Introduction to Psychology (Unit 3) PDF

VISION CUES INTRODUCTION TO ◆ PICTORIAL CUES PSYCHOLOGY depth, 2D (photos, movies, paintings) Unit 3:...

VISION CUES INTRODUCTION TO ◆ PICTORIAL CUES PSYCHOLOGY depth, 2D (photos, movies, paintings) Unit 3: Bird’s Eye View (top-view) 01 Sensation ➔ Immediate response in the brain caused by excitation of a sensory organ ➔ messages from the senses Sensory Systems = act as data reduction systems ◆ selecting, analyzing, transducing info ◆ DEPTH PERCEPTION and sends it to the brain ability to see 3D spaces accurately judge distances CHEMICAL SENSES: essential element of our ability ➔ TASTE (Gustatory) to function ◆ chewing > small particles (food) > enters the taste buds (receptor) Visual Cliff (Eleanor Gibson & Richard Walk) - examining depth perception in infants ➔ SMELL (Olfactory) - observing reluctance to crawl ◆ airborne molecules pass over exposed across the perceived drop nerve fibers > receptor sites (early development of depth perception abilities) VISION: ➔ accomplished by a complex system for sensing ◆ STEREOSCOPIC VISION lights ability to perceive 3D spaces ➔ based on an active computer-like analysis of depending on the physical light patterns location of the eye ➔ Loss of sight : sensory disability Retinal Disparity (Binocular ➔ sense used to warn for danger Cue) : left & right eye are 2.5 inches apart; see different things  ◆ MUSCULAR CUES DATA REDUCTION body provides cues concerning depth & distance ➔ a small part of the sensory information Accommodation : changes in actually reaches the brain the shape of the lens of the eye ➔ only the most important information remains Convergence : simultaneous TRANSDUCTION turning of the eye (controlled Physical Stimuli (light, vibration, pressure, by muscles) touch) or Chemical Stimuli are converted to neural pulses. HEARING (Auditory): stimuli, receptor, transductors ➔ waves of compression (vibration in the air) are converted into neural impulses VARIED SENSORY LEVELS many sensory events never reach awareness ➔ provides the brain with information that is not Sensory Adaptation: available from other senses ○ unchanging stimulus results in ➔ dependent on: pitch, loudness, timbre decreased sensory response ○ (e.g. smokers getting used to the SOMESTHETIC SENSES: smell of cigars than nonsmokers) Selective Attention: ➔ produced by skin, muscles, joints, viscera, and ○ priority is given to a incoming organs of balance sensory image ○ (e.g. listening to a friend in a noisy ➔ SKIN room) ◆ light touch Sensory Gating: ◆ pressure ○ some incoming nerve impulses are ◆ pain blocked (spinal cord) ◆ cold warmth 02 Perception ◆ ➔ VESTIBULAR SENSES ➔ active process of assembling sensations into ◆ sense of balance, gravity, acceleration meaningful patterns. ◆ receptors: inner ear ➔ more on vision; subjective ➔ KINESTHETIC SENSES PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES: ◆ awareness of body position and ➔ SIZE CONSTANCY movement ◆ perceived size of object remains the ◆ receptors: muscles & joints same despite the changes in retinal ◆ knowing our body’s location is image important to us as we sit, walk, close the (example: folded money bill) car door, etc. ➔ SHAPE CONSTANCY ◆ perceived shape remains the same despite the changes in retinal images (example: coins)  ➔ BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY ➔ CLOSURE: ◆ as long as the same proportion of light ◆ incomplete figures tend to be illuminates objects, brightness remains completed by our perceptions constant ➔ COMMON REGION: (example: sunshine during the day) ◆ stimuli found in a common area ar grouped together (regardless of PERCEPTUAL GROUPINGS: similarities to one another) ➔ Gestalt’s Principles to organize sensations ◆ basis: color ➔ FIGURE-GROUND: PERCEPTUAL INFLUENCES: ◆ simplest form of organization (one ➔ experience are perceptual re-constructions object stands out from another plainer ➔ private perceptual experiences does NOT background) ALWAYS represent external events ➔ personal needs, attitudes, beliefs, expectations, learning, and values ◆ influence perception PERCEPTUAL ACCURACY: ➔ accuracy & objectivity of perception can be improved thru conscious efforts ➔ Separate interpretation from fact (e.g. hallucination ?) EXTRA SENSORY PERCEPTION (ESL): ➔ NEARNESS: ➔ not explained by science ◆ stimuli near to each other are grouped ➔ some can perceive events others cannot together ➔ inconsistent statistics and inability to ➔ SIMILARITY: replicate results ◆ stimuli similar in size, shape, color, or form are grouped together (e.g. stones & pebbles) ➔ CONTINUITY: ◆ complex stimuli perceived in simpler form you see 2 overlapping lines rather than 4 short lines meeting in the middle