Intro to Research PDF

AEC 222 ACCOUNTING RESEARCH METHOD WEEK 1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH  Lesson Objectives ▪ Students assess the significance of research in general and business research in particular, both in the academe and the corporate world. ▪ Stude...

AEC 222 ACCOUNTING RESEARCH METHOD WEEK 1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH  Lesson Objectives ▪ Students assess the significance of research in general and business research in particular, both in the academe and the corporate world. ▪ Students conduct a self- evaluation as to the quality of research manuscript. ▪ Students compare and contrast the different types of research methods. INTRODUCTION  “Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to think what nobody else has thought.” - Albert von Szent-Gyorgi This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA “All men by nature desire to know.” - Aristotle This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY- SA  Research ▪ The word research comes from the French root word “chercher” which means “to search” or to “investigate thoroughly”. ▪ Research is a systematic and intellectual investigation or experimentation of matter aimed for the discovery and interpretation of new facts or theories, developing methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge.  Business Research ▪ Business research is tailored as a systematic and well- planned effort to investigate a particular dilemma encountered in the workplace that needs a solution. ▪ Business research is a systematic inquiry in finding the best alternative before application to solve business problems. RESEARCH PAPER  Components of a Research Paper ▪ Although a typical research activity is a linear process, there are different ways to CHAPTER 3 start and proceed with Research Method CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 4 research. The Research Questions Results and Discussion CHAPTER 1 AIS CHAPTER 5 Conclusions, Problem Rationale Research Recommendations  Components of a Research Paper ▪ A salient feature of research output is the need to sell your ideas as summarized in your abstract. ▪ Make them read the entire manuscript by capturing their analytical mind and keeping them interested in the problem rationale delineated in the Introductory part of Chapter 1.  Components of a Research Paper ▪ Strengthen the pillars of your research study, these are the research questions in Chapter 2. ▪ How will you answer these research questions is thoroughly discussed in your Research Methods, your blueprint. ▪ It will also include the choice of participants/respondents, sampling size, research instruments, data sources, data measurement basis, data gathering procedures, how will you analyze your data and so on.  Components of a Research Paper ▪ Once done with data collection, your next goal is the processing of quantitative data through statistical software or inductive content analysis for qualitative data in Chapter 4. ▪ The conclusions will be in the Chapter 5. ▪ A recommendation is optional and warranted for an applied and evaluation type of research.  Chapter 1: Problem Rationale ▪ Research Title ▪ Introduction and/or Rationale ▪ Brief Background of the Study ▪ Research Objectives ▪ Significance of the Study ▪ Scope and Limitations of the Study  Chapter 2: The Research Questions ▪ Review of Related Literature ▪ Synthesis ▪ Identifying the Variables/Phenomenon ▪ Research Frameworks ▪ Research Sub-research Questions ▪ Hypothesis / Propositions  Chapter 3: Research Method ▪ Research Design ▪ Participants and Sampling Technique ▪ Research Instruments ▪ Sources of Data ▪ Research Procedures ▪ Data Analysis ▪ Ethical Considerations  Chapter 4: Results and Discussion ▪ Results per Sub-research Problem ▪ Analysis per Sub-research Problem ▪ Tables and Figures  Chapter 5: Conclusions, Recommendations ▪ Conclusions ▪ Recommendations ▪ Future Studies RESEARCH BASED ON PURPOSE  Research Based on Purpose PURPOSE BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH EVALUATION RESEARCH Focuses on pure Aims at delivering One step further from knowledge creation and outcomes based on applied research. testing of general basic research. Makes the evaluation of principles and theories. a given policy, and intervention or proves the validity of an applied research.  Research Based on Purpose NATURE OF THE PROBLEM BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH EVALUATION RESEARCH The first type of Seeks to understand Conducted to assess the research requiring how basic research can outcomes undertaken deeper knowledge of translate in order to previously in the applied phenomenon I order to help alleviate a business research. make generalization and particular organizational formulate theories or policy related problem, with well- grounded guidelines to remedial action  Research Based on Purpose GOAL BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH EVALUATION RESEARCH Concerns with the Conducted to generate To provide reliable and development of value added solutions or relevant research output theories, models, or applications of the analysis of previously frameworks based on findings from the applied systems, newly generated formulated theory or models, program on knowledge and the basic research. business related discovery of the problem. relationships between variables.  