Introduction of Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Notes PDF

청각해부생리학 2024-2 학기 청각해부생리학 Week 2. Introduction of anatomy and physiology 안현정 교수 Introduction of Lecture 청각해부생리학 학습 목표 - Previous lecture : 소리가 전달되는 과정의 기본적 원리 및 소...

청각해부생리학 2024-2 학기 청각해부생리학 Week 2. Introduction of anatomy and physiology 안현정 교수 Introduction of Lecture 청각해부생리학 학습 목표 - Previous lecture : 소리가 전달되는 과정의 기본적 원리 및 소개 - Today’s lecture : Introduction to anatomy & physiology Introduction of Lecture 청각해부생리학 Sound processing Introduction of Lecture 청각해부생리학 Auditory processing The whole hearing process from the peripheral auditory system to central auditory system. Introduction of Lecture 청각해부생리학 Auditory system structure Introduction of Lecture 청각해부생리학 Auditory pathway Anatomy and Physiology 청각해부생리학 Anatomy and Physiology 청각해부생리학 Anatomy and Physiology 청각해부생리학 대한민국 강원도 춘천시 한림대학길 1 Anatomy and Physiology 청각해부생리학 Anatomy : Structure and location of body parts Physiology : Function of those body parts Pathology : Study of disease in the body Anatomy and Physiology 청각해부생리학 Anatomy : Structure and location of body parts Physiology : Function of those body parts Pathology : Study of disease in the body Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Anatomical terminology Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Anatomical terminology Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Anatomical terminology Standard : midline - Away from midline : Lateral - Toward the midline : Medial Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Anatomical terminology Standard : body - Front surface of body : Anterior - Back surface of body : Posterior Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Anatomical terminology Standard : situated part - Situated above / upper part : Superior - Situated below/ lower part : Inferior Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Anatomical terminology Standard : surface - Further from the surface : Deep - Near the surface: Superficial Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Anatomical terminology Standard : side - Inside : Internal - Outside: External Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Anatomical terminology Standard : point of reference (trunk) - Nearest to the point of reference : Proximal - Furthest to the point of reference : Distal Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Anatomical terminology Standard : midline Standard : surface - Away from midline : Lateral - Further from the surface : Deep - Toward the midline : Medial - Near the surface: Superficial Standard : body Standard : side - Front surface of body : Anterior - Inside : Internal - Back surface of body : Posterior - Outside: External Standard : situated part Standard : point of reference (trunk) - Situated above / upper part : Superior - Nearest to the point of reference : Proximal - Situated below/ lower part : Inferior - Furthest to the point of reference : Distal Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Quiz cingulate cortex Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Quiz Posterior cingulate cortex Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Quiz Colliculus Colliculus Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Quiz Superior Colliculus Inferior Colliculus Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Quiz Geniculate Geniculate body body Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Quiz Medial Lateral Geniculate Geniculate body body Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Anatomical regions of the head and neck Anatomical regions of the trunk Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Anatomical regions of the upper limbs Anatomical regions of the lower limbs Anatomy 청각해부생리학 Anatomical regions of the upper limbs Anatomical regions of the lower limbs Cell and Tissue 청각해부생리학 Atoms : The smallest particle of an element. Molecule: A particle composed of two or more atoms joined together. Cell and Tissue 청각해부생리학 Cell: The basic unit of all living organisms and are the basic structural and functional unit of the body. 세포막(Cell membrane):물질의 출입을 조절하는 역할을 합니다. 주로 인지질 이중층과 단백질로 이룸 핵(Nucleus): 세포의 중심으로, 유전 물질인 DNA가 저장 세포질(Cytoplasm): 세포막과 핵 사이에 존재하는 물질로, 다양한 세포 소기관들.대부분의 세포 대사 작용 세포 소기관(Organelles): 1) 미토콘드리아(Mitochondria): 에너지를 생산하는 "세포의 발전소“ (ATP 생성) 2) 리보솜(Ribosome): 단백질을 합성하는 역할. 3) 소포체(Endoplasmic Reticulum): 단백질과 지질의 합성 및 운반. 4) 골지체(Golgi apparatus): 단백질을 수정, 포장하여 세포 내외 운반. 5) 리소좀(Lysosome): 세포 내에서 불필요한 물질을 분해 Cell and Tissue 청각해부생리학 Cell: The basic unit of all living organisms and are the basic structural and functional unit of the body. Cell and Tissue 청각해부생리학 Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform a particular function, for example connective, epithelial, muscular and nerve tissue. Two or more types of tissue combine to form organs. Cell and Tissue 청각해부생리학 Organ: a specialized structure made up of different type of tissues that are grouped into structurally and functionally integrated units. Examples of organ in the body include heart and lung. Organ combine to form systems. Cell and Tissue 청각해부생리학 System: a group of organs that works together to perform specific functions. The systems of the body include the circulatory, skeletal, skin, respiratory, reproductive, muscular, endoctrine, nervous, urinary and digestive systems. System combine to form the living organism, i.e, the human body. Wake up time 청각해부생리학 심리 테스트 당신이 위기에 처했을 때 가장 먼저 버리는 것과 끝까지 가지고 있는 것을 나열 하세요. 1. 