INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Module: Anatomy 1 www.um6ss.ma Learning Objectives Faculty FACULTY of Medicine, OF MEDICINE UM6SS-CASABLANCA – UM6SS -CASABLANCA Learning Objectives ❑ Define anatom...

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Module: Anatomy 1 www.um6ss.ma Learning Objectives Faculty FACULTY of Medicine, OF MEDICINE UM6SS-CASABLANCA – UM6SS -CASABLANCA Learning Objectives ❑ Define anatomy and describe its subdisciplines; ❑ Discuss why understanding human anatomy is essential to the science of medicine ❑ Identify the levels of structural organization in the human body and explain the interrelationships between each level; ❑ List the organ systems of the body; ❑ Describe the anatomical position of the body. ❑ Describe terms related to position, direction, and planes of the body and their applications during radiographic examinations. Faculty FACULTY of Medicine, OF MEDICINE UM6SS-CASABLANCA – UM6SS -CASABLANCA Introduction FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA Introduction Definition ❑Anatomy is the study of the structure of Human body ❑It’s also called « Morphology »: the science of form ❑It is the science which deals with the structure of the body from macroscopic to the microscopic level. ❑ Origin of terms ✓ Greek word: « ANATOME » = Cutting up ✓ Latin equivalent = « DISSECTION », FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA Why Study Anatomy? FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA Why Study Anatomy? ❑A fundamental science, it’s the study of: * the form and topography, * the structure * the function of the different organs. ❑The basic science of medical studies of : ✓Physiology, ✓Clinical practice, ✓Surgical techniques, ✓Medical imaging... FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA The Hierarchy of structural organization FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA The Hierarchy of structural organization Levels of structural organization ❑ Chemical level: Atoms combine to form macromolecules ( Carbohydrates,lipids, proteins and DNA/RNA) ❑ Cellular level : the smallest living things in the body; ❑ Tissue level: a group of cells that work together to perform a common function : ✓ Epithelial tissue, ✓ connective tissue, ✓ muscle tissue ✓ nervous tissue. Each tissue plays a characteristic role in the body. ❑ An Organ level: is a structure made up of more than one tissue ( lung, liver, brain ……) ❑ An organ system: ex cardivascular system, respiratory system…. ❑ Organismal level: the Human organism FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA  Human Liver Subdisciplines of Anatomy FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA  A). Gross Anatomy ( Gross= large) ❑ Is the study of body structures that can be examined by the naked-eye , e.g: Lungs , liver….. ❑ It is the morphological study of the Human Liver organs taken separately: ✓ shape, ✓ dimensions, ✓ weight, ✓ color, ✓ consistency, Human ✓ constitution, Lungs ✓ internal structure, etc.). and ❑ Dissection ( cut apart) is a technique heart for studying Gross anatomy FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA  A). Gross Anatomy ( Gross= large) ❑Surface Anatomy: the study of shapes and markings (landmarks) on the surface of the body that reveal the underlying organs Ex: Quadrants of abdomen …. FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA  A). Gross Anatomy ( Gross= large) ❑Anatomical regions The body surface is divided into regions for better description and orientation. ex abdominal region, gluteal region: examined as a group: This is the basic study of surgery. FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA  A). Gross Anatomy ( Gross= large) ❑Systemic Anatomy: all the organs with related functions are studied together Ex: ▪ Circulatory system, ▪ Respiratory system ▪ Nervous system … FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA  B). Microscopic Anatomy ( Histology : Tissue study) Structures studied by Microscope: Cells ,Tissues and the microscopic details of the organs ( brain, stomach, kidney……) FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA B). Microscopic Anatomy ( Histology : Tissue study) Brain FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA  C). Developmental Anatomy ( Embryology) ❑ Embryology is the study of how body structures form and developp before birth. ❑ Study of the morphological transformations of the organism from fertilization to adulthood. FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA  D). Pathological Anatomy ❑ Is the study of the structural changes in cells, tissues and organs caused by diseases : eg; cancer, inflammation ….. ❑ Pathology is the study of diseases Liver cancer Rectal cancer FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA  D). Radiographic Anatomy Study of morphology using imaging techniques (X- Ray:radiography , computed tomography, MRI,...) FACULTY OF MEDICINE – UM6SS -CASABLANCA  D). Radiographic Anatomy X-Ray ❑ High-energy electromagnetic waves pass through the body onto a photo- graphic film to produce an image of internal structures of the body for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes; Lateral projection plain X-ray of an adult knee ❑ X-rays pass easily through air or fatty tissues: they are radiotransparent ❑ But substances such as bone, calcium stones and heavy metals absorb most of the X-rays : they are radiopaque. A chest radiograph. