Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Python PDF

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Python Computers’ capability to perform various tasks has experienced an exponential growth since their invention due to the rapid technological development. Humans have developed the power of computer systems in terms of their diverse working domai...

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Python Computers’ capability to perform various tasks has experienced an exponential growth since their invention due to the rapid technological development. Humans have developed the power of computer systems in terms of their diverse working domains, their increasing speed, and reducing size with respect to time. Basic Concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”. Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Computer Science that pursues the creating of the computers or machines as intelligent as human beings do. Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think. AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems. While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?” Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and regard high in humans. The Necessity of Learning AI As we know that AI pursues creating the machines as intelligent as human beings. There are numerous reasons for us to study AI. The reasons are as follows: AI can learn through data In our daily life, we deal with huge amount of data and human brain cannot keep track of so much data. That is why we need to automate the things. For doing automation, we need to study AI because it can learn from data and can do the repetitive tasks with accuracy and without tiredness. AI and self-learning It is very necessary that a system should teach itself because the data itself keeps changing and the knowledge, which is derived from such data must be updated constantly. We can use AI to fulfill this purpose because an AI enabled system can learn on its own. AI can respond in real time Artificial intelligence with the help of neural networks can analyze the data more deeply. Due to this capability, AI can think and respond to the situations which are based on the conditions in real time. AI achieves accuracy With the help of deep neural networks, AI can achieve tremendous accuracy. AI helps in the field of medicine to diagnose diseases such as cancer from the MRIs of patients. AI can organize data to get most out of it The data is an intellectual property for the systems which are using self-learning algorithms. We need AI to index and organize the data in a way that it always gives the best results. Understanding Intelligence With AI, smart systems can be built. We need to understand the concept of intelligence so that our brain can construct another intelligence system like itself. What is Intelligence? The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations. Types of Intelligence As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, Intelligence comes in multifold: Intelligence Description Example Linguistic intelligence The ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms of phonology (speech sounds), syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning). Narrators, Orators Musical intelligence The ability to create, communicate with, and understand meanings made of sound, understanding of pitch, rhythm. Musicians, Singers, Composers Logical-mathematical intelligence The ability to use and understand relationships in the absence of action or objects. It is also the ability to understand complex and abstract ideas. Mathematicians, Scientists Spatial intelligence The ability to perceive visual or spatial information, change it, and re-create visual images without reference to the objects, construct 3D images, and to move and rotate them. Map readers, Astronauts, Physicists Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence The ability to use complete or part of the body to solve problems or fashion products, control over fine and coarse motor skills, and manipulate the objects. Players, Dancers Intra-personal intelligence The ability to distinguish among one’s own feelings, intentions, and motivations. Gautam Buddhha Interpersonal intelligence The ability to recognize and make distinctions among other people’s feelings, beliefs, and intentions. Mass Communicators, Interviewers You can say a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when it is equipped with at least one or all intelligences in it. Composition of Intelligence The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of –Reasoning, Learning, Problem Solving, Perception and Linguistic Intelligence. These are explained subsequently. Reasoning It is the set of processes that enable us to provide basis for judgment, making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types − Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning It conducts specific observations to makes broad general statements. It starts with a general statement and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion. Even if all of the premises are true in a statement, inductive reasoning allows the conclusion to be false. If something is true of a class of things in general, it is also true for all members of that class. Example − "Fatimah is a teacher. Fatimah is studious. Therefore, All teachers are studious." Example−"All women of age above 60 years are grandmothers. Shema'u is 65 years. Therefore, Shema'u is a grandmother." Learning Categories The ability of learning is possessed by humans, particular species of animals, and AI- enabled systems. Learning is categorized as follows − Auditory Learning It is learning by listening and hearing. For example, students listening to recorded audio lectures. Episodic Learning To learn by remembering sequences of events that one has witnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly. Motor Learning It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For example, picking objects, writing, etc. Observational Learning To learn by watching and imitating others. For example, child tries to learn by mimicking her parent. Perceptual Learning It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen before. For example, identifying and classifying objects and situations. Relational Learning It involves learning to differentiate among various stimuli on the basis of relational properties, rather than absolute properties. For Example, Adding ‘little less’ salt at the time of cooking potatoes that came up salty last time, when cooked with adding say a tablespoon of salt. Spatial Learning − It is learning through visual stimuli such as images, colors, maps, etc. For example, A person can create roadmap in mind before actually following the road. Stimulus-Response Learning − It is learning to perform a particular behavior when a certain stimulus is present. For example, a dog raises its ear on hearing doorbell. Problem Solving It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by known or unknown hurdles. Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal. Perception It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information. Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs. In the domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors together in a meaningful manner. Linguistic Intelligence It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the verbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication. Different fields of study within AI Artificial intelligence is a vast area of study. This field of study helps in finding solutions to real world problems. Let us now see the different fields of study within AI: Machine Learning It is one of the most popular fields of AI. The basic concept of this filed is to make the machine learning from data as the