천상의 맛의 케이크 2. 어디든 갈 수 있는 날개 3. 무조건 2배로 만들어 주는 주머니 4. 감정을 숨길 수 있는 마스크 Wake up time 청각해부생리학 심리 테스트 당신이 위기에 처했을 때 가장 먼저 버리는 것과 끝까지 가지고 있는 것을 나열 하세요. 1. 천상의 맛의 케이크 2. 어디든 갈 수 있는 날개 3. 무조건 2배로 만들어 주는 주머니 4. 감정을 숨길 수 있는 마스크  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 The basics: – nature of sound – anatomy and physiology of the auditory system – loudness and pitch perception  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Sounds are created when objects vibrate – object vibrations cause molecules in object’s surrounding medium to vibrate as well  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Speed of sound wave propagation – dependent on medium – example: speed of sound through air is 340 meters/second speed of sound through water is 1500 meters/second  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves - Period: The time it takes for one oscillation in a medium to complete - Frequency: number of times per sec. that pressure change pattern repeats - Intensity: psychological aspect of sound related to perceived sound level - Amplitude: displacement magnitude of sound pressure wave  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves Period T = time / # cycles 12s / 4 3s (3 second for 1 cycles) : single  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves – Frequency: associated with pitch (but…) > low-frequency sounds -> low pitch > high-frequency sounds -> high pitch  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves Frequency T = time / # cycles 12s / 4 3s (3 second for 1 cycles) F = 1/T 1/3  0.33 Hz  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves –Intensity: Humans can hear wide range of sound pressure level – ratio between faintest and loudest sounds is more than one to one million – differences in amplitude, measured on a logarithmic scale, in units called decibels (dB) – relatively small decibel changes can correspond to large physical changes e.g., increase of 6 dB corresponds to a doubling of the amount of pressure  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves – Intensity :  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves – Amplitude: Sine wave (pure tone) – simplest of sounds sine wave: – SPL varies sinusoidally as f(time) – parameters period – time for complete cycle of sine wave phase – 360 degrees of phase across one period  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves T = time / # cycles Amplitude 12s / 4 3s (3 second for 1 cycles) F = 1/T 1/3  0.33 Hz A = (max)-(min) / 2 1-(-1) / 2 1m  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves – Amplitude: Most sounds are “complex” – e.g., human voices, birds, cars, etc. all sound waves can be described as some combination of sine waves  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves – Amplitude: A waveform is a graph that shows the changes in a signal over time, (i.e., how the signal varies as time progresses.) The x-axis represents time, and the y-axis represents the amplitude of the signal (e.g., the volume of sound or the level of voltage).  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves – Amplitude: A spectrum is a graph that shows the frequency components that make up a signal (i.e., which frequencies are present in the signal and their respective magnitudes) The x-axis represents frequency (Hz), and the y-axis represents the magnitude (amplitude or intensity) of each frequency component  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves Summary of Differences Waveform shows how a signal changes over time, representing the signal in the time domain. Spectrum shows the frequency components present in the signal, representing the signal in the frequency domain.  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Physical qualities of sound waves  Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 What is psychoacoustic? how we perceive sounds and how our brain interprets different sound signals. It's a field that combines psychology and acoustics to understand our auditory perception. Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 청각해부생리학 Applications 1) Hearing Aids: Understanding psychoacoustics helps design hearing aids that enhance the sounds people want to hear and reduce unwanted noise. 2) Audio Technology: It's used in developing technologies like surround sound, making audio experiences more immersive by mimicking how we naturally hear in different environments. 3) Music and Speech Processing: Psychoacoustics helps improve how music and speech are recorded, transmitted, and reproduced to ensure they sound clear and pleasant. Introduction of anatomy and physiology 청각해부생리학 Take home message - Anatomy : Structure and location of body parts - Anatomical terminology - Cell – Tissue – Organ – Organ system - Hearing physiology : Frequency , Intensity , Amplitude - Hearing psychoacoustic : perception (loudness, pitch)