Research Based on Purpose THEORY BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH EVALUATION RESEARCH Focuses on theory Application of selected Objective evaluation formulation and theory or theories as an and selection of refinement to be used intervention to explore appropriate model, later testing the or solve business issues theory, and system that hypothesis. or dilemmas in the most effectively provides efficient way or least needed intervention for consumption of entity’s continuous resources. improvement.  Research Based on Purpose METHODS AND TECHNIQUES BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH EVALUATION RESEARCH The following may be Dwells extensively on a Use of widely accepted applied: case-based qualitative industry evaluation Experimental Methods approaches, needed to techniques or newly Quasi-experimental understand the broader developed techniques Methods contextual dilemmas and appropriate for research Statistical Treatment of opportunities in solving evaluation. Data vital organizational Sampling Techniques problems. Data Collection Techniques Acceptance or Rejection of Hypothesis TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS  Types of Research Methods As to Research As to Results As to Type of As to Theory Purpose Application Information Treatment Descriptive VS Applied VS Quantitative VS Conceptual VS Analytical Fundamental Qualitive Empirical As to Research As to Time As to Output- Setting Dimension Orientation Experimental VS Cross-Sectional VS Conclusions-oriented Naturalistic Research Longitudinal Research VS Decision-oriented Setting  Descriptive VS Analytical ▪ Descriptive Research ▪ Analytical Research attempts to determine, attempts to establish why describe, or identify something occurs or how it something. came to be.  Applied VS Fundamental ▪ Applied research aims at ▪ Fundamental research is finding a solution for an concerned with immediate problem faced generalizations and with by the society or an the formulation of a theory. industrial/business ▪ Gathering knowledge for organization. knowledge’s sake is pure or basic research.  Quantitative VS Qualitative ▪ Quantitative research ▪ Qualitative research emphasizes numbers, emphasizes natural measurements, controls, settings, observations, and experimentations. verbal narratives, and interpretations.  Conceptual VS Empirical ▪ Conceptual research is related ▪ Empirical research relies on to some abstract idea or theory. experience or observation alone, often without regard for system ▪ It is generally used by or theory. philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to ▪ It is data-based research reinterpret existing ones. producing conclusions that can be verified by observation or experiment. ▪ Empirical research is appropriate when the proof is sought that certain variables affect other variables somehow.  Experimental VS Naturalistic ▪ Experimental research is ▪ Naturalistic research is done in a controlled done in the natural environment. environment. ▪ The focus is on predicting ▪ The focus is on and testing the hypothesis understanding and by doing laboratory interpreting people’s lived experiments. experiences.  Cross-sectional VS Longitudinal ▪ Cross-sectional research ▪ Longitudinal research is is confined to a single time carried over a several time period. periods.  Conclusion-oriented VS Decision-oriented ▪ Conclusion-oriented ▪ Decision-oriented research research is where a is specifically tailored to the researcher is free to pick up a decision-maker’s need and problem, redesign the inquiry the researcher is not free to as they proceed, and is embark upon research prepared to conceptualize as according to his/her own they wish. inclination. ▪ Operation research is an example of decision-oriented research. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH Characteristics of Research Controlled Critical Rigorous Valid and Empirical Verifiable Systematic  Controlled ▪ A causal research investigation of the cause-effect relationship of variables is needed to infer that the cause of change to one variable excludes the effect of the other variables. Controlled Critical Rigorous Valid and Empirical Verifiable Systematic  Rigorous ▪ The state of being exact, precise, or the quality of relevant or a mixture of accuracy and appropriateness. Research output is worthless without rigor because the basis is fictional and loses its value. Controlled Critical Rigorous Valid and Empirical Verifiable Systematic  Valid and Verifiable ▪ The research findings are acceptable to the research community due to the appropriateness, credible evidence, factual interpretation or results, and good test-retest measuring capability. Controlled Critical Rigorous Valid and Empirical Verifiable Systematic  Systematic ▪ Carefully planned the investigation procedure exhibits