Introduction To Biochemistry PDF

INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY Ms. JULIA MHAE B. CELON, LPT. Lecturer I  As the name implies, biochemistry is a field of study that connects two sciences. It is formed from the science of biology which is the study of living organisms and chemistry which is the study of matter a...

INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY Ms. JULIA MHAE B. CELON, LPT. Lecturer I  As the name implies, biochemistry is a field of study that connects two sciences. It is formed from the science of biology which is the study of living organisms and chemistry which is the study of matter and its properties, classification, composition and the changes it undergoes. Biochemistry, therefore, is the application of chemistry to the study of living organisms.  Biomolecules are molecules found in living organisms. They are necessary in maintaining and supporting life. The most important types of biological molecules or biomolecules are: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids  Chemical reactions occurring in living systems are called biochemical reactions. The major biochemical reactions are: Oxidation - it involves the loss of electrons, gain of oxygen or the increase in the oxidation number of an atom. Reduction - is the gain of electrons, gain of hydrogen or decrease in the oxidation number of an atom.  Hydrolysis - is the process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a water molecule. Phosphorolysis - involves the splitting of a bond by the addition of phosphoric acid to a compound. Decarboxylation - involves the loss of carbon dioxide. Deamination - is the removal of amino group. Transamination - is the transfer of amino group from one molecule to another.  Biochemistry is closely related to other biological sciences that deal with molecules. There is considerable overlap between these disciplines: Molecular Genetics Pharmacology Molecular Biology Chemical Biology  HISTORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY  The 19th century observed the development of very crucial concepts, which include the cell theory by Schleiden and Schwann, Mendel's study of inheritance and Darwin's theory of evolution.  The major breakthrough of biochemistry happened when the total synthesis of urea from lead cyanate and ammonia was successfully achieved by Wohler who thus initiated the synthesis of organic compound from inorganic compound. Louis Pasteur (1857) pointed out categorically the central importance of enzymes in this process. The breakthrough in enzyme research and hence, biochemistry was made in 1897 by Edward Buchner when he extracted enzyme from yeast cells in crude form which could ferment a sugar molecule into alcohol.  1866. Mendel reported the principles of segregation and independent assortment of genes. 1869. Miescher discovered the DNA  1877. Kuhne proposed the term “enzyme” 1894. Emil Fischer demonstrated the specificity of enzymes and the lock and the key relationship between enzyme and substrate. EMIL FISCHER  1897. Buchner discovered the alcoholic fermentation in cell free yeast extract.  The term biochemistry was introduced by Neuberg. Carl Alexander Neuberg (29 July 1877 – 30 May 1956) was an early pioneer in biochemistry, and he has sometimes been referred to as the "father of modern biochemistry".  James Sumner established the protein nature of enzyme. He was responsible for the isolation and crystallization of urease, which provided a breakthrough in studies of the properties of specific enzymes.  The first metabolic pathway elucidated was the glycolytic pathway during the first half of the 20th century by Embden and Meyerhof. Krebs established the citric acid and urea cycles during 1930-40. HANS KREBS  Fritz Albert Lipmann identify the role of ATP in biological systems. Beadle and Tatum deduced one gene- one FRITZ ALBERT enzyme relationship. LIPMANN  What was the Beadle and Tatum experiment? Beadle and Tatum experimented on Neurospora, a type of bread mold, and they concluded that mutations to genes affected the enzymes of organisms, a result that biologists later generalized to proteins, not just enzymes  The biochemistry of nucleic acids entered into a phase of exponential growth after the establishment of the structure of DNA in 1953 by Watson and Crick followed by the discovery of DNA polymerase by Kornberg in 1956.  Frederick Sanger's contributions in the sequencing of protein in 1953 and nucleic acid in 1977 were responsible for further developments in the field of protein and nucleic acid research.  Nirenberg, Khorana and Ochoa identified the genetic code words for amino acids Snell develop the recombinant DNA research leading to genetic engineering.  ORGANIC CHEMISTRY  Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds.  Inorganic carbon Organic carbon ionic compounds where compounds of carbon carbon is incorporated with itself, hydrogen and as carbonate – CO32- other elements – by far the most important 1. Carbon can form four bonds – four valence electrons. 2. Carbon forms very strong bonds with itself – chains, rings etc.  Chemistry of organic compounds is determined by functional groups Functional group is an atom or group of atoms that are different from C  They are the simplest organic compounds. Contains of C and H Simplest is CH4 (natural gas) Intermediate C8H18 (petroleum) Synthetic polymers contain thousands of atoms  Alkanes Aliphatic Alkenes Hydrocarbons Aromatic Alkynes  All bonds are single Naming: -ane Saturated No new bonds can be added General formula CnH2n+2  Molecular formula Shows atoms in the molecule Structural formula Shows how they are all connected Condensed structural formula Simplified representation of connections  Contain double bonds Ends with -ene  Contain triple bonds Ends with -yne  Benzene ring contains 6 C atoms Benzene, C6H6, is one of the most important industrial chemicals Bonding is resonant – more stable than expected All aromatic compounds contain at least one benzene ring  Functional group –OH Naming: -ol Polar molecules dissolve in H2O Example: ethanol  Functional group – C=O-H Carbonyl group Naming: -al Formaldehyde is an example of aldehyde and is a preservative and a product of burning wood Common smells and flavors  Functional group – R-C=O-R Naming: -one Acetone is a common solvent Smell found in cinnamon Raspberries  General Formula: C=O-OH Naming: -oic acid Commonly found in citrus fruits and any sour foods Formic acid present in ant and bee stings Example: ethanoic acid  General Formula: C=O-O-R Naming: -yl -oate Sweet aroma in pineapples, jasmine Synthetic versions are very common Example: ethyl ethanoate  General Formula: R-O-R Naming: -oxy -ane No -OH bonds Not soluble in water Anesthetics Example: methoxyethane  General Formula: R-NH2 Naming: -amine Rotting fish Decaying flesh Illicit drugs Example: ethanamine THANK YOU