Intro to Space Science Notebook PDF

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- - 3: -2 - ) S - so - - 2- - When and how did Earth form ? - Two types of seismic waves : Mentel ← elements Earth the third of lower → heavy - is planet p , or pressure , waves S , or shear , waves crust ← the solar system. cows - t formed about 4.5 Billion in the inner http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/ years ago , images/P-wave_animation.gif http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/ images/S-wave_animation.gif solar nebula the 5 also known as secondary. p waves are primary waves you waves , had the ( of explosion) would feel after earthquake They the second we big Bang kind an , waves are waves you is it not when the universe form the also called compressional ( or primary) would feel ( it will take longer than earth form → the solar system waves. the p wanes to propagate). forms 4.5 Billion not years ago when the Univers. ( video of the bellow part ) https://youtu.be/RT4OO0TFLHw > Waves do not propagate through Earth the solar system formed by the solar nebula ( like a cloud of gase and in solid lines or at constant speed. dust and alot ) and the nebula will be rotating at some point it they dont happen in straight line , and collapse and it become like with the the speed will depend on the medium very big will a a mass in , center. the mass will create baby stars around the star , we have composition temperature , , pressure. disk full of gas and dust with each other ( some bounce off transitions between different materials a particles hitting > They are bent by or times they leave in diff rent direction and sometimes they stick to or different densities or temperature. each other and form element ( planetesimals ) they information big → form > Such can be used to analyze Earth 's interior. planets ). > S waves are slower than P waves. Earth went of evolution ? through 4 stages > S only propagate in solid rocks - waves can. 1. Differentiation ( separate) This led to conclude that the Earth's outer. > seismologists core is the dense elements will sink and the earth will be forming a liquid. by the elements and will be differentiated. 2. Solid crust formed of Cratering ( W) - elements earth hitting earth → was covered with tectonic plates is granite crater. and basalt. dont still craters Solid Mantle the we see on Earth like on the moon because - largest most traces of bombardment ( craters) have been destroyed by of Earth ( solid ) layer ( Volcanos) atmosphere geological activity , moon dose not have. liquid Outer core - all metals 3. Flooding are in liquid state. the canning out lava and earth magma causing was Solid inner core - temperature fully covered and there is no crater anymore. and pressure are so high that metals are squeezed and can't move 4. Slow surface evolution about like vibrate a liquid they , in place as a solid. the that ( is not stable ) stage we have right now. DB Earth 's interior > temperature gets higher toward the Earth study the Earth 's interior we by studying the propagation cone. - of Earthquake Elements melt if the temperature through Earth seismology ✗ waves. > is m > t higher than their melting temperature. t > m A seismograph in Canada made this record of seismic waves of m >t V an Earthquake in Mexico.  Earth 's magnetic field Active Lones due to plate tectonics Earth 's core has molten iron electric : high conductivity. - Volcanic hotspots due to cold A This Heat transfer call it molten lava and cold part will go 9- " we rising up through son unto Hot " conduction sink ← iii. water holes in tectonic plates. Heat Hot part will move up convection dose not depend on rotation. there is rotation and convection. The magnetic field is generated by (dynamo mechanism): Earth tectonics history it is the convection and in simple terms , generated by rotation. → It is dipolar , tilted by 11° 0 relative to the rotation axis on Earth. H The dipole field has N and S ← poles They flip every ~ few million years. It protects from us high energy particles coming from the Sun. of History Geological Activity Earth Surface formation visible today About 71% of Earth 's surface is covered water > by. have emerged only very recently > Oceans hold about 96.5% of all Earth 's water compared to the of Earth age.. > Mountains are eroded by different climate factors. including winds. and water. Earth 's atmosphere ☒ plate Tectonics > composition : Tectonic plates form Earth 's crust. - Nitrogen Nz : 78% There plates Oz : 21% are major and minor Oxygen -. The are oceanic and continental plates other gas : -. Oceanic plates are basaltic (dense) , Argon 10.9%1 , coz , continental plates are granitic ( less dense). Methane Neon ,... They move relative to each others. > lay ears : - Troposphere → Tropopause - stratosphere → stratopause - Mesosphere → Mesopause - Thermosphere 9 Exosphere n - Notice how different parts of the sunlight a spectrum reach different heights in the atmosphere. where plates more toward each where plates more from each the UV and the X dose not away ray - reach the it is absorb other , plates can be pushed upward other molten lava can