Introduction to Biochemical Engineering PDF

 BT-507 Principles of Biochemical Engineering Dow College of Biotechnology Lecture 1 Introduction to Biochemical Engineering 2  Course Objectives At the end of the course, s...

 BT-507 Principles of Biochemical Engineering Dow College of Biotechnology Lecture 1 Introduction to Biochemical Engineering 2  Course Objectives At the end of the course, students will be able to: examine the role of biochemical engineering in the industrial application of biotechnology Critically analyze biochemical processes & improve these processes using principles of biochemical engineering apply unit operations in the biochemical processes. perform material balance and energy balance of upstream and downstream of biochemical processes. Improve biochemical processes by modifying the geometry & design of bioreactors Select heat transfer & mass transfer modes for a particular biochemical process 3  Course Outline Introduction to Bio-chemical Engineering Material Balance Thermodynamics in Biochemical Engineering – Energy Balance – Heat Transfer Mass Transfer Fluid Dynamics Mixing Reactor Engineering Unit Operations 4  Today`s Agenda... Introduction to BT- 507 Introduction to Biochemical Engineering Biochemical Engineering in Biotechnology Products of Biochemical/ Bioprocess engineering Scope of Biochemical/Bioprocess products in Pakistan 5  Biological Sciences Engineering Sciences Chemical Sciences Biochemical Engineering / Bioprocess Engineering 6  Biochemical Engineering Interdisciplinary field Process and Product oriented Study of engineering principles applied to biological processes Transformation of raw materials to industrially useful products Concern with Upstream and Downstream Processes Laboratory to Industry !!! 7  Definitions Biochemical engineering: it has usually meant the extension of chemical engineering principles to systems using a biological catalyst to bring about desired chemical transformations. Bioprocess engineering: it is to include the work of chemical, biological, mechanical, electrical and industrial engineering to apply the principles of their discipline to processes based on using living cells or subcomponents of cells.  Bioprocess Engineering Process for developing useful products by taking advantage of natural biological activities. Classical example include making alcoholic beverages – the yeast cells and nutrients (cereal grains) formed a fermentation system in which the organisms consumed the nutrients for the growth and produced by-products (alcohol). Today's modern bioprocess technology is based on the same principle: combining living matter (whole organisms or enzymes) with nutrients under the conditions necessary to make the desired end product.  Definitions Biotechnology - Traditionally, implies the use or development of methods of direct genetic manipulation for a socially desirable product. - Broadly, “Commercial techniques that use living organisms, or substances from those organism, to make or modify a product…” (Congress of the United States, 1984)  Many potential uses of biotechnology are developed through laboratory procedures that generally produce only small amounts of useful substances. Bioprocessing As advances in bioprocess technology, particularly, fermentation, separation and purification techniques, are made- commercial firms are able to economically produce these substances in large amounts  Because bioprocesses use living material, they offer several advantages over conventional chemical methods of production:  They usually require lower Bioprocessing temperature, pressure, and pH.  They can use renewable resources as raw materials; and greater quantities can be produced with less energy consumption.  Bioengineering is a broader title and would include work on medical and agricultural systems. Fermentation Definitions Traditionally, defined as the process for the production of alcohol or lactic acid from glucose. Broadly, defined as “an enzymatically controlled transformation of organic compound”  Bioprocessing In bioprocesses, enzymes are used to catalyze the biochemical reactions by whole microorganisms or their cellular components. The biological catalyst causes the reactions to occur but is not itself changed. After a series of such reactions (which take place in large vessels called fermentors or fermentation tanks), the initial raw materials are chemically changed to form the desired end product.  Typical Bioprocess Stock culture Raw materials Medium Microorganism preparation cell preparation Shake flask Medium formulation Seed fermenter Sterilization Production fementer Computer control Air Ch o gy, en em l gin ica ro bio stry Recovery ee l, i Mic hem rin g c bio Products Purification Effluent treatment  Bioprocessing Bioprocesses have become widely used in fields, such as production of enzymes and proteins that are used in:  food processing  waste management  medical research  agriculture  pharmaceutical development  numerous other fields of science and industry.  5000 to 10,000 BC: yogurt, cheese and soy products, wine and beer. In early 20th century: pure bakers' yeast Biochemica were being produced in tanks ad sold. l In world war I: fermentation was used to Engineering produce chemicals needed for war. History World War II: antibiotics production became on the commercial scale. 1970s: recombinant DNA technology and the cell fusion technologies.  Need of Biochemical Engineering Biological systems are complex, but they obey laws of chemistry and physics Substantial engineering input required in design and operation of different industrial operations, automation and control and facility design for production. 