Introduction to Anatomy PDF

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY COLLELE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND MEDICINE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE ANATOMY DEPARTMENT INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY FOR PEDIATRIC NURSING STUDENTS Wubshet Nebiyu (Msc) 1/25/2022  Course Outline Definition of anato...

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY COLLELE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND MEDICINE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE ANATOMY DEPARTMENT INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY FOR PEDIATRIC NURSING STUDENTS Wubshet Nebiyu (Msc) 1/25/2022  Course Outline Definition of anatomy and its subdivisions Level of structural organization The anatomical position, body planes & sections Directional terms in anatomy( terminologies) Regional names Body cavities & body membrane Introduction To Human Anatomy Introduction to Human Anatomy The word anatomy is derived from the Greek word anatome that means –to cut & open. So, the word anatomy means cutting up or taking apart. The Latin word dissecare has a similar meaning. Dissect (L. dissecare ) to cut apart, or separate Definition Human anatomy is a branch of medical sciences, which deals with form and the structure of human body. relationship b/n each parts of body. one of the oldest basic medical sciences It was first studied formally in Egypt (approximately 500 B.C.) The earliest descriptions of anatomy were written on papyruses b/n 3000 & 2500 B.C  Subdivisions of Human Anatomy Gross Anatomy (macroscopic):: study of body structures visible to naked eye. Studied by means of dissection of the body (cadaver) Microscopic Anatomy Cellular Anatomy:: study of structure of cells Histology:: study of the microscopic structure of tissues Developmental Anatomy: study of changes in an individual from conception to old age. Embryology: study of the developmental changes that occur before birth  Approaches to Studying Anatomy Regional anatomy is based on the organization of the body into parts -Emphasis relationships of different structures. Allll structures in a single body region are studied. Systemic anatomy is an approach to anatomical study organized by organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions. Clinical (applied) anatomy emphasizes structure and function of the body important in practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences. It incorporates the regional and systemic approaches to studying anatomy and clinical application. NB: None of the organ systems and regions functions in isolation Regional Approach  Levels of Structural Organization Biochemical (atoms, molecules) Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Chemical Level Atoms and molecules essential for life Atoms: C, H, O, N, Ca, K, Na Molecules: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, water Cellular Level Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organism Tissue Level Consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function 4 types: epithelium, muscle, connective and nervous tissues 1 Organ Level Organ is a structure that is composed of at least two tissue types which performs a specific function for the body System Level System is composed of organs that cooperate with one another to perform a common function Organismic Level Contains all systems functioning to make a living being 1 Levels of Structural Organization An Introduction to the Organ Systems Integumentary system Nervous system Skeletal system Endocrine system Muscular system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Urinary system Respiratory system Digestive system Reproductive system he Language of Anatomy (Terminologia Anatomica) Anatomica Anatomical position Directional terms Regional terms Body planes and sections 1  Anatomical Position Anatomical position: refers a standard reference of human body position that describes the position and relationships of different anatomical structures.  Anatomical Position All anatomical descriptions are expressed in elation to one consistent position, ensuring hat descriptions are not ambiguous. To be in Anatomical position, he body should be: Stand erect Eyes looking directly forward Upper limb by the sides Palms directed forward Lower limbs lie parallel (together) Feet directed anteriorly 1  Anatomical Terms Anatomical terms are mainly relative types Most of these terms are derived from either Latin or Greek Greek origin e.g. arthros=joint Latin origin e.g. caput=head Terms are divided into term of position and term of movement Anatomical terms enables precise communication among healthcare professionals and scientists worldwide.  Terms of position/relationship Anterior/posterior Medial, lateral , intermediate Superior, inferior Proximal, distal Superficial, deep Internal, external Ipsilateral, contralateral Bilateral, unilateral Supination, pronation Cont.…… Cont.…….  Directional terms uperior (Cranial) : Toward he head or upper part of a tructure or the body nferior (Caudal) : Away from he head or toward the ower part of a structure or he body. 2 ont.……… Anterior (ventral): Toward or t the front of the body osterior (dorsal): Toward he back of the body; behind 2 ont.……. Medial: Toward or at he midline of the ody ateral:Away from the midline of the body ntermediate: Between more medial and a more lateral structure 2 nt.……. roximal: closer to the rigin of the body art, or the point of tachment of a limb o the body trunk istal: farther from he origin of a body art or the point of tachment of a limb o the body trunk 2 Cont.