logical sequence, presentation, and interpretation. Controlled Critical Rigorous Valid and Empirical Verifiable Systematic  Empirical ▪ Mostly applied business researches require empirical evidence acquired by observation or actual business application in the form of recorded data for analysis. Controlled Critical Rigorous Valid and Empirical Verifiable Systematic  Critical ▪ Pertains to the critical scrutiny of all phases of research, from formulating the research questions that substantiated by credible authors, selection of sampling technique that could address the variability of data, distribution biases, sampling error, instrument measurement, rigorous data analyses, up to the interpretation of results, findings, and conclusions. Controlled Critical Rigorous Valid and Empirical Verifiable Systematic  Congruent Characteristics of Both Financial Statements and Research ▪ Conceptual Framework of Financial Statements. ▪ The conceptual framework guides the management and the accountant in preparing the financial statements accounting policies and making a judgment regarding the recognition criteria and measurement concepts for assets, liabilities, income, and expenses.  Congruent Characteristics of Both Financial Statements and Research ▪ Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information. ▪ The qualitative characteristics of valuable financial reporting identify the types of information likely to be most helpful to users in making decisions about the reporting entity based on information in its financial report.  Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information Fundamental Qualitative Enhancing Qualitative Characteristics Characteristics Relevance Comparability Materiality Verifiability Faithful representation Timeliness Prudence Understandability THE IMRAD FORMAT  IMRaD ▪ Though the expected output is based on the conventional format. It is crucial to distinguish the IMRaD Format. ▪ IMRaD is a widely accepted format for publishable articles, usually containing 4,000 to 10,000 words or approximately four to ten pages. ▪ IMRaD is a shorter or concise version or may even be a portion of a conventional research manuscript, thesis, or dissertation. ▪ IMRaD highlights only the most essential aspects of the research and keeps most readers’ interest.  Conventional vs. IMRaD Chapter 1 Problem Rationale Introduction Chapter 2 Research Questions Methods and Materials Chapter 3 Research Method Results Chapter 4 Results and Discussions Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations Discussions  Introduction Methods and Materials IMRaD Guide Results Discussions ▪ Informative Abstract ▪ Summarizes the manuscript ▪ This must contain the research's main purpose, methods, and findings. ▪ Begin the abstract by stating the problem or issue under investigation. Provide information about the participant or subject, specifying pertinent characteristics. Briefly indicate the research design and data analysis. Provide key results.  Introduction Methods and Materials IMRaD Guide Results Discussions ▪ Introduction ▪ Presents the research problem rationale or research gap. ▪ This component includes the background of the study, statement of the problem, significance, scope, limitations, hypotheses, or propositions. ▪ It must include a concise and logical discussion of what other authors have done and what is still lacking (research gap). ▪ Research frameworks are optional and are mostly needed to visualize the study.  Introduction Methods and Materials IMRaD Guide Results Discussions ▪ Methods and Materials ▪ Describes what has been done in the study and the research instruments. ▪ This includes a description of the research procedure to show the validity and reliability of the methods used. ▪ It also includes describing the materials used, their measuring capability, limitations, and intended use.  Introduction Methods and Materials IMRaD Guide Results Discussions ▪ Results ▪ Presents the gathered data and observations. ▪ This provides an overview of the methods, experiments, data interpretations, calculation, and generalizations using formulas, tables, charts, graphs, schematic diagrams, and modeling to address research questions.  Introduction Methods and Materials IMRaD Guide Results Discussions ▪ Discussions ▪ Shows how the study was able to solve or provide scientific solutions. ▪ This shows the principles, relationships, and generalizations implied by the results. It also interprets whether the results in the study affirm or negate the previous studies. It also explains the practical and theoretical implications of the study. ▪ It summarizes the principal findings and the new contributions to the research community.  Introduction Methods and Materials IMRaD Guide Results Discussions ▪ References ▪ Provides end-text citations. ▪ This shows the bibliography and the lists of periodicals, organizations, government agencies, and websites. ACTIVITY  Activity ▪ Select one quotable quote from a successful entrepreneur or businessperson regarding research. ▪ Reflect and discuss in class how significant or how it has impacted you.