18 Need of Biochemical Engineering Biologist needs collaboration with Discovery → Market engineers for large scale production of biological products With knowledge of biochemical engineering, - Penicillin is an example biotechnologists have the of the need and success concepts and hands on of biological process skills for transforming lab engineering. scale to industrial scale 19 Penicillin: - In 1928, Alexander Fleming was trying to isolate the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus (which causes boils) - He did it by growing the bacterium on the surface of a nutrient solution - One of the dishes was contaminated by a common mold of the Penicillium genus (Penicillium notatum) Penicillium notatum colony Staphylococcus aureus colony Penicillin: - It did not allow the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, to grow close to its colony - Fleming realized that Penicillium notatum had antimicrobial properties - So that was the discovery of penicillin Penicillium notatum colony Staphylococcus aureus colony Penicillin: - Fleming grew the mold, extracted it and managed to obtain tiny quantities of penicillin - Large-scale production was not possible for another decade to come (why?) - Fermentation process was not successful for large-scale production - low rate of production required large reactors - diluted product (1 ppm) was difficult to recover - too fragile and unstable to purify and recover - chemical synthesis was tried for commercial production, which was however not a commercial success - went back to fermentation process for large-scale production  Large-scale production of Penicillin: - a better medium (corn steep liquor-lactose based medium) was developed to increase productivity by 10 fold - A new strain Penicillium chrysogenum was used - progress involved better understanding of mold physiology metabolic pathways penicillin structure methods of mutation and selection process control reactor design - a chemical engineer and a microbiologist were assigned to work together on the engineering and biology aspects, respectively - biological process engineering was born Large-scale production of Penicillin: Penicillium Spent Spent Nutrient Solvent chrysogenum mold solvent tanks Seed Fermentation Surge Rotary Centrifugal fermenter tanks tanks filter extractor Centrifugal Purification Evaporator extractor column Spent Crystal solvent Evaporator Slurry wash Vacuum Mix Mix Centrifuge Screen freeze tank tank dryer Crystalline potassium Solvent Procaine, Solvent Procaine penicillin HCl penicillin solution product  General Steps for Bioprocess Development Laboratory Industrial Packaging Scale Pilot Scale Scale Product and Production Production Production Recovery marketing 25  Types of Cells used in Biochemical Engineering MICROORGANISMS PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS 26  Major Industries… Food Chemical Pharmaceutical Sugar Distillery Paint Nutraceuticals Textile 27  Bulk organics Vitamins Biomass Pigments Organic acids Vaccines Amino acids Therapeutic Microbial proteins Types of transformations Monoclonal Products Antibiotics antibodies Extracellular Insecticides polysaccharides Bioremediation Nucleotides Enzymes 28  Bioprocessing Fermentation (upstream processing) + Product recovery (downstream processing)  Upstream processing refers to the culturing of cells and microorganisms to create the bulk bio-product. This processing is typically done Upstream - through cell culture or fermentation Downstream Downstream processing includes isolation and purification of the desired product from biological cells. Upstream -Downstream Scope in Pakistan 32 Butanol Biobutanol Solvent: textile industry, chemical industry, organic synthesis Perfume base Brakes fluid component 33  As Solvent: Acetone Pharmaceutical industry, paints and varnish Nail polish remover Starting material of transparent plastic To dissolve epoxies and superglue Safe transport of acetylene 34  3 5 Single Cell Protein Protein derived from cells of microorganisms such as yeast, fungi, algae, and bacteria, which are grown on various carbon sources for synthesis. SCP is a protein source for human food supplements and animal feeds. Citric acid E330 Food color Emulsifying agent cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, 36 Gluconic Acid Food additive to control acidity As chelator, to clean mineral deposition 37 Lactic Acid Cosmetics for adjusting acidity In fermented milk products like yogurt, cottage cheese. Sourdough Food preservative E270 As decontaminant for meat processing De-scaler in detergent Mosquito lure Ink Remover 38 Itaconic Acid used as a building block for acrylic plastics, super-absorbents, and anti-scaling agents Acrylate into transparent plastic Latex 39 Curious Enough !?... 40 Arginine Arginine is used for treatment of heart and blood vessel conditions including congestive heart failure (CHF), chest pain, high blood pressure, and coronary artery disease. 41  Glutamic acid Glutamic acid plays a role in your immune system, digestion, and brain health. 42 L-Lysine Lysine appears to help the body absorb calcium, and it plays an important role in the formation of collagen, a substance important for bones and connective tissues including skin, tendons, and cartilage. 43 L- Phenylalanine Phenylalanine is most used for a skin disorder that causes white patches to develop on the skin (vitiligo). 44 Alpha-amylase and glucoamylase Thank You 46