……. Superficial: toward or at the body surface Deep: away from the body surface; more internal 2  Term Meaning Usage Superior (cranial) Nearer to head Heart is superior to stomach Inferior (caudal) Nearer to feet Stomach is inferior to heart Anterior (ventral) Nearer to front Sternum is anterior to heart Posterior (dorsal) Nearer to back Kidneys are posterior to intestine Medial Nearer to median plane Fifth digit (little finger) is on medial side of hand Lateral Farther from median plane First digit (thumb) is on lateral side of hand Proximal Nearer to trunk or point of origin Elbow is proximal to wrist; (e.g., of a limb) proximal part of artery is its beginning Distal Farther from trunk or point of Wrist is distal to elbow; distal part origin (e.g., of a limb) of lower limb is foot Superficial Nearer to or on surface Muscles of arm are superficial to its bone (humerus) Deep Farther from surface Humerus is deep to arm muscles Dorsum Dorsal surface of hand or foot Veins are visible in dorsum of hand Palm Palmar surface of hand Skin creases are visible on palm Sole Plantar surface of foot Skin is thick on sole of foot Cont… Bilateral:: having on right and left members Unilateral :on one side only Ipsilateral: on the same side Contralateral: occurring on opposite side  Terms of Movement Flexion indicates bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body Extension indicates straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body Dorsiflexion describes flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking uphi or lifting the toes off the ground. Plantar flexion turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface (e.g., when standing on your toes). Cont.……… Abduction means moving away from the median plane Adduction means moving toward the median plane Circumduction is a circular movement that is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction Rotation involves turning Con… Cont.……… Pronation is the rotational movement of the forearm and hand that swings the radius Supination is the rotational movement of the forearm and hand that swings the radius laterally around its longitudinal axis so that the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and the palm faces anteriorly Cont.…….. Opposition is the movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad Reposition describes the movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position. Eversion moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane (turning the sole laterally Inversion moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane (facing the sole medially). When the foot is fully inverted it is also plantar flexed. Cont.……. Elevation raises or moves a part superiorly Depression lowers or moves a part inferiorly Protrusion is a movement anteriorly (forward) as in protruding the mandible (chin), lips, or tongue. Retrusion is a movement posteriorly (backward), as in retruding the mandible, lips, or tongue. Protraction and Retraction are used most commonly for anterior and posterior movements of the shoulder  Anatomical Planes There are 5 planes, these are:. Median plane: is a vertical, passing through the center of the body dividing the body to right and left.. Coronal (Frontal) plane:: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.. Sagittal plane:: is parallel to median plane.. Transverse plane:: divides the body in to superior and inferior parts. Oblique plane: cuts made diagonally. They all produce sections( longitudinal, transverse, oblique). The main planes of the body Sections of the limbs  Anatomical Variation Human diversity is expressed in anatomical Variations Books describe the most common patterns. However, occasionally a particular structure demonstrates so much variation within the normal range Physical, sexual, racial, genetic, etc. A wide variation is found in the size, shape & form of attachments of muscles, bones & patterns of branching of veins, arteries & nerves. Individual variation must be considered in physical examination, diagnosis & treatment. treatment  Body Cavities Internal compartments of hollow spaces called body cavities Cavities protect internal organs, hold them in place, and allow them to change size and shape. All the internal organs found within these cavities are called viscera.  Body cavities Two main categories of body cavity are: Dorsal body cavities (cranial cavity & vertebral canal) Ventral body cavities The ventral body cavity (coelom) is divided by the diaphragm muscle into 2 parts: 1. A superior thoracic cavity 2. inferior abdominopelvic cavity (peritoneal peritoneal cavity)  Thoracic cavity Contains the a) pleural cavity (left and right, divided by the mediastinum) encloses: the lungs the membranes: visceral and parietal pleura b) pericardial cavity encloses: the heart The membranes: visceral and parietal pericardium  Subdivisions of abdominal cavity: regions Clinicians subdivide abdominal cavity into 9 regions to locate abdominal organs or pain sites Delineated by 4 planes Two horizontal Subcostal plane:: passing through inferior border of 10th costal cartilage Transtubercular plane:: passing through iliac tubercles and body of L5 vertebra. Two vertical Midclavicular planes:: passing from midpoints of clavicles to mid inguinal points.  Subdivisions of abdominal cavity: quadrants For general clinical descriptions, clinicians use 4 quadrants defined by 2 planes Transumbilical plane:: passing through umbilicus and inter vertebral disc between L3 and L4 vertebrae Median plane:: longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left halves