rise up ground , and down word → formation of from below → volcanic activity. higher up in the atmosphere mountain ranges some with volcanic ( if the ✗ ray reach ground - , activity earthquakes ,. we will all be died - will be no life on earth) the visible reach the light ground  02one Troposphere Lowest the most dense -02one is molecule 03 and layer a -. of Earth's atmosphere. - Stratospheric ozone : - - This layer is heated by the surface It is the Good ozone. of earth infrared radiation It from through. protect us The surface of Earth heated harmful UV radiation - is by. detrimental for life absorbing infrared and visible It depletion is. radiation from the Sun. - Tropospheric 02one : - Because it heated It the Bad 02 one - is by the surface. is. Temperature drops with altitude. It is a pollutant. It is where weather and clouds happen It from reactions -. is produced between sunlight (especially UH Stratosphere and gases ( hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides ) produced Extends up human activities to 50km by -.. - Home to the Ozone 03 layer. - it is heated by absorption of ultraviolet sunlight ( ozone Os ) - the Ozone depletion from the Caused 02ene layer protects us Sun 's Uv light. - by chemical compounds called - Temperature rises with altitude. chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) : human - made It is almost water vapor thus clouds compounds very dry - - no - no. 03 exists because of life Solar radiation breaks CFCs releasing layer one - -. , > life creates Oz > Oz plus UV → 0s Chlorine Atom. - The chlorine interacts with 03 breaking the Mesosphere molecule , and forming chlorine oxide ( CIO) Extends up to 80 85km and ( Oa) free 0 atom hits CIO and oxygen - -. - a - Gases are less dense. leave a CI atom that can attak another 0s with altitude leading temperature dropping atom - Density drops , to. with attitude. - Gases slow down meteors , leading to meteors touring in this layer. Greenhouse Effect - It is a hard region to study - air balloons fly lower than the - planet 's atmosphere acts Mesosphere , and satellite higher. as thermal blanket. Greenhouse absorb and gases - Thermosphere remit infrared radiation : carbon dioxide ( coz ) , water vapor , - Extends up to 400km. methane ( CH 4) ozone , , industrial gases. - Temperature rises with altitude. - Heats up the troposphere. Uv and from the Sun heat and ionize x ray gases - -. It Where do Atmospheres from ? - is were aurora happen. come 1. primordial Atmosphere formed while the planets themselves * Exosphere primary atmosphere were : - highest layer in which atmosphere being formed. Later ( comets /asteroids ) gradually fades into space. 2. outgassing ( trapped gases) 3. delivery - Temperature rises with altitude secondary atmosphere : produced after the planets were formed. atoms - Fast-moving and molecules can escape into space. It is heated and UV - by x rays - light.  The atmosphere of Venus Earth and Risks of space wather , Mavs are secondary atmosphere. Spacecraft orbit - change. space weather - Effect on human in space. > Earth 's magnetic field - Effect on navigation ( GPS , airplanes). 11° relative to the rotation communication be disturbed - Tilted by - can. Electric and blackout axis power damage -.. - Mean magnetic field at the surface - pipeline corrosion. - " is ~ 0.56 = 0.5×10 T > The Sun is active - It ejects high energy particles - toward Earth. - Coronal mass Ejections , Flares ,... - These particles are thrown in all directions toward the planets. https://youtu.be/TWjtYSRlOUI https://youtu.be/S00tl1Fh1Hc Space changes in the space environment weather refers to - - and geomagnetic storms resulting from eruptions on the sun. Space weather ultimately affects human activities and technologies on Earth and in space. * the moon and Astronauts - The Sun is active the Solar wind interacts with Earth 's , most of the time , moon is embedded in the magnetosphere. - Magnetosphere region of space influenced by the planet 's = solar system. magnetic field. - The magnetosphere acts obstacle to the solar wind which as an , 3 days before full moon , is deflected creating the magnetospheric cavity ,. moon enters Magnetotail and takes about six → https://youtu.be/S00tl1Fh1Hc days to cross and exit on the Earth 's other side - magnetic field protects. us from high energy solar particles. ! In 1972 , Apollo astronauts narrowly escaped a potential catastrophe gust of that - Some high - energy particles. On A 2nd year , a large and ( get captured and held around Earth by Earth 's magnetic field) angry sunspot appeared and began to erupt , over and Van Allen belts for than week. over again more a , producing a records - setting magnetosphere fusillade of Magneto pause outer : boundary of the solar proton radiation only pure luck saved -.. - Bow shock : formed because the solar wind velocity is super the day. The eruptions took place during the gap between ) Sonic 16 and 17 missions astronauts missed ( Magneto. It surrounds the magnetopause. Apollo , so Magnetotail nightside of the magnetosphere the storm " : part -.. * Aurora - can form , leading to beautiful views. → https:// youtu.be/ bmN5y2BYFMU