Intro to PH PDF

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-AWADZI (MPH, BSCN, RN)  QUOTE "NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE, THE WORD I T S E L F S AY S I ' M P O SS I B L E ". *Define community, public / community OBJECTIVES health nursing *Discuss the historical background of...

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING LECTURER: DELPHINA ABBEY-AWADZI (MPH, BSCN, RN)  QUOTE "NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE, THE WORD I T S E L F S AY S I ' M P O SS I B L E ". *Define community, public / community OBJECTIVES health nursing *Discuss the historical background of Community Health Nursing By the end of this *Enlist the essential functions of presentation, the community health nursing. students will be able *Discuss the roles of the Community to: Nurse in community settings. Health *Outline the concept of CHN *Highlight the principles of CHN  DEFINITION OF A COMMUNITY The world health organization defines a community as ‘a social group determined by geographical boundaries and/or common values and interest.’ A cluster of people who share the same interest, activities and background and live under same laws and regulations. Is a collection of people who share some important features of their lives (eg. norms and values) DEFINITION OF PUBLIC HEALTH John Snow is the father of public health. Public health is also defined as ‘organized measures to promote, protect and preserve health among the population as a whole.’ Public health is ‘what we, as a society, do collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people live is healthy.’ Public health is ‘a science and an art of saving the lives of  DEFINITION OF PUBLIC HEALTH Public Health is defined “as the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting mental and physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts.” (C.E.A. Winslow) IT FOCUSES ON: sanitation of environment the control of diseases the education of individuals in personal hygiene the organization of medical and nursing services for early diagnosis and preventive treatment of diseases the development of social machinery to ensure for every individual, a standard of living, adequate enough for the maintenance of good health the entire populations, not on individual patients or diseases. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING Public health nursing is a branch of professional nursing that utilizes human and material resources in the community for the promotion and maintenance of resource, prevention and control of communicable diseases and not merely the care and rehabilitation of the sick. AIMS OF PUBLIC HEALTH To prevent diseases (through education) To promote health (screening) To prolong life (adopting safe measures) OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC HEALTH: CODES Control of Communicable and non communicable Diseases Organization of Medical and Nursing Services- CWC, maternal services Development of Social Machineries- projects in the community that will improve the lives of the people eg. Women’s cooperatives, literacy programmes, provision of safe water. Education- An essential task of every health worker Sanitation of the environment ROLE OF A PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE To provide the following services:  Maternal services conducted include: -Antenatal services / care conduct delivery -Post natal services -Family planning services  Child health services conducted include: -weighing, physical examination of the child, offers counselling services to the mother pertaining to nutrition. -immunization services ROLE OF A PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE Nutrition services include: -Diet given to children -Food demonstration and suggestions as to the nutritional value Family health services include: -Care of the vulnerable members such as the aged, sick, etc. -Conduct home visits and family health education -Rehabilitation ROLE OF A PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE School health services include: -Education of school children -Disease surveillance -Hygiene inspection -Introducing programmes like polio eradication, HIV/AIDS programme, etc. COMMUNITY HEALTH Community Health is the identification of needs and the protection and improvement of collective health within the geographic defined area. OR ‘Community health refers to the health status of the members of the community, to the problems affecting their health and to the totality of health care provided to the community.’ WHO (1971) COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING Community Health Nursing is a unique blend (mix) of nursing and public health practice that combines knowledge, skills and attitudes to: Promote and maintain good health Prevent and control illness Treat minor common illness Aid rehabilitation (to help people live full normal lives after an illness or disability). OR Community health nursing is to assist the individual, family and community in attaining their highest level of holistic health COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING Community health nursing is a branch of professional nursing that utilizes human and material resources in the community for promotion and maintenance of the health, prevention and control of communicable diseases. OR Community health nursing is a combination of nursing and public health practice, that is, knowledge, skills and attitudes used to promote and maintain good health, prevent and control illness, treat minor common illnesses and aid rehabilitation to help people live full normal lives after an illness or disability. Comprehensive: embraces all ages, all types of THE CHN persons, and all conditions /aspects of care in any community that is; antenatal care, maternity, under fives clinics, school health, occupational health, care for the PROVIDES handicapped and elderly. CARE WHICH IS: care is not just for a limited period Continuous: as in hospitals Personalized: care is adapted to the particular health needs of individuals, families and communities according to needs. OBJECTIVES OF CHN To