Introduction to Anatomy PDF

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Lecture Expectations At the end of the lecture, students will be able to: 1. Understand and explain the word anatomy and mention various branches of anatomy 2. List and give examples of level of organization in human 3. Mention the four types of tissues Definition of anatom...

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Lecture Expectations At the end of the lecture, students will be able to: 1. Understand and explain the word anatomy and mention various branches of anatomy 2. List and give examples of level of organization in human 3. Mention the four types of tissues Definition of anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure. The word anatomy is derived from Greek and means “to cut up” or “to cut open”. Anatomists examine the relationships among parts of the body along with the structure of individual organs They study the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically. Branches of Anatomy Gross anatomy Regional or Topographical anatomy Upper and Lower limbs, Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvis Head and Neck including Brain Systemic Anatomy : The study of the body's organ systems, examining their structure, function, and interrelationships. The Three main groups of systems in the body are Somatic or voluntary systems Visceral or involuntary system Operative or regulatory systems Surface anatomy: Study of external body features and landmarks Developmental anatomy or Embryology: Study of organism development from embryo to adult. Microscopic anatomy or Histology:The study of human or animal tissues and cells at the microscopic level, examining their structure, organization, and function. Radiological anatomy: Study of human anatomy using medical imaging technologies Comparative anatomy: Study of anatomical similarities and differences across species to infer evolutionary relationships and adaptations. Levels of Organization in the Human Body: Chemical level: Thi is the simplest level of organization within the body which is composed of atoms and molecules. Atoms are the smallest units of matter. Molecules: Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, such as a protein, a water molecule, or a vitamin. Macromolecules: these are Larger and more complex molecules such as DNA and proteins Cellular level #. At the cellular level, specialized structural and functional units called organelles permit all living cells to share some common functions. #. Large molecules join in specific ways to form cells, the basic units of structure and function of organisms. #. The cell is the smallest living portion of the human body. Tissues & Organs Levels #.Tissues are precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions #. Organs: Different tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions Organ-system & Organism levels #. The organ system level consists of related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function. #. There are 11 organ systems in the human body.(CLIMED-R-RUNS) C - Circulatory (Cardiovascular) L - Lymphatic (Immune) I - Integumentary (Skin) M - Muscular E - Endocrine D - Digestive R - Respiratory R - Renal (Urinary) U - Nervous N - Skeletal S - Reproductive Organism All body systems function interdependently in a single living human being, the organism. Tissues in human body The Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body Are: Epithelial tissue: it covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities. E.g. The inner lining of the digestive system Connective tissue It protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs.E.g. Can be solid (such as bone), liquid (such as blood), or intermediate (such as cartilage). Muscle tissue produces movement. E.g Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle and Cardiac muscle Nervous tissue conducts impulses for internal communication. E.g. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves Anatomic position Anatomic position is a specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor. The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer. The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. Anatomical Terminology A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections.The three major anatomic planes of reference are: A coronal plane (a frontal plane) is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. A transverse plane (cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane) divides the body into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. A sagittal plane or median plane, divides the body into right and left halves. N.B © A sagittal plane in the body midline is a midsagittal plane. © A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal) plane. © A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes through the specimen at an angle