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  D). Radiographic Anatomy Computed tomography (CT) ❑ A narrow beam of x-rays, it rotates in a full arc around the patient to acquire multiple views of the body, ❑ A computer interprets to produce cross-sectional images of an internal organ or tissue; ❑ Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanning Computed tomography (CT) scan. with motorized table and computer Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  D). Radiographic Anatomy Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Radiographic procedure that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the head. Sagittal magnetic resonance image of spine Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA Anatomical Terminology Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: ❑ The entire anatomical vocabulary used is called anatomical terminology. ❑ By international consensus, there was passage of the "Nomina Anatomica" to the “Terminologia Anatomica” which is the official terminology that uses Latin and Greek terms. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional Terms A). Anatomical Position ❑ A Person stands erect; ❑ Feet flat on the ground; ❑ Toes pointing forward; ❑ Eyes facing forward; ❑ The palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional Terms B). Other Anatomical Position used in clinical practice The main anatomical positions are: ❑ Supine, ❑ Prone, ❑ Right lateral recumbent, ❑ Left lateral recumbent. 26 Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional Terms B). Other Anatomical Position used in clinical practice Supine Position ventral dorsal A horizontal position with the face and upper body facing up. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 27  Regional and Directional Terms B). Other Anatomical Position used in clinical practice Prone position Dorsal Ventral Prone position refers to a horizontal position with the face and upper body facing down. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 28  Regional and Directional Terms B). Other Anatomical Position used in clinical practice Right Lateral Recumbent Position ❑ lateral means "to the side," ❑ recumbent means "lying down." In the right lateral recumbent position, the individual is lying on their right side. This position makes it easier to access a patient's left side (PLS) Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 29  Regional and Directional Terms B). Other Anatomical Position used in clinical practice Left Lateral Recumbent Position The left lateral recumbent position is the opposite of the right lateral recumbent position. In this position, the individual is lying on their left side. This position makes it easier to access a patient's right side. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 30  Regional and Directional Terms C). Regional terms ❖ The Axial region ❑ The head ❑ The Neck ❑ The Trunk: ▪ Thorax ▪ Abdomen ▪ Pelvis ▪ Perinium ❖ The Appendicular region: ❑ Upper limb ❑ Lower limb (Appendages= extremities Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional Terms C). Regional terms TERM DEFINITION/ EXAMPLE Superior ❖ Toward the head end or (Cranial) upper part of a structure or the body, ❖ Above e.g: The head is superior to the abdomen Inferior ❖ Away from the head end or (Caudal) toward the lower part of a structure or the body; ❖ Below ❖ E;g: The intestines are inferior to the liver Medial ❖ Toward or at the medline of the body; ❖ On the inner side of e.g: The heart is medial to the lungs 32 Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional Terms C). Regional terms cranial vs caudal : ❑ Any anatomical element located near the head is cranial ❑ Any element far from the head is caudal. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional Terms C). Regional terms Lower vs Upper: ❑ Any element located above another is superior. ❑ Any anatomical element located below is inferior Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional Terms C). Regional terms Supra or above VS infra or below: Supraspinatus muscle Spine of the scapula ❑ Any anatomical element located above that which serves as a reference is supra, ❑ Any element located below is infra. Infraspinatus muscle Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional Terms C). Regional terms Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 36  Regional and Directional Terms C). Regional terms proximal vs distal : ❑ This terminology is reserved for limbs. ❑ Any anatomical element located near the root of the limbs (shoulder and hip) is proximal ❑ any element away from the root of the limbs is distal. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional Terms C). Regional terms Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional Terms C). Regional terms 39 Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional Terms C). Regional terms Superficial vs deep: ❑ Any anatomical element located close to the surface of the body is superficial ❑ any element that moves away from it is deep. The epidermis is superficial to the hypodermis The hypodermis is deep to the epidermis Human skin structure Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional Terms C). Regional terms Front view Profile view Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 41  Regional and Directional terms C). Regional terms Anterior or ventral vs posterior or dorsal Anterior or ventral ❑ Any element located in front is posterior anterior or ventral, or dorsal ❑ Any element located behind is posterior or dorsal. ❑ The term "dorsal" is also used to define the posterior face of the hand dorsal and the upper face of the foot. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional terms C). Regional terms Body axis Medial or internal vs lateral or external ❑ Any element close to the median plan is medial or internal, lateral = external ❑ Any element moves away from it is medial = internal lateral or external. ❑ When an element is oriented medially, it is oriented "inward", ❑ When an element is oriented laterally, it is oriented "outward" Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA Regional and Directional Terms Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections Body planes are used to describe specific sections or regions of the body. 3 reference planes Frontal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections 3 reference planes Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections (a) (b) Cross-sectional image in the transverse (horizontal) plane of MRI of the brain (a) and CT image of the abdomen (b). Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections 1). Lateral Plane or Sagittal Plane: ❑Median or Midsagittal Plane: Sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left regions (2 symmetrical regions ). Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections 1). Lateral Plane or Sagittal Plane: e.g: Median or Midsagittal Plane: Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 50  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections 1). Lateral Plane or Sagittal Plane: ❑Parasagittal Plane: Sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal right and left regions. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 51  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections 1). Lateral Plane or Sagittal Plane: e.g: Parasagittal Plane Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 52  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections 2). Frontal Plane or Coronal Plane: Imagine a vertical plane that runs through the center of your body from side to side. This plane divides the body into : ❑ front (anterior) region ❑ back (posterior) region. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 53  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections 2). Frontal Plane or Coronal Plane: Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 54  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections 3). Transverse Plane: This plane divides the body into : ❑ upper (superior) region ❑ lower (inferior) region. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 55  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections 3).Transverse Plane: Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA 56  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections 3).Transverse Plane: anterior anterior left right right left posterior posterior Superior view of a cross section Inferieur view of a of the head cross section of the abdomen 57 Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Regional and Directional terms D). Body planes and sections Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: Origin of terms: 1- natural object: Lunate bone Pisiform bone Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: 2- Geometric shape : Trapezius muscle Triangular ligament:Liver Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: 2- Geometric shape : Pronator Quadratus Pyramidalis muscle Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: 3- Color : Grey matter, White matter Yellow ligament Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: 4- object Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA Scaphoid bone Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: 4- object Mitral valve Coronary arteries Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA Anatomical terminology and nomenclature: 4- object Annular ligament Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA Axes of Movement Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement A). Anatomical reference axes: Median axis of the body: it is the vertical line joining the point at the top of the skull and passing through the body's center of gravity located at the level of the pelvis. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement A). Anatomical reference axes: Axis of the hand: longitudinal axis which passes through the 3rd finger. medial Lateral Lateral Lateral Axis of the foot: goes through medial the 2nd toe. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement A). Anatomical reference axes: ❖Movements of the human body are described as occurring about three primary axes of rotation. ❖As a general rule, each axis of rotation bisects or runs perpendicular to one of the three anatomical planes: Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement B). Axes of Movement : 1) Horizontal (left/right) axis: bisects the sagittal plane, rotation occurs about a line that runs through the body in a left to right direction : e.g: ▪ hip flexion/extension, ▪ knee flexion/extension. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement B). Axes of Movement : 2) Anteroposterior axis: It runs perpendicular to the frontal plane, rotation occurs about a line that runs through the body from the front to back : e.g. shoulder abduction/adduction. Shoulder abduction and adduction movements occur about an anteroposterior axis. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement B). Axes of Movement : 3)Vertical axis: Bisects the horizontal plane, rotation occurs about a line that runs through the body from the head to the toes : e.g. neck rotation to the left or right. Neck rotational movements occur about a vertical axis. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement C). Basic Movements of the Upper Extremity 1). Basic movements of the shoulder. The shoulder is a multiaxial ball- and-socket joint that moves about three planes: a) - Flexion movements typically involve a decrease in the joint angle at the shoulder. - Extension movements involve an increase in the joint angle at the shoulder. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement C). Basic Movements of the Upper Extremity 1). Basic movements of the shoulder. b) - Abduction involves moving the arm away from the midline. - Adduction involves moving the arm towards the midline of the body. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement C). Basic Movements of the Upper Extremity Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement C). Basic Movements of the Upper Extremity 1). Basic movements of the shoulder. c) Rotational movements of the shoulder involve rotating the arm either ✓ towards the midline : internal or medial rotation) ✓ or away from the midline : external or lateral rotation. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement C). Basic Movements of the Upper Extremity Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement C). Basic Movements of the Upper Extremity 2). Movements about the elbow and forearm. a) The elbow is a uniaxial hinge joint that is only able to perform flexion and extension movements. b) The forearm : - Pronation movements occur below the elbow (at the radio-ulnar joint) and involve turning the palm downwards (palm faces posterior in the anatomical position), - Supination movements involve rotating the palm upwards (palm faces anterior in the anatomical position). Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement C). Basic Movements of the Upper Extremity pronator supinator Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement C). Basic Movements of the Upper Extremity 3). Movements of wrist, hand and fingers. a) The wrist joint is capable of flexion and extension mov ements as well as performing b)- Radial deviation (moving the hand towards the radial side of the forearm) - Ulnar deviation (moving the hand towards the ulnar side of the forearm). Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement C). Basic Movements of the Upper Extremity 3). Movements of wrist, hand and fingers. c) Many joints in the hand can perform flexion and extension movements. d) - Abduction (movements away from the middle finger) - Adduction (movements towards the middle finger) occur at the knuckles (metacarpophalangeal joints) of the hand. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement D). Basic Movements of the Lower Extremity 1). Hip movements. Human locomotion is bipedal and primarily occurs in the sagittal plane. a) - the lead hip flexes - while the trail hip extends. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement D). Basic Movements of the Lower Extremity 1). Hip movements. Human locomotion is bipedal and primarily occurs in the sagittal plane : b) - Hip abduction (movement away from the midline) - Adduction (movement towards the midline) occur in the frontal plane. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement D). Basic Movements of the Lower Extremity Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement D). Basic Movements of the Lower Extremity Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement D). Basic Movements of the Lower Extremity 1). Hip movements. c) - Hip internal (medial) rotation occurs when the leg is rotated so that the foot is positioned lateral to the knee; - Hip external (lateral) rotation occurs when the leg is rotated so that the foot is positioned medial to the knee. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement D). Basic Movements of the Lower Extremity 2). Movements at the knee joint. a). The knee is a modified type of hinge joint, the basic movements of which are flexion and extension. b). When the knee is positioned in flexion, the joint is also capable of moving into : ✓ Internal (medial) rotation (forefoot rotates towards the midline) ✓ and external (lateral) rotation (forefoot rotates away from the midline of the body). Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement D). Basic Movements of the Lower Extremity 3). Movements at the ankle. Movements of the ankle occur about two anatomical planes. a). Plantar-flexion (pointing foot downward) and dorsi-flexion (pulling foot upward) movements occur about the sagittal plane. b). Inversion (rolling sole of foot inward) and eversion (rolling sole of foot outward) movements occur about the frontal plane. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement E. Basic Movements of Head, Neck and Trunk 1). Neck movements. The neck (cervical region) is capable of moving about 3 planes. a)Flexion and extension movements are best visualized in the sagittal plane. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement E. Basic Movements of Head, Neck and Trunk 1). Neck movements. b).Rotational movements of the neck towards the left and right can occur about a vertical axis of rotation. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement E. Basic Movements of Head, Neck and Trunk 1). Neck movements. The neck (cervical region) is capable of moving about 3 planes. c). Lateral flexion movements of the neck towards the left and right are best visualized in the frontal plane. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement E. Basic Movements of Head, Neck and Trunk 2). Trunk movements. The trunk is capable of moving in all 3 planes: a).Flexion and extension movements are best visualized in the sagittal plane. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement E. Basic Movements of Head, Neck and Trunk 2). Trunk movements. b). Rotational movements of the trunk towards the left and right occur about a vertical axis. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement E. Basic Movements of Head, Neck and Trunk 2). Trunk movements. c). Lateral flexion movements of the trunk towards the left and right are best visualized in the frontal plane Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement F. Additional anatomical movements. 1) Elevation and depression movements of the scapula on the trunk. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement F. Additional anatomical movements. 2). Protraction and retraction movements of the lower jaw on the face. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Axes of Movement F. Additional anatomical movements. 3) Circumduction movements of the upper or lower extremity are an example of a combined movement : a movement that occurs through multiple planes and involve multiple movements. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA Anatomical Systems Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Anatomical Systems ❖The human body is comprised of nine distinct anatomical systems each of which carries out specific functions necessary for normal everyday living. ❖A clear understanding of the relationship between each system’s structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) is required in order to fully appreciate the complexity of the human body. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Cardiorespiratory system Basic Structures ✓ Heart, ✓ blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries), blood, ✓ lungs, ✓ nasal cavity, ✓ trachea, bronchi Basic Functions ✓ Blood flow and pressure; ✓ circulate nutrients throughout the body; ✓ 0 2 /C0 2 gas exchange Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Lymphatic system Basic Structures ✓ Lymph nodes ✓ lymphatic vessels, ✓ central lymphoid tissue, ✓ peripheral lymphoid organs, ✓ lymphocytes Basic Functions ✓ Drainage and protection, ✓ immunoprotection Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Digestive system: Includes the digestive tract and the annex glands: Basic Structures ✓ Oral cavity, ✓ esophagus, ✓ stomach, ✓ small intestine, large intestine, ✓ anus, ✓ liver, ✓ pancreas, ✓ salivary glands, ✓ teeth, ✓ tongue Basic Functions ✓ Digestion ✓ resorption of food Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Urinary system:. Basic Structures ✓ Kidneys, ✓ ureters, ✓ urinary bladder, ✓ urethra Basic Functions Production and excretion of urine Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Reproductive system: Basic Structures ❖ Male: testes, epididymis, accessory sex organs ❖ Female: uterus, ovaries, FALLOPIAN tubes, accessory sex organs Basic Functions ❖ Male: formation of sperm and semen; ❖ Female: formation of germ cells (eggs) and bearing Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA the fetus during development  Endocrine system: Basic Structures ❖ Endocrine glands: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas (endocrine part); ❖ Male: testes (endocrine part); ❖ Female: ovary (endocrine part), ❖ liver (endocrine part) Basic Functions Production and secretion of hormones and chemical substances that regulate the activities of cells and organs Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Nervous system: Includes together the central, peripheral and vegetative nervous system. Basic Structures ❖ Brain, ❖ spinal cord, ❖ cranial and peripheral nerves, ❖ nerve endings ❖ and receptors Basic Functions Controls and coordinates all body functions (conscious and unconscious) Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Musculoskeletal system: Basic Structures ❖ Skeletal muscles, ❖ tendons, ❖ bones, ❖ joints, ❖ ligaments, ❖ cartilage Basic Functions ❖ Forms, ❖ supports, ❖ stabilizes and powers movement of the body; stores minerals/chemicals; ❖ aids in red blood cell production  Integumentary system: Basic Structures ❖ Skin, ❖ hair, ❖ nails, ❖ exocrine sweat glands Basic Functions ❖ Retain body fluids, ❖ protection against disease, ❖ elimination of waste products, ❖ regulation of body temperature  Special senses : Consists of the five sense organs : ❑ olfaction, ❑ vision, ❑ taste, ❑ touch ❑ Hearing. Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Anatomical language: Conventional colors: ❑Artery: Red ❑ Vein: Blue ❑ Bones: White (on chalkboard) or Black (on the sheet) ❑ Nerves: Yellow or Black ❑ Tendons and ligaments: Green Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA  Anatomical language: Conventional colors: ❑Cartilage: light blue ❑ Muscle: brown, orange, derived from red ❑Glands: pink, ❑ Lymphatics: gray or purple Faculty of Medicine, UM6SS-CASABLANCA