increase capacity of individuals, families, groups and community to deal with their own health and nursing problems To strengthen community resources To prevent and control communicable and non communicable diseases To provide specialized services To conduct research and contribute to the further refinement and improvement To supervise, guide and help health personnel in carrying out their function effectively CONCEPTS OF CHN Community health nursing identifies the need of holistic care approach. It supports the entire community as well as individual and families - It believes in overall development and well- being of individuals, families, communities and nation. Prevention of premature death Empowerment for health promotion Rehabilitation  CHARACTERISTICS OF CHN There are eight (8) characteristics:  Population based: the ppulation is the client. It is concerned about the health status of the population, groups and their environment  Primary obligation is to achieve greatest good for greatest number of people or population as a whole  Processes used include working with the client as an equal partner  Primary prevention is the priority: the emphasis is on positive health or wellness; keep illness / injury from occuring.  CHARACTERISTICS OF CHN  Strategies are selected to create health environmental, social and economic conditions in which populations may thrive.  There is an obligation to actively reach out to all who might benefit from a specific activity.  Optimal use of resources to ensure best overall improvement in health of population is a key element  Involves inter-professional collaboration- Emphasises partnerships with a variety of other professions, organizations and entities who contribute to the health of the population. QUALITIES OF A CHN Risk taker Sound knowledge on disease and health Ability to adjust Ability to function independently Creative Ability to make scientific decisions Educator Researcher Leader and potentiator QUALITIES OF A CHN Must have in-depth knowledge in both curative and preventive Must be sympathetic, empathetic and understanding Must be respectful, tolerant and patient. Must be tactful, observant and co-operative Must be able to adjust and work freely with different people and different situations in the community. Must appreciate the effort of all people and correct their mistakes tactfully and not condemn. Must have good interpersonal relationship with colleagues and other health workers and clients Must be trustworthy, punctual and serious with his/her work. ROLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE Eight major roles are: Collaborator role Managerial role Advocate role Educator role As a leader As an organizer As a planner Nurse as a controller and evaluator SETTINGS FOR CHN PRACTICE Special clinics Homes / Residential institutions Communities Schools Maternity homes Occupational health settings (business and industry) Out patient departments of big hospitals Fairs and other places of social functions/ gathering Rural and poor urban families, etc. Parishes or charitable mosques related organisations Any place habitable by man DEBATE ON THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING AND COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING  SIMILARITIES According to Allender and Spradley (2000), public health and community health share many things in common and are involved in organized community efforts aimed at the promotion, protection and preservation of health.  DIFFERENCE Concerned with efforts of governments and Refers to a focus on supported health specific designated agencies PUBLIC that target HEALTH the COMMUNITY HEALTH communities whole range of health issues.  DIFFERENCE Synthesis of nursing applied to promoting Refers to nursIng in and protecting PUBLIC HEALTH the the COMMUNITY communities HEALTH health of populations  DIFFERENCE Viewed as an Viewed as a advanced level PUBLIC HEALTH beginning level COMMUNITY HEALTH of specialization of practice PRINCIPLES OF PHN / CHN 1. Introduce yourself to the community and other health team members. 2. Survey the area to acquaint yourself with important landmarks eg; palace, churches, schools, hospitals, etc. 3. Study previous records if any to identify existing problems (get the community register first) 4. Study and understand the people’s ways of life, their traditions, beliefs and other ways of living to identify and encourage the useful ones and discourage the unhealthy ones. 5. Address health needs of the people through their own efforts and materials available in their homes and communities. PRINCIPLES OF PHN / CHN 6. Identify felt need of the people and put them in order of preference. 7. Health services should be available to all irrespective of age, sex, creed, nationality, political affiliation or social and economic status - every human being has a right to good personal health and an environment conducive to healthful living 8. The health worker must be non political and non sectarian in her relationship with people -the public health worker should not interfere in a person’s political or religious beliefs. Understanding of various beliefs social customs and manners enable the worker to encourage people to practice the best. PRINCIPLES OF PHN / CHN 9. Involve the community members in planning and implementation of services in order to gain their support. 10. Use knowledge to educate them on services rendered for them to make their own choices (never decide for them). 11. Identify organized groups and opinion leaders in the community and work through them. 12. Make procedures and duties systematic for people to understand and also to suit their customs. 13. Help people assume responsibility so that in your absence, they will still do the right thing. PRINCIPLES OF PHN / CHN 14. Try to gain the confidence of the people but do not give them promises you cannot fulfill. 15. Find out how people feel about your work so that you can institute the necessary changes to suit them. 16. Do not expect any material reward from the community members. 17. Write report on your work done and submit to your immediate supervisor.