Scope of water resources and transportation engineering: a) It contributes to the economic, industrial. Social and cultural development of any country b) To optimise the transportation cost, maintenance and administrative overheads c) Planning the transport process with respect to survey and analysis of existing condition and forecasting the future condition d) It involves accident study for safe and comfort transport system e) For traffic performance and control 9. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: People in every village, town & city need potable water. The water available (surface water & ground water) may not be fit for direct consumption. In such cases, the water should be purified and then supplied to the public. For water purification, sedimentation tanks, filter beds, etc. should be designed. If the treatment plants are for away from the town or city, suitable pipelines for conveying water & distributing it should also be designed. In a town or city, a part of the water supplied returns as sewage. This sewage should be systematically collected and then disposed into the natural environment after providing suitable treatment. The solid waste that is generated in a town or locality should be systematically collected and disposed of suitably. Before disposal, segregation of materials should be done so that any material can be recycled & we can conserve our natural resources. Scope of environmental engineering: a) The study of importance of protection and conservation of our environment b) The proper distribution of water supply with water treatment facility CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY  INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING c) Solution of problems of environment sanitation with waste water treatment d) The proper disposal of / recycle of waste water and solid waste e) Adequate drainage of urban, rural and recreational areas f) Control of air pollution and provide healthy environment to public THE ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT ON SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRY. Infrastructure may be divided into economic infrastructure and social infrastructure 1. ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE: It includes the progressive growth of the country and its economic condition in generating revenue a) Well-developed cities, towns and village: The master plan of cities and towns are prepared by civil engineers by using town planning procedures. The plans for each house will be planned by civil engineering and it will be constructed under the supervision of civil engineers. b) Transportation facilities: transportation facility plays a crucial role in the economic and commercial progress of a country by the effort of civil engineers like i. Providing Road ways and railways connecting every corner of a country ii. Providing airways, where enormous time can be saved iii. Providing water ways for transporting ores, petroleum products food, grains etc. c) Water supply and drainage systems: providing a good and assured water supply scheme for drinking, industries, agriculture and other purpose and also an efficient drainage system by collecting the waste treating it properly and final disposal in the form liquid with the help of civil engineering technique d) Power supply: it is an essential factor for development of country. It includes power plants, solar energy, wind energy, etc. all these can be managed and constructed by civil engineers e) Irrigation facilities: The economy of the country depends on the agricultural output. CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY  INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING Agriculture depends upon the water supply and power. Irrigation includes construction of dams, proper distribution of water through canals and distributaries etc. 2. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE: It includes provides a) Good health can by providing primary health centres, hospitals with sophisticated instruments and veterinary hospitals for animals’ health b) Education facilities: it includes providing education at primary, higher college and professional courses, and technical courses with interdisciplinary education as a new concept c) Other facilities: wild life conservation, agriculture, industries, communication, agriculture, fire stations for emergency and safety purpose are constructed by the effort of civil engineering Thus the civil engineers play a vital role in contributing the socio-economic development of the country. THE ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS IN INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF A COUNTRY. The role of Civil Engineers lies in planning the work meticulously and carrying out the designed works systematically to achieve the most optimal and efficient output that help the common people to lead a satisfactory life. They are also responsible for the regular maintenance of the works carried out by them. Civil Engineering constructions vary from very simple routine works to very complicated, huge structures. Everything depends upon the prevailing site conditions which may or may not be favourable for the construction. Environmental conditions, location of the site, site & soil conditions and the like may contribute to all kinds of problems, in addition to unforeseen circumstances which may suddenly creep in. A civil engineer has to think calmly and take judicious and practicable decisions, considering all alternates and their pros and cons. Civil engineering is much more than erecting skyscrapers or bridges. The civil engineers must have a thorough understanding of the interaction among the various units of construction, among the various structural elements, between the structure and the complex environment. Since constructing a large building or public-works project can involve elaborate planning, CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY  INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING civil engineers can be outstanding project managers. They sometimes manage thousands of workers. They also develop advanced computerization and planning policies. In addition, many civil engineers are also involved with preserving, protecting, or restoring the environment. A growing number of civil engineers are involved in many sensitive and hazardous projects involving huge money such as cleaning up toxic industrial or municipal wastes at abandoned dump sites, reclamation of unsuitable sites for construction, rehabilitation of old / heritage structures, maintaining national forest parks, and restoring the land around mines, oil wells, or factories. In total, a civil engineer has to perform the role of a planner, a builder, an architect, a management expert, and also an arbitrator. THE IMPACT OF INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT The overall development of any country is directly dependent on the infrastructural facilities made available to the people of the country. The positive impact of developing good infrastructural facilities can be summarised as indicated below. Self-sufficiency in food sector can be achieved Foreign exchange can be saved Export of surplus food products industrial products is possible. Unemployment can be reduced through increased job opportunities Prevention of unhealthy urbanisation can be prevented, which in turn solves many problems such as urban congestion, acute housing shortage, traffic problems, crimes, pollution etc. Per capita income is increased. The living standards of people can be enhanced. Public health can be improved Inflation can be reduced. Draught and flood related problems can be controlled / minimised Pollution can be controlled Literacy level of people can be increased CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY  INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING Public awareness gets improved On the other hand, ill planned, ill executed and ill maintained infrastructure development projects have negative impact on the society. Some of them are listed below. Small scale industries, handicrafts industries and rural industries are adversely affected. Fuel consumption is increased, which has direct impact on foreign exchange. Environmental pollution (air, water and ground pollution) continues to increase. The culture of the society can be adversely get affected. Literacy level of people will come down. Health related problems can be on the rise. Labour problems will increase. Inflation will increase. If the infrastructure developments are urban cantered, then that will lead to uncontrolled urbanisation. This will aggravate the urban housing problems, water supply and sanitation problems and urban traffic congestion. This may also result in an increase in the crime rate. If the infrastructural facilities provided are rich people oriented, then the gap between the rich and poor will continue to widen. This results in an unhealthy society, full of crimes and unrest. CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY